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The Industrial Revolution1700-1900
Chapter 9
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I. The Beginnings of Industrialization
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. The Industrial Revolution refers to the increased output of machine-made goods
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B. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain
1. Agricultural Revolution
a) Wealthy landowners began buying up land
b) Improved farming methods
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2. The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
a) Enclosures
1) enclosed land with fences or hedges
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b) The enclosure movement had two important results:
1) Landowners experimented with new agricultural methods
2) Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to move to the cities
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c) Jethro Tull
1) Invented the seed drill, 1701
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3. Rotating Crops
a) process improved upon older methods
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(a) food supplies increased
(b) living conditions improved
(c) England’s population grew
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4. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
a) large population of workers
b) extensive natural resources:
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1) water power & coal to fuel the new machines
2) iron ore to construct machines, tools, & buildings
3) rivers for inland transportation
4) harbors from which merchant ships set sail
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c) Expanding economy to support industrialization
1)Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions
2)highly developed banking system
3)Growing overseas trade
4)economic prosperity
5)increased demand for goods
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d) political stability gave the country an advantage
1) Parliament passed laws to encourage & protect business
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2) Britain had all the factors of production
a) resources needed to produce goods & services
(1)land
(2)labor
(3)capital (or wealth)
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C. Inventions Spur Industrialization
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1. Changes in the Textile Industry
a) John Kay
1) flying shuttle
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c) Richard Arkwright
1) Water frame, 1769
2) used waterpower from streams to drive spinning wheels
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d) 1779, Samuel Crompton
1) Spinning mule
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e) Edmund Cartwright
1) power loom
(a)Run by waterpower
(b) bulky & expensive machines
(c)took the work of spinning & weaving out of the house
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f) Factories
(1) set up the machines in large buildings
(a) needed waterpower
(b) first were built near rivers & streams
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g) 1793, Eli Whitney
(1) an American-invented cotton gin
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D. Improvements in Transportation
1. Steam engine
a) 1705, coal miners used steam powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts.
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2. Watt’s Steam Engine
a) 1765, faster & more efficient while burning less fuel
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b) 1774, Watt joined with Matthew
Boulton, an entrepreneur 1) a person who organizes,
manages, & takes on the risks of a business
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3. Water Transportation
a) Robert Fulton
1) Built a steamboat, Clermont
a) England, water transportation improved with canals
b) human-made waterways
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4. Road Transportation
a) John McAdam, a Scottish engineer1) Developed “macadam” roads 2) travel without sinking in mud
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b) Turnpikes
1) Private roads built & operated for profit
2) pay tolls
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E. The Railway Age Begins
1. Steam-Driven Locomotives a) 1804, Richard Trevithick b) hauled ten tons of iron over
nearly ten miles of track
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2. The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
a) 1829, the Rocket, designed by Stephenson & his son.
b) officially opened in 1830
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F. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
1. cheap way to transport materials & finished products
2. created new jobs for both railroad workers & miners
a) miners provided iron for the tracks & coal for the steam engines
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3. boosted England’s agricultural & fishing industries
a) transport products to distant cities4. railroads encouraged a) country people to take distant city jobsb) lured city dwellers to resorts in the
countryside
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Why was Britain the starting point for the Industrial Revolution?
• favorable conditions
• large supplies of coal and iron
• a large labor supply
• business class had capital, or wealth, to invest
• consumer goods were affordable to all
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What changes transformed the textile industry?
• The flying shuttle
• Spinning jenny
• Water frame
• The new machines were too large and expensive to be operated at home.
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What new technologies were part of the revolution in
transportation?
Turnpikes, or toll roads, canals, stronger bridges, and upgraded harbors all helped to improve transportation.
The invention of the steam locomotive made possible the growth of railroads.
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II. Industrialization
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Industrialization led to a better quality of life for most people
2. The change to machine production initially caused human suffering
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a) caused unhealthy working conditions
b) air & water pollution
c) child labor
d) rising class tensions
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B. Industrialization Changes Life
1. 1800s, people could earn higher wages in factories than on farms
a) Cities grew with people looking for jobs
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C. Industrial Cities Rise
1. Most Europeans had lived in rural areas
2. After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities
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a) Urbanization
1) movement of people to cities
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D. Living Conditions
1. Resulted in an explosive growth of once quiet market towns
a) People moved into overcrowded tenements
b) Industrial cities were polluted(1) no sewage or sanitation system
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2. Working Conditions
a) Rigid disciplineb) Workers labored long hours c) Work did not change with the
seasons, as it did on the farm
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d) Industry also posed new dangers for workers1) Factories were not well lit or
clean2) Machines injured workers
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3) Most dangerous conditions of all were found in coal mines.
