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Post-Classical Post-Classical Survey Survey A tour of the world A tour of the world from 600 C.E. to from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. 1450 C.E.

Post-Classical Survey A tour of the world from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E

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Post-Classical Post-Classical SurveySurvey

A tour of the world A tour of the world from 600 C.E. to from 600 C.E. to

1450 C.E.1450 C.E.

FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO FROM ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIREBYZANTINE EMPIRE

The later Roman empire The later Roman empire • Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intact Western half crumbled, eastern half remained intact • The Byzantine emperors faced different challenges The Byzantine emperors faced different challenges

The early Byzantine State The early Byzantine State • Caesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and popeCaesaropapism: Emperor is both Caesar and pope

476 to late 6th Century CEJustinian: Justinian Code

Issued Corpus iuris civilis (The Body of the Civil Law) The code influenced civil law codes of western Europe

Imperial organization Government run by trained bureaucracy, professional armyThe theme system strengthened Byzantine society

-Under rule of general, who ran army, civil bureaucracy-Responsible for protecting peasants-Themes were provinces organized on a military basis-Local officials recruited troops from within theme

Aristocrats limited by army, emperor, bureaucracy

BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CEBYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 600 CE

THE THREAT OF ISLAMTHE THREAT OF ISLAM

MAP OF THE EMPIREMAP OF THE EMPIRE

BYZANTINE ECONOMYBYZANTINE ECONOMY The Agricultural Economy The Agricultural Economy

• The peasantry The peasantry The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy The backbone of the Byzantine army and economy Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Landless peasants worked as share-croppers Since 11th century, free peasants declined Since 11th century, free peasants declined

• Consequences of the peasantry's decline Consequences of the peasantry's decline Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners shifted taxes to peasants Landowners raised forces on estates Landowners raised forces on estates Pool of military recruits shrankPool of military recruits shrank

Industry and Trade Industry and Trade • Manufacturing enterprises Manufacturing enterprises

Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries Byzantine craftsmen had high reputation in various industries High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly High-quality silk became important industry; imperial monopoly

• Trade Trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade Constantinople, important for Eurasian, Mediterranean trade SolidusSolidus was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin was the standard currency of the Mediterranean basin Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade Byzantium drew enormous wealth from foreign trade

• Banks and partnerships supported commercial economyBanks and partnerships supported commercial economy

BYZANTINE CHURCHBYZANTINE CHURCH Church and state Church and state

• Church's close relationship with the imperial government Church's close relationship with the imperial government • Under emperors, church was department of state Under emperors, church was department of state

Iconoclasm Iconoclasm • Controversy over use of icons in religious servicesControversy over use of icons in religious services

Old Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influencesOld Testament prohibition on false images, Islamic influences Iconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of iconsIconoclasts wanted to purge all churches of icons

• The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E.The iconoclasts abandoned their effort in 843 C.E. Much protest, excommunications from popeMuch protest, excommunications from pope Emperors worried Emperors worried

Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology Greek Philosophy and Byzantine theology • Examine theology from philosophical point of view Examine theology from philosophical point of view • Debate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issueDebate about Jesus's nature, a philosophical issue

THE GREAT SCHISMTHE GREAT SCHISM Constantinople and RomeConstantinople and Rome

• Iconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the westIconoclastic movement in the east criticized by the west Emperors vs. PopesEmperors vs. Popes Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor Who is head of the church – pope or an emperor

• Ritual, doctrinal differencesRitual, doctrinal differences Leavened vs. unleavened breadLeavened vs. unleavened bread Marriage of priestsMarriage of priests Liturgy in the vernacularLiturgy in the vernacular Council rule versus the monarchical style of the popeCouncil rule versus the monarchical style of the pope Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?Filoque controversy: Holy Spirit – from who does it proceed?

