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Unit II: Post Classical Era: Connecting the World – Exchange

and Encounter 600 C.E.-1450

CCOTCCOT

• Well established pattern of world history: Well established pattern of world history: globalization of civilizationsglobalization of civilizations– Began w/ Mesopotamia/Egypt c 3000 BCEBegan w/ Mesopotamia/Egypt c 3000 BCE– Larger form w/classical societies of Greece, Larger form w/classical societies of Greece,

Rome, Persia, India, China (500 BCE-500CE)Rome, Persia, India, China (500 BCE-500CE)– 600-1450- unique societies but all had features 600-1450- unique societies but all had features

of states, cities, specialized economic roles, of states, cities, specialized economic roles, gender & class distinctions; each borrowed gender & class distinctions; each borrowed from one anotherfrom one another

• Muslim Civs- Muslim Civs- largest & most largest & most expansiveexpansive– New religionNew religion– New trade routesNew trade routes– New encountersNew encounters

Older, classical civs Older, classical civs reconstructedreconstructed

• ByzantineByzantine• ChinaChina• IndiaIndia• W. AfricaW. Africa

New CivsNew Civs

• E. Africa: Swahili city-states, Great E. Africa: Swahili city-states, Great ZimbabweZimbabwe

• Ukraine & W. Russia= Kievan RusUkraine & W. Russia= Kievan Rus• E & SE Asia- Japan, Angkor (Cambodia) E & SE Asia- Japan, Angkor (Cambodia)

Vietnam, KoreaVietnam, Korea• IndonesiaIndonesia• Mesoamerica- collapse of Maya other Mesoamerica- collapse of Maya other

people shaping area (Mexica/Aztec)people shaping area (Mexica/Aztec)• Andean- IncaAndean- Inca

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Hybrid of old & newHybrid of old & new

• Western EuropeWestern Europe– Collapse of Roman Collapse of Roman

EmpireEmpire– Decentralized statesDecentralized states– Emerged as Emerged as

competing & rapidly competing & rapidly growinggrowing

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Many connections were established Many connections were established among regions. These formed among regions. These formed

interregionalinterregional patterns of unity. patterns of unity.

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At the start of this era, numerous inventions,

trade goods, ideas, and religions were starting to spread from their

regions of origin.

By the end of this period, many of these important

ideas and useful things had spread all across

Afroeurasia = cultural cultural exchangeexchange

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Cultural exchange had many aspects.Cultural exchange had many aspects.

People shared ideas People shared ideas

across regions.across regions.

Population increased Population increased and people migrated.and people migrated.

Trade networks Trade networks expanded - cities grew.expanded - cities grew.

Huge empires brought Huge empires brought many different groups of many different groups of

people together.people together.

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World World population:population:250m- 460 m 250m- 460 m b/w b/w 200 CE-1500 CE.200 CE-1500 CE.

PopulationPopulation

460 m= @ the same as the population of

North America today!

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Population growth in Afroeurasia Population growth in Afroeurasia affected affected the environmentthe environment..

PopulationPopulation

Deforestation happened when Deforestation happened when cities and farming expanded.cities and farming expanded.

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Human impact on the environment had serious effects!

• Wood insufficient for Wood insufficient for heat, construction, heat, construction, metal-working.metal-working.

• Soil eroded/degraded.Soil eroded/degraded.• River flooding River flooding

devastated villages, devastated villages, farmlands, cities.farmlands, cities.

• Famines- not enough Famines- not enough foodfood

PopulationPopulation

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People People migratedmigrated to new places in to new places in (& out) of Afroeurasia.(& out) of Afroeurasia.

Vikings

Bantu-Speaking People of Africa

Mongols

Turkic Groups

People of Oceania

Arabs

Germanic Tribes

Chinese

PopulationPopulation

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• Migrating groups moved Migrating groups moved into other groups’ into other groups’ territories, forcing them territories, forcing them to go elsewhere.to go elsewhere.

• introduced new introduced new plants/animals into their plants/animals into their new homes.new homes.

• Migrations diffused Migrations diffused technologies for farming, technologies for farming, warfare, and crafts.warfare, and crafts.

• Migrations diffused Migrations diffused languages, styles of languages, styles of living, and arts.living, and arts.

