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SocializationSocialization Learning to be human Learning elements of one’s culture
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Socialization and the SelfSocialization and the Self Self:Self: Sense of having a distinct
identity; of being apart from other people and things Personality: Characteristic emotional,
thought, and behavior patterns; consistent over time
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Agents of SocializationAgents of Socialization Individual, group, organization that
influences behavior and sense of self Reference Group:Reference Group: Group or social
category that people use as a guide to develop values, attitudes, behavior, self-image Normative function Evaluative function
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Agents of Socialization: Agents of Socialization: FamilyFamily First social world children encounter Parenting styles:
Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
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Family as an InstitutionFamily as an Institution Laws and institutions surrounding
family and kinship systems Nuclear family units
Mom, Dad, siblings Extended family units
Includes nuclear family and aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents
Authority and inheritance Matrilineal Patrilineal
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Elements of CultureElements of CultureInstitutions Within Culture
Cultural Activities
Inner Core
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Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions Social institutions provide basic
structure within which we live our lives
Emerge around a fundamental human need which must be met for individual survival and prosperous society
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Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions Informal Institutions
Authority and status attained through interpersonal relationships or other non-structured means
Formal Institutions Deliberately brought into existence to
enable people who do not know each other to carry on relationships for the purpose of attaining specific goals
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Educational InstitutionsEducational Institutions Formal agencies in which students
learn Important history Skills Socialization
Cultural differences in education
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Agents of Socialization: Agents of Socialization: SchoolSchool American students spend at least 180
days per year in school Directly teach culture Indirectly socialize (through textbooks,
classes); introduce to large organizations
Anticipatory Socialization: Learning about, practicing new role before one is in a position to play the role
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Agents of Socialization: Agents of Socialization: PeersPeers Children create a private peer
culture Themes:
Sharing and social participation Dealing with fears and conflicts Resisting adult rules and authority
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Economic InstitutionsEconomic Institutions Some form of compensation for time
or work Economies differ in amount of
governmental interference Communism, Socialism, Capitalism
Function: Allows individuals to specialize in skills and still meet needs Barter system or ‘swap out’ work Money
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Agents of Socialization: Mass Agents of Socialization: Mass MediaMedia Forms of communication that reach
large numbers of people Television
Virtually all U.S. households have TVs Media violence
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Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions Some form of government
Provide peace and order within society Protection from enemies outside
society Use of force concentrated within
government Legal system Military establishment
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Function: Social ControlFunction: Social Control Groups must ensure that members
obey at least the rules vital to survival of the group Physical force Economic pressure Occupational pressures Sanctions
Positive Negative
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Socialization in AdulthoodSocialization in Adulthood Total Institutions
Desocialization Resocialization
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Socialization in AdulthoodSocialization in Adulthood Total Institutions
Desocialization Resocialization
Occupational Socialization
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Religious InstitutionsReligious Institutions Formal systems involving
Belief Rituals Places of worship Linguistic concepts
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Health InstitutionsHealth Institutions Meaningful health can differ by
culture Physical and mental health evaluated
differently according to culture Modern medicine vs. traditional
healing
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Theories of Cultural ChangeTheories of Cultural Change Cultural borrowing and innovation
acceptance Contact with a new culture produces
change in one or both cultures Diffusion: Cultural traits spread from
one group to another Innovation: New elements or
combinations of old elements are absorbed
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Theories of Cultural ChangeTheories of Cultural Change Cultural Crisis
Changes are the result of uncontrollable forces
Ecological Change Changes as response to long-term
environmental changes
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Theories of Cultural ChangeTheories of Cultural Change Cyclical theories
Cultures fluctuate; some rise to dominance over other cultures, some decay and fall to ruin