Schism Schism

• Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054Power struggle led to mutual excommunication, 1054 Rivalry between pope, patriarchRivalry between pope, patriarch Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa Papal ambassador excommunicated patriarch; vise versa

• Origins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churchesOrigins of Eastern Orthodox & Roman Catholic churches• It was really post-1054 actions were made split permanentIt was really post-1054 actions were made split permanent

DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND DOMESTIC PROBLEMS AND FOREIGN CHALLENGESFOREIGN CHALLENGES

Social problems Social problems • Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity Free peasants were declining in number and prosperity • Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems Imperial government had fewer recruits, many fiscal problems

Challenges from the east Challenges from the east • Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071Muslim Seljuk Turks invaded Anatolia, defeat Byzantines, 1071• Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem Also took control of Abbasid Caliphate, Holy places in Jerusalem • The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire The loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire

Challenges from the west Challenges from the west • The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople The fourth crusade sacked Constantinople • Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261Byzantine forces recaptured the capital in 1261• Byzantines never recoveredByzantines never recovered

Turks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into EuropeTurks gradually push Byzantines out of Asia; into Europe

MAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMSMAP OF BYZANTINE PROBLEMS

ISLAMISLAM

THE FIRST TRANS-THE FIRST TRANS-REGIONAL CIVILIZATIONREGIONAL CIVILIZATION

66THTH CENTURY ARABIA CENTURY ARABIA

MUHAMMAD’S EARLY LIFEMUHAMMAD’S EARLY LIFE The Quran The Quran

• Followers compiled Muhammad's actual revelations after Followers compiled Muhammad's actual revelations after his deathhis death

• Quran ("recitation"), became the holy book of IslamQuran ("recitation"), became the holy book of Islam• Suras are chapters; organized from longest to shortest Suras are chapters; organized from longest to shortest • A work of magnificent poetryA work of magnificent poetry

The HadithThe Hadith• Sayings attributed to Muhammad; not included in QuranSayings attributed to Muhammad; not included in Quran• Three levels from most accurate/likely to highly suspectThree levels from most accurate/likely to highly suspect

THE HIJRA (FLIGHT)THE HIJRA (FLIGHT) The The hijrahijra

• Under persecution, Muhammad, followers fled to Under persecution, Muhammad, followers fled to Medina, 622 C.E. Medina, 622 C.E.

• The move, known as The move, known as hijrahijra, was starting point of Islamic , was starting point of Islamic calendar calendar

The The ummaumma • Organized a cohesive community called Organized a cohesive community called ummaumma in in

Medina Medina • Led commercial adventureLed commercial adventure• Sometimes launched raids against Mecca caravans Sometimes launched raids against Mecca caravans • Helped the poor and needy Helped the poor and needy

The "seal of the prophets" The "seal of the prophets" • Referred himself as "seal of the prophets," - final Referred himself as "seal of the prophets," - final

prophet of Allah prophet of Allah • Held Hebrew scriptures and New Testament in high Held Hebrew scriptures and New Testament in high

esteemesteem Referred to followers as “Peoples of the Book”Referred to followers as “Peoples of the Book” If they did not threaten umma, were to be protected If they did not threaten umma, were to be protected

• Determined to spread Allah's wish to all humankind Determined to spread Allah's wish to all humankind

CONQUEST OF ARABIACONQUEST OF ARABIA• Conquered Mecca, 630 Conquered Mecca, 630

The Kaa'ba The Kaa'ba • In 632, Muhammad led the first Islamic pilgrimage to the In 632, Muhammad led the first Islamic pilgrimage to the

Ka'ba Ka'ba The Five Pillars of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam

• Obligations taught by MuhammadObligations taught by Muhammad• The Five Pillars bound the The Five Pillars bound the ummaumma into a cohesive into a cohesive

community of faithcommunity of faith• Profession of faith, prayer, tithing, pilgrimage, fasting at Profession of faith, prayer, tithing, pilgrimage, fasting at

Ramadan Ramadan Islamic law: the sIslamic law: the shariaharia

• Emerged during the centuries after Muhammad Emerged during the centuries after Muhammad • Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every

aspect of life aspect of life • Drew laws, precepts from the Quran Drew laws, precepts from the Quran • Drew traditions from Arabic culture, HadithDrew traditions from Arabic culture, Hadith• Through the sThrough the shariaharia, Islam became a religion and a way of , Islam became a religion and a way of

lifelife

EXPANSION OF EXPANSION OF ISLAMISLAM The The caliphcaliph

• Abu Bakr served as Abu Bakr served as caliphcaliph ("deputy") ("deputy") • Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military Became head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military

commandercommander The expansion of Islam The expansion of Islam

• 633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia 633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia • 640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa 640's, conquered Egypt and north Africa • 651, toppled Sassanid dynasty 651, toppled Sassanid dynasty • 711-718, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind, Iberia, NW Africa 711-718, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind, Iberia, NW Africa • Success due to weakness of enemies, vigor of IslamSuccess due to weakness of enemies, vigor of Islam