PopulationPopulation

Migrations encouraged more cultural exchanges across Afroeurasia.

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Building Building states and states and

empires empires involved involved cultural cultural

exchanges in exchanges in Afroeurasia.Afroeurasia.

many, many states and empires came…

and went.EmpiresEmpires

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New ruling groups New ruling groups built on built on foundations of foundations of earlier states and earlier states and empires.empires.

EmpiresEmpires

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Sui ChinaSilla

Parhae

Yamoto Japan

Harsha’ Empire

Chalukya

Avar Kingdom

Frankish Kingdoms

GhanaAxum

Sassanid Empire

Byzantine Empire

States and Empires in 600 CEStates and Empires in 600 CE

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Ghana

Carolingian

Byzantine

Abbasid Caliphate

Axum

Gurjara-Pratihara

Tang China

Srivijaya

Parhae

Silla

Cordoba Caliphate

Heian Japan

States and Empires in 800 CEStates and Empires in 800 CE

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Mongol Empire

Russia

Sung China

Koryo

Kamakura Japan

Delhi Sultanate

Scandanavian Kingdoms

Mali

Zimbabwe

BeninOyo

France

Ethiopia

Ayyubid Caliphate

Almohad Caliphate

Poland

Rum

H.R.E.

Hungary

England

Portugal

Spain

States and Empires in 1237 CEStates and Empires in 1237 CE

Angkor

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Mali

Oyo Benin

Zimbabwe

Zanj City-States

Ethiopia VijayanagaraSiam

Majapahit

Ashikaga Japan

Korea

Marinids HafsidsMamluk Sultanate

Granada

Portugal Castile

France

ScotlandEngland

Union of Kalmar

Holy Roman Empire

Poland-Lithuania

Hungary

Ottoman Emp.

Russian States

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Jagatai Khanate

Ming China

Timurid Empire

States and Empires in 1400 CEStates and Empires in 1400 CE

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How did states and empires

stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?

• Wars led to Wars led to destruction but destruction but produced new produced new inventions.inventions.

• Strong governments Strong governments protected trade protected trade routes and stabilized routes and stabilized currencies.currencies.

• Royal courts were Royal courts were patrons of science, patrons of science, religious institutions, religious institutions, and arts.and arts.

• Large states brought Large states brought together many together many ethnic, language, and ethnic, language, and religious groups.religious groups.

EmpiresEmpires

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The number of cities grew, as The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between well as trade networks between them…all in the name of wealth.them…all in the name of wealth.TradeTrade

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From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.farther and were used by more travelers.

TradeTrade

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• Trade helped spread Trade helped spread religions, religions, languages, ideas, languages, ideas, and arts.and arts.

• Trade stimulated Trade stimulated use of natural use of natural resources.resources.

• Cities and Cities and manufacturing manufacturing centers grew centers grew bigger.bigger.

• Banks, credit, and Banks, credit, and money systems money systems encouraged regional encouraged regional and long distance and long distance trade.trade.

TradeTrade

How did expanding trade networks bring about cultural exchanges in

Afroeurasia?

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The spread of universal religions The spread of universal religions from 300-1500 CEfrom 300-1500 CE

IdeasIdeas

Buddhism

Hinduism

Islam

Christianity

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Who spread these universal Who spread these universal religions across Afroeurasia?religions across Afroeurasia?

Monks spread Monks spread Buddhism.Buddhism.

Traders and Sufi Traders and Sufi orders spread orders spread

Islam.Islam.

MissionariesMissionariesspread spread

ChristianityChristianity..

IdeasIdeas

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• Universal faiths gave Universal faiths gave members a sense of members a sense of community beyond community beyond political, class, or political, class, or ethnic identities.ethnic identities.

• Religious scholars Religious scholars gathered and recorded gathered and recorded knowledge and knowledge and founded institutions of founded institutions of learning.learning.

• The spread of religions The spread of religions stimulated production stimulated production and exchange of arts, and exchange of arts, literature, philosophy, literature, philosophy, and the sciences.and the sciences.

How did the spread of religion

encourage cultural exchange

in Afroeurasia?

IdeasIdeas

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Scholars studied and spread Scholars studied and spread knowledge in many institutions knowledge in many institutions

of learning.of learning.IdeasIdeas

Korean Korean librarylibrary

European European astronomerastronomer

Song Song scholarscholar

Muslim Muslim astronomersastronomers

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Natural sciences developed in Natural sciences developed in many places.many places.

