#1 The Geography of #1 The Geography of RomeRome

#1 The Geography of #1 The Geography of RomeRome

Impact of GeographyImpact of Geographyon Romeon Rome

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Located on a river in the center of Located on a river in the center of

ItalyItaly– Near the midpoint of the Near the midpoint of the

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea– Location near the Greeks and Location near the Greeks and

Etruscans allowed them to borrow Etruscans allowed them to borrow from both culturesfrom both cultures

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

First RomansFirst Romans

• The Italian peninsula was first The Italian peninsula was first inhabited by the Latins,Greeks, inhabited by the Latins,Greeks, and Etruscansand Etruscans

• This contact with the Greeks This contact with the Greeks influences Roman society in influences Roman society in several ways. (so you will see several ways. (so you will see similarities btwn the Greek and similarities btwn the Greek and Roman cultures…even a blend!)Roman cultures…even a blend!)

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

The Early RepublicThe Early Republic

• Under an Etruscan King, Rome Under an Etruscan King, Rome became a collection of hilltop became a collection of hilltop villages; construction projects for villages; construction projects for Rome’s first temple and public Rome’s first temple and public centers began...centers began...

• Forum: most famous public center Forum: most famous public center & the heart of Roman political life & the heart of Roman political life

• People pushed a harsh King out People pushed a harsh King out and formed a republicand formed a republic

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

The RepublicThe Republic

• RepublicRepublic– A form of gov’t in which power rests A form of gov’t in which power rests

with the citizens who have the right to with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. (this ability was vote for their leaders. (this ability was only for free males)only for free males)

• One of the major struggles in the Early One of the major struggles in the Early republic was the power struggle republic was the power struggle between the members of the between the members of the aristocracy (patricians) & the common aristocracy (patricians) & the common citizens (plebeians)citizens (plebeians)

A RepublicA Republic

• The Roman Republic was The Roman Republic was characterized by:characterized by:

• 1. 1. the rule of lawthe rule of law– (Twelve Tables- established laws that (Twelve Tables- established laws that

hung in the Forum)hung in the Forum)

• 2. 2. the separation of powersthe separation of powers– (Rule by consuls & senate)(Rule by consuls & senate)

• 3. 3. the idea of civic dutythe idea of civic duty– (represented in senate & military service)(represented in senate & military service)

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls- chief executives (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

• Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians (who made up the majority of the Roman population).

• Did not allow for flexible interpretation of the law

Rights of the PeopleRights of the People

• Under Roman Law people had the Under Roman Law people had the right:right:– To receive equal treatment under the To receive equal treatment under the

law.law.– The right to be punished only for actions, The right to be punished only for actions,

not thoughtsnot thoughts– The right to be considered innocent until The right to be considered innocent until

proven guiltyproven guilty

Roman Republic Vs. U.S.A.Roman Republic Vs. U.S.A.Rome United States

Executive Branch 2 consuls elected by assembly ea. year

A president elected by people for 4 years

Legislative Branch -300 members-Centuriate Assembly- Tribal Assembly

-100 members for Senate-435 members for House of representatives

Judicial Branch -Praetors & 8 judges-Civil & criminal courts

-Supreme Court-9 justices

Legal Code - Twelve Tables - Constitution

Citizenship - All adult male landowners

- All native-born or naturalized citizens

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Roman ExpansionRoman Expansion

• Rome spreads its power and does this Rome spreads its power and does this well, because of lenient policy towards well, because of lenient policy towards those they defeated….built a long-lasting those they defeated….built a long-lasting EmpireEmpire

• Rome enjoyed its expansion, because of Rome enjoyed its expansion, because of trade; however when their access to the trade; however when their access to the Mediterranean Sea was hindered they Mediterranean Sea was hindered they came into conflict with other nationscame into conflict with other nations– Ex. Ex. Rome and Carthage went to war, Punic Rome and Carthage went to war, Punic

Wars, because of this conflict of who would Wars, because of this conflict of who would control the Mediterranean control the Mediterranean

