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1
SEGMENT 5
Collaborative Computing Technologies:
Group Support Systems
2
Collaborative Computing Technologies: Group Support
Systems
People
Perform groupwork Need to collaborate Need to communicate
3
Opening Vignette: Chrysler SCORES with Groupware
Chrysler used groupware to enhance collaboration and communication with suppliers
Identify waste in the Value Chain Eliminate the waste
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Solution
Lotus Notes Application Extended Enterprise System Incentives for suppliers to contribute Vendor relationship system Provides a competitive advantage
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SCORE Benefits
Enhanced relationships with suppliers Better-quality purchasing practices Better quality product Lower costs (in 2000: $2 billion)
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Groupwork Characteristics
Group performs a task Different places Different times Same or different organizations Permanent or temporary
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More Characteristics
Span managerial levels Synergy or conflict Productivity gains / losses Quick response may be required Hard to meet in one place Multiple sources of knowledge External expertise
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Anytime / Anyplace Collaboration
Enabled by Web Low cost PCs
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Meetings
Joint activity Equal or near equal status Outcome depends on participant’s knowledge,
etc. Outcome depends on group composition Outcome depends on decision-making process Disagreement settled by rank or negotiation
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Groupware
To support groupwork / meetings … Computer-supported cooperative work
(CSCW) Software that provides collaborative
support to groups
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Communication Support
Vital Needed for collaboration
Modern information technologies provide inexpensive, fast, capable, reliable means of supporting communication
Internet / Web
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Supporting Communication Word of mouth Delivery persons Horseback Snailmail Telegraph Telephone Radio Television Videoconferencing Internet / Web
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Nonverbal Communication
Important issue Not captured by most communication
systems
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Supporting Collaboration (CSCW)
People work together Group Support Systems (GSS) Groupware:
Electronic meeting systems Electronic conferencing systems
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A Time/Place Framework
Same Time / Same PlaceDecision Room
Same Time / Different Place Video Conference
Different Time / Same Placevia Internet
Different Time / Different Place
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Time/Place Communication Framework
DifferentPlace
SamePlace
Web-based GSSWhiteboardEmail, VmailWorkflow management systemDocument sharingComputer conferencing with memory
Web-based GSSWhiteboardDocument sharingVideoconferencingAudioconferencingComputer conferencingEmail, Vmail
Different TimeSame Time
GSS in a Decision Room Web-based GSS Workflow management systemDocument sharingEmail, Vmail
GSS in a Decision Room Web-based GSSMultimedia Presentation SystemsWhiteboardDocument sharing
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Groupware
Lotus Notes / Domino ServerIncludes Learning Space
Netscape Collabra Server Microsoft NetMeeting Novell Groupwise GroupSystems TCBWorks WebEx
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Group Support Systems
Goal: to support groupwork Increase benefits / decrease losses of
collaboration Based on
Nominal Group Technique Delphi Method
Electronic Meeting System (EMS)
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Important Features
Parallelism Anonymity
Lead to process gains and task gains
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GSS Process Gains
Parallel information processing / flow Larger groups can participate Rapid computer discussions Quiet people can participate equally Noisy people can’t strongly drive meeting Saves travel time (millions $ / year)
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GSS Process Losses
Free-riding Flaming
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GSS Technologies
Decision room Multiple use facility Web-based
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The Decision (Electronic Meeting) Room
12 to 30 networked personal computers Usually recessed Server PC Large-screen projection system Breakout rooms Need a Trained Facilitator for Success
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Cool Rooms
Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
US Air Force
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Cool Rooms
IBM Corp.
Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
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Cool Rooms
Murraysville School District Bus
Source: Groupsystem.com, Tuscon, AZ, www.groupsystems.com
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Few OrganizationsUse Decision Rooms
High Cost Need for a Trained Facilitator Software Support for Cooperative Tasks,
NOT Conflict Issues Infrequent Use Different Place / Different Time Needs May Need More Than One
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Other Technologies
Multiple Use Facility Cheaper Still need a facilitator
Web-based Cheaper: no extra hardware needed Still need facilitator
29
GroupSystems
From Groupsystems.com, Tucson, AZ
Comprehensive groupware Windows & Web versions Leading software
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GroupSystems Activities
Agenda Electronic Brainstorming Group Outliner Topic Commenter Categorizer Vote
Others
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GSS Meeting Process
Idea generation Idea organization Prioritizing Idea generation
Iterate until solution is reached
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Why GSS?
Successful Need
Organizational commitment Executive sponsor Operating sponsor User-seductive interface Dedicated well-trained facilitator Good planning
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Distance Learning (DL)
Nontraditional classroom CSCW / GSS / Groupware Requires technology Not new Effective Growing fast Corporate, too
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DL Advantages Just as effective or more Flexible time Student can keep job Student can travel in job Access anywhere / anytime Can present new technology cheaply Can focus on specific skills Can cost less Expand classroom size easily
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More DL Advantages
Add breadth and depth to course More one-on-one interaction with instructor
(e-mail) Student/faculty contact time increases For continuous learners Attendance is flexible (Careful!) Discussion technologies Student attitudes evolve and improve Impacts (scores) are higher
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DL Disadvantages
Fewer social interactions Less or no on-campus interaction Communications problems Students MUST be highly motivated Students MUST be highly disciplined Students MUST have effective time
management skills Students MUST be extremely dedicated
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More DL Disadvantages
Takes more faculty and staff time Learner must be more responsible Students MUST work hard!
Others …
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Distance Learning Courseware
Lotus Notes Microsoft NetMeeting Novell GroupWise
Learning Space (Lotus Notes) WebCT LearnLinc Virtual Classroom
39
Creativity and Idea Generation
Creativity: Generally a human trait Creativity and innovation
Can create tremendous impacts in organizations
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Idea Generation Electronic Brainstorming Can be simulated Can adjust methods
Create more ideas (information overload)
Cognitive maps - useful
41
Creativity
Software that exhibits creativity
Intelligent agents (softbots) Copycat (creates analogies) AARON (creates painted art) Genjam (writes jazz music) Kurzweil’s Cybernetic Poet (writes poems)
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Creativity Software Alternatives
CoBrain
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Software that Facilitates Human Creativity
Project KickStart ThoughtPath Creative WhackPack IdeaFisher
44
GSS and Collaborative Computing Issues and
Research
GSS/EMS methods Web groupware Distance learning Virtual organization