IdeasIdeas

IndianIndian

ChineseChineseMuslimMuslim

EuropeanEuropean

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Transport and communication Transport and communication technologies improved.technologies improved.

AstrolabeAstrolabeLateen sailLateen sail North Arabian North Arabian

camel saddlecamel saddle

Books & paperBooks & paperStern-Stern-rudderrudder

StirrupStirrup

MapmakingMapmaking

IdeasIdeas

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Water & energy technologies were Water & energy technologies were

transferred across Afroeurasia.transferred across Afroeurasia.• Hydraulic systems Hydraulic systems carried water where carried water where expanding cities expanding cities needed it.needed it.

• Wheels lifted water Wheels lifted water to irrigate crops and to irrigate crops and drain swamps.drain swamps.

• Waterwheels, Waterwheels, windmills, and trip-windmills, and trip-hammers provided hammers provided energy for pumping, energy for pumping, grinding, milling, grinding, milling, and pounding.and pounding.

IdeasIdeas

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• Sorghum - cereal crop Sorghum - cereal crop eastern Africa to China eastern Africa to China

• Citrus fruits rolled from SW Citrus fruits rolled from SW Asia to Spain, celebrated in Asia to Spain, celebrated in garden and song.garden and song.

• Cane sugar sweetened a Cane sugar sweetened a path from India to the path from India to the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

• Cotton wove its way from Cotton wove its way from India to North Africa, Central India to North Africa, Central Asia, and China.Asia, and China.

• Veggies like spinach, Veggies like spinach, asparagus, and broccoli asparagus, and broccoli stirred vitamins into meals stirred vitamins into meals across the hemisphere.across the hemisphere.

• Bananas from Malay Bananas from Malay provided nutrition to provided nutrition to Africans.Africans.

IdeasIdeas

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• The pace of innovation The pace of innovation increased.increased.

• Knowledge Knowledge accumulated more accumulated more quickly.quickly.

• Manufacturing and Manufacturing and farming productivity farming productivity increased.increased.

• People’s diets and People’s diets and health improved.health improved.

• Sea travel and Sea travel and transport webs transport webs became thicker.became thicker.

How did transfers of technology and

products change people’s lives in

Afroeurasia?

IdeasIdeas

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The Americas and Afroeurasia were

not yet permanently linked together.

…not until 1492 . . .

When Columbus set sail across the

Atlantic . . .

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The Americas: fewer people

two land masses were geographically isolated from

each other. Developments in the two regions were similar in some ways and

different in others.

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• SciencesSciences like like astronomy, astronomy, mathematics and mathematics and engineering were engineering were developed.developed.

• TradeTrade routes connected routes connected regions.regions.

• Mining, irrigation, and Mining, irrigation, and agricultural agricultural technologiestechnologies developed.developed.

• CropsCrops like potatoes, like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, maize, tomatoes, cotton, and chocolate cotton, and chocolate were grown.were grown.

Inca GoldInca Gold Corn & PotatoesCorn & Potatoes

Mayan CalendarMayan Calendar

Mississippian MicaMississippian Mica

Moche CeramicMoche Ceramic

Cultural development and exchange in the Cultural development and exchange in the Americas:Americas:

The Maya, Inca, and Aztec EmpiresThe Maya, Inca, and Aztec Empires

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Aztec EmpireMayan States

Inca Empire

States and States and Empires in the Empires in the

Americas in Americas in 1500 CE1500 CE

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It had to happen sooner or later!It had to happen sooner or later!

At the very end of this era, European mariners set out on

trans-oceanic voyages to the

Americas.

Those voyages linked the Americas with

Afroeurasia for the first time since the migrations

of people over 13,000 years earlier!

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Is that why people from Afroeurasia “discovered” the

Americas, and not the opposite?

Stern-Stern-rudderrudder

CompassCompass

Lateen SailLateen Sail

MapmakingMapmaking

Cultural exchange in Afroeurasia before 1500 CE made possible the technologies that in turn permitted transoceanic voyages.

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In the next era, we’ll see learn about the explosive things that happened when migration, empires, trade, and ideas

started moving around the entire globe.

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