Dar al IslamDar al Islam• The Islamic world where the Sharia is in force, Islam dominatesThe Islamic world where the Sharia is in force, Islam dominates• Dar el Harb is the land of the unbelievers, or non-MuslimsDar el Harb is the land of the unbelievers, or non-Muslims

The Shia and Sunnis The Shia and Sunnis • The Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphsThe Sunnis ("traditionalists") accepted legitimacy of early caliphs

Were Arab as opposed to IslamicWere Arab as opposed to Islamic Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad Did not feel caliphs had to be related to Muhammad

• The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of The Shia sect supported Ali (last caliph and son in law of Muhammad)Muhammad)

A refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Irag, IranA refuge for non-Arab converts, poor; followers in Irag, Iran Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad Felt caliphs should be directly related to Muhammad

• Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder Two sects struggled over succession; produced a civil war, murder

SPREAD OF ISLAMSPREAD OF ISLAM

UMAYYAD DYNASTYUMAYYAD DYNASTY The Umayyad dynasty (661-750 C.E.) The Umayyad dynasty (661-750 C.E.)

• New caliph won civil war; murdered Ali; established dynastyNew caliph won civil war; murdered Ali; established dynasty• Established capital city at Damascus in Syria Established capital city at Damascus in Syria • Ruled for the interests of Arabian military aristocracy Ruled for the interests of Arabian military aristocracy

Policy toward conquered peoples Policy toward conquered peoples • Dhimmis were the conquered Christians, Jews, ZoroastriansDhimmis were the conquered Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians• Levied Levied jizyajizya (head tax) on those who did not convert to Islam (head tax) on those who did not convert to Islam• Even the converts did not enjoy wealth, position of authority Even the converts did not enjoy wealth, position of authority

Umayyad decline Umayyad decline • Caliphs became alienated from Arabs by early 8th century Caliphs became alienated from Arabs by early 8th century • By the mid-century, faced strong resistance of the Shia faction By the mid-century, faced strong resistance of the Shia faction • The discontent of conquered peoples also increasedThe discontent of conquered peoples also increased• Umayyad family slaughtered; only one son escaped to SpainUmayyad family slaughtered; only one son escaped to Spain• Formed breakaway Umayyad Dynasty in Spain Formed breakaway Umayyad Dynasty in Spain

ABBASID DYNASTYABBASID DYNASTY Abu al-Abbas Abu al-Abbas

• A descendant of Muhammad's uncle; allied with Shias and non-Arab A descendant of Muhammad's uncle; allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims Muslims

• Shattered Umayyad forces at a battle in 750; annihilated the Shattered Umayyad forces at a battle in 750; annihilated the Umayyad clan Umayyad clan

The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C.E.) The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C.E.) • Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy • Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government

Abbasid administration Abbasid administration • Relied heavily on Persians, Persian techniques of statecraft Relied heavily on Persians, Persian techniques of statecraft • Central authority ruled from the court at Baghdad, newly built city Central authority ruled from the court at Baghdad, newly built city • Governors ruled provinces; Governors ruled provinces; Ulama, qadisUlama, qadis (judges) ruled local areas (judges) ruled local areas

Abbasid decline Abbasid decline • Struggle for succession led to civil war Struggle for succession led to civil war • Governors built their own power bases, regional dynastiesGovernors built their own power bases, regional dynasties• Local military commanders took title of Sultan Local military commanders took title of Sultan • Popular uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened the dynasty Popular uprisings and peasant rebellions weakened the dynasty • A Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945 A Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945 • Later, the Seljuk Turks controlled the imperial family Later, the Seljuk Turks controlled the imperial family

AN URBAN CIVILIZATIONAN URBAN CIVILIZATION Arab Urban HistoryArab Urban History

• Pre-Islamic Arabs were both urban, bedouinPre-Islamic Arabs were both urban, bedouin Nomads came to city to trade, city often settled by whole Nomads came to city to trade, city often settled by whole

tribestribes Arabs had settled in cities in Syria, Iraq, JordanArabs had settled in cities in Syria, Iraq, Jordan

