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11stst Semester Exam Review Semester Exam ReviewDiscovering FlightDiscovering Flight
11stst Semester Exam Review Semester Exam ReviewDiscovering FlightDiscovering Flight
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Flight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient TimesFlight in Ancient Times
Humans have dreamed of taking flight for thousands of years
FlightFlight is the act of passing through the air on wings
People told tales about flight around the fire at night and handed down these stories to their children
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Armen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen Firman
A Moor named Armen Firman made the first known human attempt to fly
He put on a huge cloak and jumped from a tower in Cordoba, Spain
He hoped the cloak would open wide like a bat’s wings to slow him on the way down
But it didn’t, and Firman fell to his death
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Armen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen FirmanArmen Firman
His unfortunate experiment might be described as an early attempt at a jump by parachute
A parachuteparachute is a device intended to slow free fall from an aircraft or another high point
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chinese KitesChinese KitesChinese KitesChinese Kites
The Chinese invented the kite around 1000 BC
A kitekite is a light framework covered with paper or cloth, provided with a balancing tail, designed to be flown in the air
Within a few hundred years, people were using kites in warfare
Marco Polo!
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Chinese GunpowderChinese GunpowderChinese GunpowderChinese Gunpowder
In the eight hundreds, the Chinese made another important invention: gunpowder
GunpowderGunpowder is an explosive powder made of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur, used to shoot projectiles from guns
200 years later, the Chinese used gunpowder to make the first simple rockets
Wan Hoo
Man in the MoonMan in the MoonMan in the MoonMan in the Moon
There’s even a Chinese legend about a rocket trip into space
A legendlegend is an unverified story handed down from earlier times
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da VinciLeonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci
The first person in the history of aviation who was also a real scientist was Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter
A Parachute andA Parachute andA HelicopterA Helicopter
Da Vinci produced the first known designs for a parachute and a helicopter
A helicopterhelicopter is an aircraft that gets its lift from spinning blades
Da Vinci’s drawing of an “aerial screw” looks a lot like a modern helicopter
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton
The Englishman Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) formulated three famous laws of motion
Taken from wikipedia.com
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
Newtonian LiftNewtonian LiftNewtonian LiftNewtonian Lift
The third law states, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”
For example, when a pilot angles the wing of the plane up against the oncoming wind, the action of the wind causes a reaction by the wing
This reaction provides some additional lift, known as Newtonian or dynamic lift
The Early Days of FlightThe Early Days of FlightThe Early Days of FlightThe Early Days of Flight
Team presentation evaluated against Rubric, possible 100 ptsPowerPoint, Presi, or butcher paper graphicsPresentation is to provide:
Proper timeframeHow individual got the idea for their invention or who they promoted it toWhat they built (provide illustration, graphic, or picture)Why significant to aviation (how contributes)Any battles or wars that were significant
The Early Days of FlightPages 14-25
Montgolfier BrothersAlberto Santos DumontCount von ZepplinThaddeus LoweLt Col George DerbySir George CayleyJohn MontgomeryOtto LilienthalJohn StringfellowSamuel Langley
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Principles of Balloon FlightPrinciples of Balloon FlightPrinciples of Balloon FlightPrinciples of Balloon Flight
A balloon operates on the principle of buoyancy
If the air or gas inside a balloon is lighter than the air around it, it will float
Hot air takes care of the first challenge of flight—getting up into the air
Courtesy of Clipart.com.
