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MLAB 2401: Clinical Chemistry
Laboratory Safety and Regulations
Safety is…… A combination of common sense, good behavior and
housekeeping
Good personal behavior & habits such as professional conduct and appearance, frequent hand washing, no eating, smoking, drinking, or application of makeup, etc. in lab. