1: TSARISM1: TSARISM

HistoryHistory Started as an independent state under the rule of Ivan III, Started as an independent state under the rule of Ivan III,

Grand Prince of Moscow (1462-1505), after previously being Grand Prince of Moscow (1462-1505), after previously being part of the Mongol Empirepart of the Mongol Empire

He established absolute autocracy, where the Grand Prince He established absolute autocracy, where the Grand Prince was the landowner of all of Russia and God’s representative was the landowner of all of Russia and God’s representative on earthon earth

Ivan the IV, also called Ivan the terrible was the first ruler to Ivan the IV, also called Ivan the terrible was the first ruler to adopt the title of Tsaradopt the title of Tsar

Established a ruling partnership with the Orthodox ChurchEstablished a ruling partnership with the Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church controlled the education systemThe Orthodox Church controlled the education system During Ivan’s reign, land was redistributed to those who During Ivan’s reign, land was redistributed to those who

served in the military or administrative rolesserved in the military or administrative roles A new gentry formed, peasants became indebted to A new gentry formed, peasants became indebted to

landowners, serving under contracts and paying rent landowners, serving under contracts and paying rent through produce and service.through produce and service.

This system grew into serfdom and slaveryThis system grew into serfdom and slavery

How was Tsarism How was Tsarism implemented?implemented?

Government divided into three:Government divided into three:1.1. Imperial CouncilImperial Council of the Tsar’s of the Tsar’s

personal adviserspersonal advisers2.2. Cabinet of Ministers Cabinet of Ministers who each had who each had

a responsibility over a specific a responsibility over a specific departmentdepartment

3.3. SenateSenate who turned Tsar’s ideas into who turned Tsar’s ideas into state lawsstate laws

None share power with the Tsar and None share power with the Tsar and are all chosen by the Tsarare all chosen by the Tsar

How was Tsarism How was Tsarism implemented?implemented?

Corrupt bureaucracy:Corrupt bureaucracy:Each government requires a civil service Each government requires a civil service

to put official policies into practice.to put official policies into practice.BUT, the Russian bureaucracy was based BUT, the Russian bureaucracy was based

on undeserved privilege and therefore on undeserved privilege and therefore was inefficientwas inefficient

Also autocracy meant the civil service Also autocracy meant the civil service could not develop policies officially and could not develop policies officially and had to randomly interpret how the had to randomly interpret how the Tsar’s laws appliedTsar’s laws applied

How was Tsarism How was Tsarism implemented?implemented?

Oppressive Police: divided into two Oppressive Police: divided into two groupsgroups

1.1. Okhrana – Secret Police protected Okhrana – Secret Police protected interests of the state (Tsar)interests of the state (Tsar)

2.2. Normal police maintained law and Normal police maintained law and order using oppressive measures order using oppressive measures and the fierce Cossacks.and the fierce Cossacks.

How was Tsarism How was Tsarism implemented?implemented?

Conservative Russian Orthodox ChurchConservative Russian Orthodox Church- Official religion of RussiaOfficial religion of Russia- Reinforced autocracy and conservative Reinforced autocracy and conservative

valuesvalues- Under state control since 1721Under state control since 1721

Russia by 1910Russia by 1910

Largest country in the worldLargest country in the world Crossed 11 time zones, two Crossed 11 time zones, two

continents, 5 vegetation zones,-60 continents, 5 vegetation zones,-60 degrees in Winter and lasts for more degrees in Winter and lasts for more than half the year, 40 degrees in than half the year, 40 degrees in Summer.Summer.

161 million people in 1910. Had grown 161 million people in 1910. Had grown by 40 million in just 13 years!by 40 million in just 13 years!

60 different nationalites60 different nationalites

Social StructureSocial Structure

Ruling class: Royal family and members of Ruling class: Royal family and members of government - 0.5% of populationgovernment - 0.5% of population

Upper class: Highly paid for low workloadsUpper class: Highly paid for low workloads- Nobility, landowners, merchants, church Nobility, landowners, merchants, church

leaders, civil service, Officers in army. leaders, civil service, Officers in army. 12%12%

Middle Class: professionals, intelligentsia, Middle Class: professionals, intelligentsia, and technical specialists 1.5%and technical specialists 1.5%

Social StructureSocial Structure

Industrial working class: Called the Industrial working class: Called the proletariat and lived in cities. 4%proletariat and lived in cities. 4%

Peasants: Mainly subsistence farmers Peasants: Mainly subsistence farmers growing crops and livestock for growing crops and livestock for summer only. Lacked knowledge, summer only. Lacked knowledge, technology and equipment. The Tsar technology and equipment. The Tsar feared educating the masses. Were feared educating the masses. Were easily affected by drought, disease easily affected by drought, disease and famine. 82% of population.and famine. 82% of population.

HomeworkHomework

Read pages 8-13 of MaloneRead pages 8-13 of Malone Glossary termsGlossary termsAnti-SemitismAnti-SemitismCapitalismCapitalismArbitrarinessArbitrarinessMirMirMensheviksMensheviks Construct a Family tree of the Russian Tsars from Michael to Construct a Family tree of the Russian Tsars from Michael to

Nicholas II, note down the key aspects of each reign (only a few Nicholas II, note down the key aspects of each reign (only a few sentences for each)sentences for each)

Draw a visual representation of the make up of Russian Society in Draw a visual representation of the make up of Russian Society in 1905 showing percentages of each class. (Can be a pie chart, a 1905 showing percentages of each class. (Can be a pie chart, a graph, a pyramid, your choice!)graph, a pyramid, your choice!)

Using the extracts A-E from the handout on Government in Russia, Using the extracts A-E from the handout on Government in Russia, write a paragraph outlining what you think the characteristics and write a paragraph outlining what you think the characteristics and ideas of Nicholas II are. Also comment in which extract you think ideas of Nicholas II are. Also comment in which extract you think would be most reliable and why?would be most reliable and why?