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
DirigiblesDirigiblesDirigiblesDirigibles
The third problem of flight—control of the craft—was still a problem
That is, until inventors came up with the dirigible
A dirigibledirigible is a steerable airship
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
DirigiblesDirigiblesDirigiblesDirigibles
The new dirigible airships had two things that helped pilots steer them
First, they had rudders A rudderrudder is a movable flap or blade
attached to the rear of a craft Second, the new airships had powerpower
sourcessources that drove propellers
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Count von ZeppelinCount von ZeppelinCount von ZeppelinCount von Zeppelin
In July 1900 Count von Zeppelin, a German inventor, built and flew the first successful rigid dirigible, the LZ-1
This led to the world’s first commercial airships The Zeppelins were luxurious:
Roomy, wood-paneled cabins Carried 20 or more passengers
They flew at speeds exceeding 40 miles an hour
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Cayley’s GlidersCayley’s GlidersCayley’s GlidersCayley’s Gliders
Cayley identified three important aviation forces:
Lift DragDrag, , which is the pull, or slowing effect, of air
on an aircraft ThrustThrust, , which is the forward force driving an
aircraft
In 1850 Cayley built the first successful full-size manned glider
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Otto LilienthalOtto LilienthalOtto LilienthalOtto Lilienthal
Otto Lilienthal of Germany is often called the “Father of Modern Aviation”
Between 1891 and 1896 he made more than 2,000 glides
He also developed a powered biplane A biplanebiplane is an aircraft with two main
supporting surfaces, usually placed one above the other
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Samuel LangleySamuel LangleySamuel LangleySamuel Langley
On 7 October 1903 his aircraft, the Aerodrome was ready for a test flight
The plane’s engine worked well, but the aircraft caught on the launching car on takeoff and fell into the river
Two months later, Langley tried—and failed—again
Government officials withdrew their support, so Langley gave up his project
Chapter 1, Lesson 2
Samuel LangleySamuel LangleySamuel LangleySamuel Langley
Historians fault Langley for spending too much time on how to power his aircraft, and not enough on how to control it
Even so, for his contributions to aviation, Langley Air Force Base in southeastern Virginia is named after him
Courtesy of Senior Master Sgt. Keith Reed/the U.S. Air Force
The Wright BrothersThe Wright BrothersThe Wright BrothersThe Wright Brothers
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
How the Wright Brothers How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight Succeeded in the First Flight How the Wright Brothers How the Wright Brothers
Succeeded in the First Flight Succeeded in the First Flight
The Wrights chose a glider as their starting point
They could focus first on balancing and controlling the aircraft
Power (an engine) could come later They applied what they learned at each
step to make the next one go more smoothly
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step One: Step One: Unmanned Box KiteUnmanned Box Kite
Step One: Step One: Unmanned Box KiteUnmanned Box Kite
They discovered that they didn’t need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft:
Needed to twist only the ends of the wings
They called this process “wing warping”
In the summer of 1899, Wilbur Wright successfully tested the kite in a field
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step Two: Step Two: Manned GildersManned Gilders
Step Two: Step Two: Manned GildersManned Gilders
Between 1900 and 1902, the brothers built three gliders
Before putting a man aboard, they flew each glider like a kite
They wanted to test it for control and liftOnly after doing this would they put a
man aboard
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The First Glider (1900)The First Glider (1900)The First Glider (1900)The First Glider (1900)
In their experiments in 1900, the Wrights placed an elevator at the front of the glider
Earlier designers mounted elevators behind the wings
But the Wrights found it easier to control climb and descent when the elevator was placed forward
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Second Glider (1901)The Second Glider (1901)The Second Glider (1901)The Second Glider (1901)
The first glider didn’t have nearly enough lift So for their 1901 glider, the brothers
increased the wing area to 290 square feet This glider was also a big disappointment The brothers couldn’t control it well when
they tested it at Kill Devil Hills It flew less than 300 feet—time to return to
Dayton!
