War of 1812War of 1812Ch. 6, Sect. 4Ch. 6, Sect. 4

OBJECTIVES:•Identify the causes of the war of 1812

•Describe its Long-term effects

Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-1808Jefferson’s Second Term: 1804-18081804: Jefferson wins Electoral College, 162 to 14

1805: France and Britain at it again!

1806: English attempt to blockade the French◦ American merchants caught in middle!

1807: USS Chesapeake attacked 10 miles off VA by GB

1808-1811: 6,000 Americans impressed by G.B.

Will it mean war?

Chesapeake Encounter with the LeopardA painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens. Americans were humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)

Chesapeake Encounter with the LeopardChesapeake Encounter with the Leopard

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsThe impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsManning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailors

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Jefferson’s EmbargoJefferson’s Embargo SITUATION: Chesapeake was attacked, we need to respond

PROBLEM: Jefferson has a weak army, no navy. WHY???

SOLUTION: Embargo Act of 1807

RESULT: America economically devastated – WHY????◦ Embargo was repealed in 1809!

Republicans’ popularity plummets, Federalists are revived.

Still no Navy!!!

Western War Hawks 1811: Twelfth Congress moves

toward war

Henry Clay of Kentucky & John Calhoun

◦ “Free Trade and Sailor’s Rights” ◦ “On to Canada”

War Hawks see British support for Indian threat on Frontier

William Henry Harrison persuades native chiefs in Indiana to cede 3 million acres – angers other tribes

Henry Clay – Speaker of the House

Tecumseh and the Tecumseh and the ProphetProphet

Tecumseh creates a Pan-Indian allianceRevitalize Indian culture and waysRefuse to recognize land deals

Gen. Harrison kills Tecumseh’s brother at Tippecanoe Nov. 7, 1811Form an alliance with British in War of 1812

Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames, 1813Indian alliance collapses without Tecumseh

War of War of 18121812

A Bad Idea, Poorly Executed

James Madison 1809-1817

War Hawks really push for war, get the vote

IRONY: Orders of Council repealed 2 days earlier!

America has no army, no navy

New England (maritime states) oppose the war

British and Canadians are ready to fight◦ Americans have no strategy for

Canada

1813 American invasions of Canada fail

Oliver Hazard Perry has some success on Lake Erie

British forced to withdraw from Detroit, leading to Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813

Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812

Major Campaigns of the War of 1812The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

British return in 1814, with 4,000 troops

Washington DC is burned August 1814!!

•Battle of Baltimore

•Sept. 1814

•“Star Spangled Banner”

•Francis Scott Key

•VIDEO

Battle of New Orleans

• Andrew Jackson fights Battle of New Orleans, last campaign of war

• Andrew Jackson's 5,600 troops—defeat 8,000 better-trained British troops in January of 1815,

• 2K British lost in 30 min, Americans lose 70+!!

• Totally pointless……..• WHY??• January 1815

•***The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero, esp. in West and on the frontier.

Treaty of Ghent, 1814Treaty of Ghent, 1814 Armistice signed Christmas

Eve 1814.

English think they are winning the war, but news of Battles in NY and Baltimore, along with events in Europe, pressure GB to come to terms.

MYTH: Americans credit Battle of New Orleans with winning the war.

TRUTH: More like a draw.

Both sides didn’t realize who had the upper hand!

AfterAfter the Treaty of Ghent the Treaty of Ghent

1815 – Commercial treaty re-opens trade with G.B. and U.S.

1817- Rush-Bagot agreement, limits warships in the Great Lakes

1818-sets boundary of Louisiana Territory at 49th parallel.

Joint occupation of Oregon Territory

War of 1812 - The ScorecardWar of 1812 - The Scorecard 6,000 Americans killed or wounded

New respect for America abroad

Sectionalism and Federalist Party defunct

U.S. is now has a NATIONAL IDENTY

Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison heroes

Revives antagonism with Britain

Establishes a border with Canada, wary peace

Oregon Territory shared by Britain and U.S.

War of 1812

War breaks out b/w France and Britain

Orders in Council

Impressment -USS Chesapeake

Embargo of 1807

War Hawks

War of 1812