Roman EconomyRoman Economy

• As Rome continued to expand it benefited As Rome continued to expand it benefited from:from:– 1. 1. tradetrade- Vast trade network with Corinth - Vast trade network with Corinth

(Greece), Ephesus, China, & India(Greece), Ephesus, China, & India– 2. 2. slaveryslavery- for example, made people from - for example, made people from

Carthage become slaves (1/3 of Rome’s Carthage become slaves (1/3 of Rome’s population) after they conquered thempopulation) after they conquered them

– 3. 3. agricultureagriculture- this was the most important - this was the most important industry in the Roman Empireindustry in the Roman Empire

But as Rome grew the gap between the rich and poor But as Rome grew the gap between the rich and poor grew & the military began to breakdowngrew & the military began to breakdown

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

They ruled for 10 yrs until Casear & Pompey clashed and went to war

Later Casaer defeated Pompey and was named dictator for life (44 B.C)

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate Octavian Augustus

• Caesar's Grandnephew• Title of imperator• “supreme military commander”

Marc Antony• Became rival with Octavian

Marcus Lepidus

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE

Pax RomanaPax Romana• Translated it means “Roman Peace”Translated it means “Roman Peace”• Rome was at its peak under the rule of Rome was at its peak under the rule of

Augustus….it lasted 207 yearsAugustus….it lasted 207 years– Public BuildingsPublic Buildings– Stable system of governmentStable system of government– Civil serviceCivil service– Govt affairs, tax collection, & postal systemGovt affairs, tax collection, & postal system

• But there were still slaves and the class But there were still slaves and the class distinctions were strongdistinctions were strong

• Colosseum & GladiatorsColosseum & Gladiators• Christianity beganChristianity began

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

ChristianityChristianity• JesusJesus

– Born in Bethlehem in approximately 4 to 6 B.CBorn in Bethlehem in approximately 4 to 6 B.C– At age of 30, Jesus began his public ministry…preached At age of 30, Jesus began his public ministry…preached

and performed miraclesand performed miracles– Stressed importance of God’s love for people, neighbors, Stressed importance of God’s love for people, neighbors,

enemiesenemies– Had 12 apostles or disciples (students)Had 12 apostles or disciples (students)– His life is explained in the Gospels, which are the 1His life is explained in the Gospels, which are the 1stst 4 4

books of the New Testamentbooks of the New Testament– Considered to be the Messiah (son of God), but the Jews Considered to be the Messiah (son of God), but the Jews

did not believe this and the Romans disliked that he did not did not believe this and the Romans disliked that he did not worship Roman gods: Jesus was crucified on the crossworship Roman gods: Jesus was crucified on the cross

– Came back from the dead in 3 days, went to heaven, and is Came back from the dead in 3 days, went to heaven, and is considered to be the Christ or the “savior”considered to be the Christ or the “savior”

ChristianityChristianity• Spread throughout Rome:Spread throughout Rome:

– Embraced all people; men and women, rich Embraced all people; men and women, rich and poorand poor

– Rome’s excellent roads encouraged the Rome’s excellent roads encouraged the exchanged of ideasexchanged of ideas

– Jesus promised eternal lifeJesus promised eternal life– Gave hope to the powerlessGave hope to the powerless

•Paul• used to kill Christians but then converted• he spreads Christianity by teaching that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins•Christianity accepted all who would believe

ChristianityChristianity• Although it was spreading, Although it was spreading, Roman rulers Roman rulers

opposed Christianity because Christians would opposed Christianity because Christians would not worship Roman gods not worship Roman gods . They believed in only . They believed in only one true God, Yahweh (same as the Jews)…one true God, Yahweh (same as the Jews)…however the Jews did not believe Jesus was the however the Jews did not believe Jesus was the Messiah.Messiah.

• Also during this time, the Romans focused on Also during this time, the Romans focused on Jerusalem and the Jews…and actually Jerusalem and the Jews…and actually destroyed the Temple in 70 A.D….ultimately the destroyed the Temple in 70 A.D….ultimately the Jews were driven from their homeland and the Jews were driven from their homeland and the dispersal of Jews is called the Diaspora.dispersal of Jews is called the Diaspora.