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Wind TunnelThe Wind TunnelThe Wind TunnelThe Wind Tunnel
The brothers built a wind tunnel in their bicycle shop to test model-size wings
Made them of sheet steel Cut more than 200 model
wings of different shapes
Courtesy of Wright State University
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Third GliderThe Third GliderThe Third GliderThe Third Glider
The third glider had:Forward elevatorElliptical shapeLonger, skinnier wingsWing area of 305 feetLow angle of attack
This design was a success The brothers took to the air in the North
Carolina dunes more than 700 times in the fall of 1902
Courtesy of NASA
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Principles of Airplane FlightPrinciples of Airplane FlightPrinciples of Airplane FlightPrinciples of Airplane Flight
An engine and propellers gave Wilbur and Orville the ability to use not only lift but also thrust to propel their plane
Vertically mounted propellers could provide the airflow for thrust
They needed 90 pounds of thrust to propel the Wright Flyer
Their 12-horsepower engine and the large propellers proved equal to the task
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Wright Brothers’ Involvement Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US ArmyWith the US Army
Wright Brothers’ Involvement Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US ArmyWith the US Army
The British and French governments were interested in buying the Flyer
But the brothers wanted the US government to have the first crack at owning a Wright Flyer
On 22 May 1906 they received a government patent for their invention
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Bids for a Government PlaneBids for a Government Plane Bids for a Government PlaneBids for a Government Plane
On 23 December 1907, Gen James Allen sent out a request for bids to build a plane for the government
The Wright Flyer met the bid requirements
Orville Wright signed a contract on 10 February 1908 selling the Flyer to the US government
Developing AircraftDeveloping AircraftDeveloping AircraftDeveloping Aircraft
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Ailerons Ailerons Ailerons Ailerons
An aileron aileron is a small flap on the wing for controlling turns
Ailerons replaced the Wright brothers’ wing-warping technique
The aileron was a more effective means to move an aircraft left or right
It also provided lateral balance The association introduced ailerons to
America but the idea originated in England
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Louis BlériotLouis BlériotLouis BlériotLouis Blériot
French pilot Louis Blériot was the first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft
Although Blériot encountered problems—he got lost and his engine overheated—he managed to land safely
The flight took 37 minutes
Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Bessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie Coleman
Bessie Coleman faced two obstacles to becoming a pilot—her race and her gender; she overcame both
In 1921 Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license
She had to go to France for training because no flight school in the United States would accept her
She died in an airplane crash only four years after getting her license
Air Power in World War IAir Power in World War IAir Power in World War IAir Power in World War I
Outbreak of WWIOutbreak of WWIOutbreak of WWIOutbreak of WWI
Because of alliances among different nations in Europe, one country after another soon declared war
Soon the Allies were at war against the Central Powers
The Allies The Central Powers
Russia Germany
France
Austria HungarySerbia
TurkeyBritain
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
The US Enters the WarThe US Enters the WarThe US Enters the WarThe US Enters the War
US President Woodrow Wilson vowed that the United States would remain neutral
But over time, that proved impossible German U-boats targeted all American
ships headed toward Britain Germany also made a secret deal with
Mexico The United States declared war on
Germany and entered World War I in April 1917
The Lafayette Escadrille The Lafayette Escadrille The Lafayette Escadrille The Lafayette Escadrille
Some American pilots didn’t wait for the United States to join the war
The French Foreign Legion could sign up these volunteers
In April 1916 seven American pilots formed a small fighting group called Escadrille Américaine
They had to change the name to the Lafayette Escadrille
By the time the United States Air Service brought the unit under its supervision in 1918, its pilots had made 199 kills
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcsdyyVsX-4
Edward Rickenbacker Edward Rickenbacker Edward Rickenbacker Edward Rickenbacker
America’s ace of aces started out as a professional racecar driver
Col William (“Billy”) Mitchell helped Rickenbacker become a pilot
Rickenbacker rose from an enlisted Soldier to the rank of captain and took command of the 94th Squadron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Attk7tAgt8
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
Eugene BullardEugene BullardEugene BullardEugene Bullard
Bullard was the only African-American to serve as a pilot during World War I
Bullard signed up with the French Foreign Legion in October 1914
He tried to join the US Air Service, but the Army turned him down
He shot down two German aircraft while in the French Air Service
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
StalemateStalemateStalemateStalemate