• Arabic cities linked to wider world through merchants, Arabic cities linked to wider world through merchants, tradetrade

Arabic Empire and Urban GrowthArabic Empire and Urban Growth• Islam as a culture requires mosque, merchant: very Islam as a culture requires mosque, merchant: very

urban in outlookurban in outlook Arabs founded military cities on edges of desert to rule Arabs founded military cities on edges of desert to rule

empireempire• Increasing agricultural production contributed to growth Increasing agricultural production contributed to growth

of cities of cities Cities: centers for administration, industry, trade, education, Cities: centers for administration, industry, trade, education,

faithfaith Many different ethnic minorities settled in Muslim cities Many different ethnic minorities settled in Muslim cities

(quarters)(quarters) Mosque at center surrounded by suk, square, in decreasing Mosque at center surrounded by suk, square, in decreasing

social order social order

CHANGED ECONOMICSCHANGED ECONOMICS Merchants, pilgrims, travelers exchanged foods across empireMerchants, pilgrims, travelers exchanged foods across empire The exchange and spread of food and industrial crops The exchange and spread of food and industrial crops

• Indian plants traveled to other lands of the empire Indian plants traveled to other lands of the empire • Staple crops: sugarcane, rice, new varieties of sorghum and wheat Staple crops: sugarcane, rice, new varieties of sorghum and wheat • Vegetables: spinach, artichokes, eggplants Vegetables: spinach, artichokes, eggplants • Fruits: oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, Fruits: oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons,

mangoes mangoes • Industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna Industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna

Effects of new crops Effects of new crops • Increased varieties and quantities of food Increased varieties and quantities of food • Industrial crops became the basis for a thriving textile industryIndustrial crops became the basis for a thriving textile industry• Foodstuffs increased health, populations of cities Foodstuffs increased health, populations of cities

Agricultural experimentation Agricultural experimentation • Numerous agricultural manuals Numerous agricultural manuals • Agricultural methods and techniques improvedAgricultural methods and techniques improved• Improved irrigation Improved irrigation

A VAST TRADE ZONEA VAST TRADE ZONE Camels and caravans Camels and caravans

• Overland desert trade traveled mostly by camel caravan Overland desert trade traveled mostly by camel caravan • Caravanserais (motel, corrals) in Islamic citiesCaravanserais (motel, corrals) in Islamic cities• Trading goods usually luxury in nature Trading goods usually luxury in nature

Maritime trade based on technological borrowing Maritime trade based on technological borrowing • Arab, Persian mariners borrowed Arab, Persian mariners borrowed

Compass from the Chinese Compass from the Chinese Lateen sail from southeast Asian, Indian mariners Lateen sail from southeast Asian, Indian mariners Astrolabe from the Hellenistic marinersAstrolabe from the Hellenistic mariners

• Organization and dominance of trade Organization and dominance of trade In North Africa across Sahara, down Nile, SW Asia, to IndiaIn North Africa across Sahara, down Nile, SW Asia, to India Eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Gulf Eastern Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Gulf

down coastsdown coasts Many cities grew rich from tradeMany cities grew rich from trade Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group

investments investments Different kinds of joint endeavors Different kinds of joint endeavors

Banks Banks • Operated on large scale and provided extensive services Operated on large scale and provided extensive services • Letters of credit, or Letters of credit, or sakksakk, functioned as bank checks, functioned as bank checks

Exchange of Ideas included Islam, technology, cultureExchange of Ideas included Islam, technology, culture

ISLAMIC TRADEISLAMIC TRADE

OTHER ISLAMIC REGIONSOTHER ISLAMIC REGIONS Al-Andalus Al-Andalus

• Islamic Spain, conquered by Muslim Berbers Islamic Spain, conquered by Muslim Berbers • Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty • Participated in commercial life of the larger Islamic world Participated in commercial life of the larger Islamic world • Products of al-Andalus enjoyed a reputation for excellence Products of al-Andalus enjoyed a reputation for excellence • Cordoba was a center of learning, commerce, architectureCordoba was a center of learning, commerce, architecture• After death of Abd al Rahman III broke up into petty After death of Abd al Rahman III broke up into petty

kingdomskingdoms• A unique blended cultureA unique blended culture

Arab, Latin, German, Islamic, Christian, Jewish Arab, Latin, German, Islamic, Christian, Jewish Very tolerant and integrated societyVery tolerant and integrated society

