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Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development, Part-

2 Kazi F. Jalal Ph.D.

Harvard University Extension School

Nov. 10, 2009

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Selected issues in social development

1. Poverty Reduction

2. Participatory Development

3. Consensus Building

4. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

5. Gender and Development

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6. Involuntary Resettlement

7. Indigenous Peoples

8. Social Exclusion

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6.6. Involuntary Involuntary ResettlementResettlement

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Involuntary Resettlement

is a process of resettlement of people who have no option but to give up their assets in favor

of a project that serves the interest of a broader community

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General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy

• Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where possible

• Where population displacement is unavoidable, it should be minimized by exploring all viable project options

• People unavoidably displaced should be compensated and assisted, so that their economic and social future would be generally as favorable as it would have been in the absence of the project.

Source: ADB, 1998

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General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy

• People affected should be fully consulted on resettlement and compensation options

• Existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used to the greatest extent possible, and resettlers should be integrated economically and socially into host communities.

Source: ADB, 1998

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General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy

• The absence of a formal legal title to land by some affected groups should not be a bar to compensation; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities

• As far as possible, involuntary resettlement should be conceived and executed as an integral part of any project.

Source: ADB, 1998

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General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy

-The full costs of resettlement and compensation should be included in the presentation of project costs and incorporated into the project budget. Such costs include:

- resettlement plan preparation; cash compensation; relocation and transfer; income restoration; and administrative costs

- An IR Plan should be prepared and implemented whenever there is a significant resettlement involved

Source: ADB, 1998

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Resettlement in Different Project Types

Sector Project Components likelyto have Resettlement Effects

Transport Road or rail alignment Associated stations, terminals, bridges Airports, seaports, river ports

Power &Energy

Transmission alignment Power generation plants, transmission

stations, substations, and access roads Hydroelectric power reservoirs

Solid Waste

Transfer stations Landfill sites

Source: ADB, 1998

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Resettlement in Different Project Types

Sector Project Components likely tohave Resettlement Effects

Water Supply& Sanitation

Pipelines Pumping stations, treatment sites Reservoirs for water supply

UrbanRenewal

Urban infrastructure sites

Health Sites for hospitals, clinics, teaching facilities

Source: ADB, 1998

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Resettlement Plan Outline

• Scope of land acquisition and resettlement • Socioeconomic information• Objectives, policy frameworks and entitlements• Consultation and grievance redress• Relocation of housing and settlements• Income restoration strategy• Costing & financing plan

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7.Indigenous Peoples*7.Indigenous Peoples** Janet Chernela (2003):The right of IP: International Instruments, American * Janet Chernela (2003):The right of IP: International Instruments, American

Anthropological AssociationAnthropological Association

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Indigenous Peoples (IPs)• Cultural minorities

• Ethnic minorities

• Natives

• Tribals

• Aboriginals

• First peoples

• Autochthons

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Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples

• Descent from population groups present in given areas before the existence of modern states or territories

• Maintenance of cultural, social identities different from mainstream population

• Maintenance of distinct institutional and/or legal framework

Source: ADB, 1999

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Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples

• Self identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct or ancient, cultural group

• Linguistic identity different from that of dominant society

• Unique ties to traditional habitats and ancestral domain

• Living in remote areas

Source: ADB, 1999

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International Laws and Agreements Concerning the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

• The United Nations “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948)

• ILO Convention (#107) on Protection and Integration of Indigenous and Other Tribal and Semi-Tribal Populations in Independent Countries (1957)

• ILO Convention(#169) on Indigenous Peoples in Independent Countries (1957)

• Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations (1992)• Convention on Biodiversity (1992)• Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993);• UN proclaimed 1993 as the Year of Ips• UN/ECOSOC(2000) : Established a Permanent Forum on

Indigenous IssuesSource: ADB, 1999Source: ADB, 1999

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Indigenous Peoples (IP) Policy Consistent with the needs and aspirations of affected

indigenous peoples Compatible in substance and structure with affected

IPs and with their culture and socioeconomic institutions

Conceived, planned, and implemented with the informed participation of affected communities

Equitable in terms of development efforts and impact Not imposing the negative effects of development on

indigenous peoples without appropriate and acceptable compensation.

Source: ADB, 1999Source: ADB, 1999

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8. Social Exclusion8. Social Exclusion

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Social ExclusionSocial Exclusion::

In 1974, French philosopher Rene Lenoir used this term In 1974, French philosopher Rene Lenoir used this term

to refer to a tenth of France’s population who were:to refer to a tenth of France’s population who were:

““mentally and physically handicapped, mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged invalids, abused suicidal people, aged invalids, abused children, substance abusers, delinquents, children, substance abusers, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal, asocial persons, and other social marginal, asocial persons, and other social misfits”.misfits”.

Source: Amartya Sen(2000): Source: Amartya Sen(2000): Social Social Exclusion:Concepts,applicationExclusion:Concepts,applications and scrutiny, ADBs and scrutiny, ADB

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Categories of Social Exclusion

• Active

• Passive

Source: Sen, 2000Source: Sen, 2000

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Forms of Social Exclusion

• Rejection of Participation

• Credit Market Exclusion

• Gender Exclusion

• Health Care Exclusion

• Public Goods Exclusion

Source: Sen, 2000Source: Sen, 2000

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Public Goods Exclusion

• Public goods are defined as goods, services or resources that are available for all involving two principles: (1) non- rivalry & (2) non-excludability

• If both conditions are fulfilled the goods are called “pure”.

• Whenever public goods are “ impure” social exclusion comes into play

• Example: A non-toll road is congested during rush hour excludes people from using it;

• A toll highway where some people are excluded from using it since they can not afford to pay the toll