By 1917, the war in Europe was at a stalemate
A stalematestalemate is a situation in which further action is blocked
A force was needed to tip the balance one way or the other
The Allies hoped that force would be the United States, which joined the effort in April
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
The Role of AircraftThe Role of AircraftThe Role of AircraftThe Role of Aircraft
Until WWI, most people thought the role of aircraft in combat was limited to aerial reconnaissance
Dropping bombs from the sky seemed an unlikely idea
Conducting battles between squadrons of planes also seemed far-fetched
The Machine GunThe Machine GunThe Machine GunThe Machine Gun
Another WWI innovation was the airplane-mounted machine gun
French pilot Roland Garros was the first to bolt an automatic rifle to his plane
The Germans asked Dutchman Anthony Fokker to improve it—he built an interrupting gear
But soon the Allies and the Central Powers were again on equal footing
The famous dogfights commenced—a dogfightdogfight is a battle between fighter planes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sd5ubG3HRi8
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
The Battle of Saint Mihiel The Battle of Saint Mihiel The Battle of Saint Mihiel The Battle of Saint Mihiel
September 1918: Air power played a tremendous role in this offensive
Billy Mitchell commanded nearly 1,500 Allied airplanes
The Allied pilots had two goals: To destroy German planes in the air To destroy German aircraft in hangars on the
ground The Battle of Saint Mihiel helped lead to
Allied victory two months later
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
How the Airplane How the Airplane Revolutionized WarRevolutionized War How the Airplane How the Airplane Revolutionized WarRevolutionized War
During WWI both sides sent up airplanes to shoot down observation aircraft
Each side had to protect its observation aircraft
Aerial combat was born Once machine guns were mounted on
planes, pilots could use them to strafe soldiers on the ground
To strafestrafe is to attack with a machine gun from a low-flying aircraft
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
FightersFightersFightersFighters
The fighter came into its own with the birth of the dogfight
These fighter aircraft needed three qualities: they had to be lightweight, fast, and maneuverable
By early 1918 fighters zipped along at a cool 130 mph
Chapter 2, Lesson 3
Future of AviationFuture of AviationFuture of AviationFuture of Aviation
Army staff officers still had their eyes focused on the infantry
They had no plans for their aviation section
But Brig Gen Billy Mitchell believed strongly in the future of aviation as an instrument in warfare
Today’s US Air Force still considers Mitchell one of its founding fathers
Courtesy of the U.S. Air Force
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvAG080spwk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIfuss_IbBY
The BarnstormersThe BarnstormersThe BarnstormersThe Barnstormers
The BarnstormersThe BarnstormersThe BarnstormersThe Barnstormers
A barnstormerbarnstormer is a pilot who travels around the country giving exhibits of stunt flying and parachuting
The term barnstorming comes from the time pilots would fly over a small rural town to attract attention, then land at a local farm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FI6STwhPCuI
Stunt FlyingStunt FlyingStunt FlyingStunt Flying
In the 1920s the term became attached to stunt flying
Historians give stunt pilots like Bessie Coleman credit for sustaining the aviation industry during its early years
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wckEiKzCBqc
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
End of WarEnd of WarEnd of WarEnd of War
On 14 November 1918, three days after the war ended, the US government canceled $100 million worth of airplane contracts
Within three months, 175,000 workers in the aircraft industry lost their jobs
Aircraft production dropped by 85 percent The Army dumped its surplus warplanes
onto the market
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Former Army PilotsFormer Army PilotsFormer Army PilotsFormer Army Pilots
Many of the barnstormers were former Army pilots
Since military aviation had been cut back, a large number lost their jobs
They leaped at the opportunity to keep flying
These pilots enjoyed showing off the skills they had mastered in combat
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Major Contributions Major Contributions of the Barnstormersof the Barnstormers
Major Contributions Major Contributions of the Barnstormersof the Barnstormers
Historians call the years between 1919 and 1939 the “golden age of aviation”
Pilots set one record after another They flew faster and attained greater
altitudealtitude—the height above Earth’s surface
They served as test pilots
Richard E. ByrdRichard E. ByrdRichard E. ByrdRichard E. Byrd
Trained as a flier, Rear Adm Richard E. Byrd advanced both aviation and polar exploration
Richard E. Byrd
Chapter 3, Lesson 1
Barnstormers Contributed to Barnstormers Contributed to Public Awareness of AviationPublic Awareness of Aviation
Barnstormers Contributed to Barnstormers Contributed to Public Awareness of AviationPublic Awareness of Aviation
The barnstormers’ demonstrations didn’t do away with people’s fears about flying
After all, spectators sometimes saw dreadful accidents
But the barnstormers’ air shows certainly created an interest in flight, even in rural areas and small towns
They publicized the airplane and brought romance to flying
Chapter 1, Lesson 1