• Warred for 700 years with Christian kingdoms in northWarred for 700 years with Christian kingdoms in north North AfricaNorth Africa

• Strong followers of Shia, broke with AbbassidsStrong followers of Shia, broke with Abbassids• Berbers followed many puritanical Shia like movementsBerbers followed many puritanical Shia like movements• Eventually Fatimids conquered Egypt, formed rival caliphateEventually Fatimids conquered Egypt, formed rival caliphate

Central AsiaCentral Asia• Largely Turkish, Persian and Islamic but not ArabicLargely Turkish, Persian and Islamic but not Arabic• Tended to be distant from Baghdad and more tolerantTended to be distant from Baghdad and more tolerant• Integrated into trans-Eurasian trade networkIntegrated into trans-Eurasian trade network

MUSLIM SPAINMUSLIM SPAIN

WOMEN’S CHANGING STATUSWOMEN’S CHANGING STATUS Pre-Islamic Arab WomenPre-Islamic Arab Women

• Arabs as nomads allowed women many rightsArabs as nomads allowed women many rights• Women often poets, tribe leadersWomen often poets, tribe leaders• Some evidence of matrilineal tribes Some evidence of matrilineal tribes

The Quran and women The Quran and women • Quran enhanced rights, security of womenQuran enhanced rights, security of women• Forced husbands to honor contracts, love womenForced husbands to honor contracts, love women• Allowed women to own property, protected from Allowed women to own property, protected from

exploitation exploitation What produced the change What produced the change

• Foreign Contacts changed the perspectiveForeign Contacts changed the perspective Adopted veiling from Mesopotamia, PersiaAdopted veiling from Mesopotamia, Persia Isolation from India through purdah, harem Isolation from India through purdah, harem

• Muslim rights for women Muslim rights for women Often weaken through Hadith, traditionsOften weaken through Hadith, traditions Often reduced, ignoredOften reduced, ignored Patriarch beliefs reinforced by conquestPatriarch beliefs reinforced by conquest Yet Quran, Yet Quran, shariasharia also reinforced male domination also reinforced male domination Role of Hadith, Arab traditions reinforced male dominationRole of Hadith, Arab traditions reinforced male domination

IMAGE OF WOMENIMAGE OF WOMEN

ISLAM & OTHER CONTACTSISLAM & OTHER CONTACTS Persian influence on Islam Persian influence on Islam

• After Arabs most prominent of Muslims, resisted ArabizationAfter Arabs most prominent of Muslims, resisted Arabization Cultural traditions often borrowed heavily by IslamCultural traditions often borrowed heavily by Islam Became early followers of ShiaBecame early followers of Shia

• Government and regionalismGovernment and regionalism Many advisors (vizer is Persian word) to Caliphs were PersianMany advisors (vizer is Persian word) to Caliphs were Persian Cultured, diplomatic language of Abbassid court became PersianCultured, diplomatic language of Abbassid court became Persian

• Literary achievements Literary achievements Omar Khayyam was greatest of Medieval Muslim poets Omar Khayyam was greatest of Medieval Muslim poets The Arabian NightsThe Arabian Nights largely in a Persian style largely in a Persian style

Turkish influencesTurkish influences• Central Asian nomads converted to Islam, developed literary cultureCentral Asian nomads converted to Islam, developed literary culture• Invaded SW Asia and made caliphate dependent on Turkish nomadsInvaded SW Asia and made caliphate dependent on Turkish nomads• Formed military might, leadership of late Abbassid stateFormed military might, leadership of late Abbassid state

Indian InfluencesIndian Influences• Purdah and harem borrowed from Hindus Purdah and harem borrowed from Hindus • "Hindi numerals," which Europeans called "Arabic numerals" "Hindi numerals," which Europeans called "Arabic numerals"

Greek Influences Greek Influences • Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle; Greek Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle; Greek

math math • Effort of harmonizing two traditions met resistance from SufisEffort of harmonizing two traditions met resistance from Sufis