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4) Women & children were employed because they were the cheap labor
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E. Class Tensions Grow1. Industrial Revolution created wealtha) Factory owners, shippers, &
merchantsb) Part of a growing middle class1) A social class made up of:(a) skilled workers(b)professionals(c) businesspeople (d)wealthy farmers
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2. Ludditesa) Named after Ned Ludd 1) destroyed weaving machinery - 17792) Luddites attacked factories in N.
England, 1811a) destroyed labor saving machineryb) Mobs of workers rioted(1) Mainly because of poor living &
working conditions.
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F. The Middle Class
1. Landowners & aristocrats had occupied the top position in British society
a) Lost social & political power
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2. Middle Class grew wealthier than the landowners &aristocrats
3. Landowners looked down Middle Class
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G. The Working Class
1. 1800 – 1850
a) Laborers saw little improvement in living & working conditions
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H. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
1. Created jobs for workers a) Contributed to the wealth of the
nation2. Technological progress &
inventions
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3. Raised the standard of living
4. Created a demand for engineers, clerical & professional workers
a) Expanded educational opportunities
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5. Labor Unions
a) Workers joined together
b) won higher wages
c) shorter hours
d) better working conditions
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I. Long-Term Effects
1. living & working conditions improved
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J. The Mills of Manchester
1) Wealth from factoriesa) first the mill owners - the new
middle classb) working class standard of living
improved
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2) Children as young as 6 joined their parents in the factories.
a) six days a week - 6 A.M. to 7 or 8 P.M.,
b) Machinery injured many children.
c) Fluff filled their lungs & made them cough.
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3) Factory Act -1819
a) restricted working age & hours
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The Working Class and the New Middle Class
The Working Class and the New Middle Class
WORKING CLASS• Farm families felt lost
when they moved to the cities but, in time, they developed their own sense of community.
• Many found comfort in the Methodist Church, which promised a better life to come.
• Workers protesting low pay and harsh working conditions were met with repression.
MIDDLE CLASS• Entrepreneurs benefited
most from the Industrial Revolution.
• Families lived in nice homes and ate and dressed well.
• Women were encouraged to become “ladies.”
• People valued hard work and the determination to “get ahead.”
• Many believed the poor were responsible for their own misery.
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The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect
The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect
•Causes•Increased agricultural productivity•Growing population•New sources of energy, such as steam and coal•Growing demand for textiles and other mass- produced goods•Improved technology•Available natural resources, labor, and money•Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth
Immediate Effects• Rise of factories• Changes in transportation and communication• Urbanization• New methods of production • Rise of urban working class• Growth of reform movements
Long-Term Effects•Growth of labor unions•Inexpensive new products•Spread of industrialization •Rise of big business•Expansion of public education•Expansion of middle class•Competition for world trade among industrialized nations •Progress in medical care
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III. Industrialization Spreads
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Great Britain has favorable conditions for industrialization :
a) geography b) financial systems c) political stability d) natural resources
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B. Industrial Development in the United States
1. Same resources as Britain
a) fast-flowing rivers
b) rich deposits of coal & iron ore
c) a supply of laborers made up of farm workers & immigrants.
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2. The War of 1812
a) Britain blockaded the U. S.,
1) tried to keep it from engaging in international trade
2) forced to use its own resources to develop independent industries
3) industries would manufacture goods the U. S.
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C. Industrialization in the United States
1. Began in the textile industrya) Britain had forbidden engineers,
mechanics, & toolmakers to leave the country
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2. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry
a) Northeast experienced much industrial growth
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1) a wealth of natural resources: oil, coal, & iron
2) inventions: the electric light bulb & the telephone
3) Swelling urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods.
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D. The Rise of Corporations
1. Large businesses required a great deal of money
a) To raise the money, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, or certain rights of ownership
b) people who bought stock became part owners of these businesses, which were called corporations.
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2. A corporation is a business owned by stockholders
a) share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
b) Big business—
1) the giant corporations that controlled entire industries—
2) made big profits by reducing the cost
3) workers earned low wages for long hours
4) stockholders earned high profits
5) corporate leaders made fortunes.
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E. Continental Europe Industrializes
1) The French Revolution & the Napoleonic Wars slowed the process of industrialization in Europe
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F. Beginnings in Belgium
1. Belgium led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology
2. had rich deposits of iron ore & coal 3. fine waterways for transportation
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G. Germany Industrializes
1. Politically divided in the early 1800s.
a) Economic isolation & scattered resources hampered industrialization
1) pockets of industrialization appeared
2) coal-rich Ruhr Valley of west central Germany
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2. Germany develop as a military power due to its economic strength
a) By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial & a military giant.
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3. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe
a) industrialization proceeded by region rather than by country
b) the social structure delayed the adoption of new methods of production
c) geography held back others
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1) Austria-Hungary’s mountains defeated railroad builders.
2) Spain lacked good roads & waterways for canals.
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H. The Impact of Industrialization
1. The Industrial Revolution shifted the world balance of power.
a) It increased competition between industrialized nations & poverty in less-developed nations.