ChristianityChristianity• However, However, ConstantineConstantine was fighting for the was fighting for the

leadership of Rome…one day before the leadership of Rome…one day before the battle he prayed for help and saw an image battle he prayed for help and saw an image of a cross. He then ordered a cross to be put of a cross. He then ordered a cross to be put upon all the shields…they won.upon all the shields…they won.

• He then declared with the Edict of Milan that He then declared with the Edict of Milan that Christianity was approved by the emperor.Christianity was approved by the emperor.

• He was the first Roman emperor to embrace He was the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity.Christianity.

• Christianity then began to spread more and Christianity then began to spread more and develop a structure and with the Nicene develop a structure and with the Nicene Creed, Constantine defined the basic beliefs Creed, Constantine defined the basic beliefs of the Churchof the Church

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337Activity:

Describe the changes the Romans faced after embracing Christianity?How does the picture change?

1. Label your paper: The impact of Christianity on the Roman Empire

2. Label each picture title and answer the following ?’s

The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Fall of the Roman Empire

• Several things led to the decline Several things led to the decline of the Empireof the Empire– A huge amount of money had to be A huge amount of money had to be

spent on defense for trade…spent on defense for trade…inflation became a probleminflation became a problem

– It was invaded by Germanic tribes It was invaded by Germanic tribes and by the Hunsand by the Huns

– The disruption of tradeThe disruption of trade– The military was strugglingThe military was struggling

The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Fall of the Roman Empire• Reformers attempted to keep the empire Reformers attempted to keep the empire

together and succeeded for 200 years.together and succeeded for 200 years.• One emperor divided the empire into 2 parts One emperor divided the empire into 2 parts

in order to make it more efficient.in order to make it more efficient.• It was divided into the East and the WestIt was divided into the East and the West• Constantine moves the capital from Rome to Constantine moves the capital from Rome to

the Greek city of Byzantium….later called the Greek city of Byzantium….later called Constantinople.Constantinople.

• Ultimately, the East remains and the West Ultimately, the East remains and the West falls.falls.

The Fall of the Roman EmpireThe Fall of the Roman Empire

• German tribes co-existed at the German tribes co-existed at the northern border of the Roman Empire, northern border of the Roman Empire, but a group called the Huns invaded but a group called the Huns invaded and pushed them into the Roman and pushed them into the Roman Empire out of fear.Empire out of fear.

• The Germans overran and raided the The Germans overran and raided the empire for 3 days.empire for 3 days.

• A 14 year-old was the last emperor of A 14 year-old was the last emperor of Rome, and it finally died.Rome, and it finally died.

• Roman Empire lasted into the Roman Empire lasted into the Byzantine Empire.Byzantine Empire.

Greco-Roman CivilizationGreco-Roman Civilization

• Romans borrowed and adapted cultural Romans borrowed and adapted cultural elements freely, especially form the elements freely, especially form the Greek and Hellenistic culturesGreek and Hellenistic cultures

• The blend of Greek, Hellenistic, & The blend of Greek, Hellenistic, & Roman cultures was called the Greco-Roman cultures was called the Greco-Roman culture and is known as Roman culture and is known as classical civilization.classical civilization.

The Legacy of RomeThe Legacy of Rome

• LanguageLanguage: the Roman language of Latin is : the Roman language of Latin is the official language of the Catholic Church & the official language of the Catholic Church & adopted by the French, Spanish, adopted by the French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian…more Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian…more than half English words are based in Latinthan half English words are based in Latin

• Architecture & EngineeringArchitecture & Engineering: arch, dome, : arch, dome, bridges, roads, aqueducts, & amazing bridges, roads, aqueducts, & amazing structures like the Colosseumstructures like the Colosseum

• LawLaw: strengthen the rights of Roman citizens : strengthen the rights of Roman citizens and formed the basic legal systems in and formed the basic legal systems in EuropeEurope and the and the United StatesUnited States

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum