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Perceptual Interpretation
Module 14
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Perception OverviewPerceptual
Interpretation Sensory
Deprivation and Restored Vision
Perceptual Adaptation
Perceptual Set
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Perceptual Interpretation
To what extent to we learn to perceive?
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways
of organizing sensory experiences.
John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our
experiences.
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Sensory Deprivation & Restored Vision
After cataract surgery, adults blind from birth
were able to regain sight. These
individuals could differentiate figure
and ground relationships & color,
but unable to recognize by sight things familiar by
touch (Von Senden, 1932).
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Facial Recognition
After blind adults regained sight, they
were able to recognize distinct features, but
were unable to recognize faces.
Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when the
lower half of the pictures are changed.
Courtesy of R
ichard LeG
rand
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Students recognized a caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger faster than his actual photo.
Features on a Face
Face schemas are accentuated by specific features on the face.
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Eye & Mouth
Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition.
Courtesy of C
hristopher Tyler
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Gore or Clinton?
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Mona Lisa
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Mona Lisa
12Figure 6.24 Face schemasMyers: Psychology, Eighth EditionCopyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Madonna
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Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty
perceiving horizontal bars.
Blakemore & Cooper (1970)
Sensory Deprivation
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Perceptual Adaptation
Visual ability to adjust to an
artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses.
Courtesy of H
ubert Dolezal
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Perceptual SetA mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.
From
Shepard, 1990.
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(a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying
saucers or clouds?
Perceptual Set
Other examples of perceptual set.
Frank Searle, photo Adam
s/ Corbis-Sygm
a
Dick R
uhl
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Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see.
SchemasSchemas are concepts that organize and
interpret unfamiliar information.
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Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling?
Context Effects
Context can radically alter perception.
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Cultural Context
Context instilled by culture also alters perception.
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• People from noncarpentered cultures, cultures that do not use right angles and corners often in their buildings and architecture are less likely to be fooled by this illusion
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Our brains are miswired
• http://www.ted.com/talks/al_seckel_says_our_brains_are_mis_wired.html 14:36
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Perception RevisitedIs perception innate or acquired? Both!
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Is There Extrasensory Perception?
Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP).
96% of scientists do not believe in ESP.
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Claims of ESP
1. Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.
2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.
3. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.
4. Psychokenesis: Moving things with the mind
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Premonitions or Pretensions?
Can psychics see the future?
Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies?
What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus?
The answers to these questions is NO!
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Putting ESP to Experimental Test
In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not one can psychically influence or predict a coin toss.
People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time.
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Perception & the Human Factor
Human Factor Psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions. Their
greatest tool is research.
The knobs for the stove burners on the right are easier to understand than those on the left.
Photodisc/ P
unchstock
Courtesy of G
eneral Electric
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Human Factors & Misperceptions
Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters.
Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are largely due to errors of perception.
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Human Factors in Space
To combat conditions of monotony, stress, and weightlessness when traveling to
Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists.
Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA
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Autostereogram
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Stroop Effect
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In black you can read the word GOOD, in white the word EVIL (inside each black letter is a white letter). It's all very physiological too, because it visualizes the concept that good can't exist without evil (or the absence of good is evil ).
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You may not see it at first, but the white spaces read the word optical, the blue landscape reads the word illusion. Look again!
Can you see why this painting is called an optical illusion?
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The word TEACH reflects as LEARN.
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• You probably read the
word ME in brown, but when you
look through ME you will see YOU!
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• If your eyes follow the movement of the rotating pink dot, you will only see one color, pink. If you stare at the black + in the center, the moving dot turns to green. Now, concentrate on the black + in the center of the picture. After a short period of time, all the pink dots will slowly disappear, and you will only see a green dot rotating if you're lucky! It's amazing how our brain works. There really is no green dot, and the pink ones really don‘t disappear. This should be proof enough, we don't always see what we think we see. Vanishing dots http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3Om2n7bDGk&feature=fvw
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Bent Lines
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More Straight Lines
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Circle & Straight Lines
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Bricks
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Cafe Wall
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Clashing
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Gray Diamonds
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Horizontal Circles
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Moving Arrows
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Shamrocks
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Sausages
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Moving Image
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Blue Rotational
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Candycane
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Moving or Shimmering
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Blue-
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Circle Spiral
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Circle Spiral
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Dot Fades Away
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Man’s Hat
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Ambiguous Cube
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Which Way Blocks?
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Invisible Triangle
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Can you build this?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvVfcyVCdNA
Bill Nye illusions
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Crazy Block Shape
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Funky Shape
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Impossible Figure
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Impossible Figure
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Impossible Figure
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Impossible Figure
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Nutty Nut
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Space Clock
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Impossible Figure
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Ladder up or down?
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Perspective Man
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Which inner circle is bigger?
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Ouch Illusion
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Perfect Squares
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Hermann Grid
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Shades of Gray
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How many colors do you see?
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Candy Stripes
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Shades of Green
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Shades of Red
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Shelves
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Shimmer
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Square Spiral
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Straight or Wavy Lines?
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Wavy Lines
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Wavy Lines
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Wavy Lines
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Zollner Effect
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Are these lines parallel?
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Poggendorf Illusion
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Are these lines straight?
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Are these straight lines?
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Rectangles or Diamonds?
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Strange Cylinder
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Black Blocks?
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Is this the Letter E?
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Continuous Staircase
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Do these stairs go up or down?
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Jesus
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She Looks At You
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Which Way Window?
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Donkey or Seal?
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Duck or Rabbit?
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Duck or Rabbit
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Face or Dragon?
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Young Lady or Old Lady?
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Young Woman or Old Lady?
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Old Man, Old Lady, Young Lady
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Mirror or Devil Face?
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Angelbats
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Boatman
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Liar
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How Many Faces?
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Skull or Table?
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What do you see here?
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Do you see an old man, or two people kissing?
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• Animiated necker cube
• http://dogfeathers.com/java/necker.html
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EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY(7th Edition in Modules)
David MyersPowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State
University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