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2. Rise of Global Inequality
a) Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized & non-industrialized countries
1) required a steady supply of raw materials from less-developed lands
2) viewed poor countries as markets for their manufactured products.
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b) Imperialism
1) the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands,
2) gave even more power & wealth to these already wealthy nations.
3) need for resources to supply the factories of Europe
4) development of new markets around the world.
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I. Transformation of Society
1. Industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic power.
2. the economies of Asia & Africa were still based on agriculture & small workshops.
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IV. Transformation of Society
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A. SETTING THE STAGE
1. Industrial Revolution opened a wide gap between the rich and the poor.
2. Business leaders believed that governments should stay out of business and economic affairs.
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1. Reformers felt that governments needed to play an active role to improve conditions for the poor.
2. Workers also demanded more rights and protection.
3. They formed labor unions to increase their influence.
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B. The Philosophers of Industrialization
1. Laissez-faire Economics
a) favors a free market unregulated by the government.
b) French for “let people do as they please”
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2. Adam Smitha) 1776, The Wealth of Nations1) Three natural laws of economics:
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a) the law of self-interest—People work for their own good
b) the law of competition — Competition forces people to make a better product
c) the law of supply & demand —Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.
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3. The Economists of Capitalism
a) ideas were the foundation of laissez-faire capitalism
1) the factors of production are privately owned
2) money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
3) Laissez-faire thinkers opposed government efforts to help poor workers
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b) Thomas Malthus
1) An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
(a) argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply
(b)wars & epidemics killed off the extra people
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c) David Ricardo(1) Principles of Political Economy and
Taxation (1817)(2) believed that a permanent underclass
would always be poor(3) if there are many workers &
abundant resources, then labor & resources are cheap.
(4) If there are few workers & scarce resources, then they are expensive
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Laissez-Faire EconomicsLaissez-Faire Economics
The “iron law of wages” said that when wages were high, families had more children.
More children meant a greater labor supply, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment.
Population would outpace the food supply.
As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer.
People should have fewer children.
A free market would produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable to everyone.
A growing economy would encourage capitalists to reinvest profits in new ventures.
DAVID RICARDO
THOMAS MALTHUS
ADAM SMITH
The physiocrats of the Enlightenment argued that government should not interfere in the free operation of the economy. In the early 1800s, middle-class business leaders embraced this laissez faire, or “hands-off” approach.
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C. The Rise of Socialism
1. Believed that wealthy people or the government must take action to improve people’s lives
a) People as a whole rather than private individuals own & operate the means of production
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2. late 1700s, Jeremy Bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism.
a) argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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3. John Stuart Mill
a) led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s
b) policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits
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c) called for the government to do away with great differences in wealth
d) Actions are right if they promote happiness & wrong if they cause pain
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Utilitarianism and SocialismUtilitarianism and Socialism
Robert Owen set up a model community in Scotland and put Utopian ideas into practice.
UTILITARIANISMThe idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens.
Jeremy Bentham supported individual freedom, but saw the need for government involvement under certain circumstances.
John Stuart Mill wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of the working class.
SOCIALISM
The people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate the means of production.
The Utopians wanted to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all property owned in common.
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D. “Scientific Socialism”
of Karl Marx1. Condemned
the evils of industrial capitalism
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2. Urged radical changes in the way
the economy operated
3. Communism is a form of Socialism
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4. Karl Marx promoted Communism
a) He wrote the Communist Manifesto
(1) This was a radical form of socialism that would have a worldwide influence
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(2)Proletariat (working Class) would rise up and overthrow the government
b) History was a struggle between the “Haves” and “Have Nots”
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Assassinationof Archduke Ferdinand
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
European Industrial Revolution
Justifications: 19th
Century LiberalismSocial Darwinism
Justifications: 19th
Century LiberalismSocial Darwinism
Responses:Socialism, Marxism
Labor Unions
Responses:Socialism, Marxism
Labor Unions
SocialChanges
SocialChanges Urban Industrial
Environment
Urban Industrial Environment
FinanceCapitalism
FinanceCapitalism
Middle Class Rising in Power
Middle Class Rising in Power
Aristocracy Declining in Power
Aristocracy Declining in Power
Working Class Living in Poverty
Working Class Living in Poverty
Peasants Struggling to Survive
Peasants Struggling to Survive
Expansion of Gov't Services
Expansion of Gov't Services
City Services: Fire, Police, Water,
Sanitation
City Services: Fire, Police, Water,
Sanitation
Public Health Education
Public Health Education
RequirementsRequirements IncreasedCompetition
IncreasedCompetition
Raw MaterialsRaw Materials
New Markets
New Markets
InvestmentsInvestments
NationalismNationalism
ImperialismImperialism
MilitarismMilitarism
EntanglingAlliances
EntanglingAlliances
Underlying Causes of World War
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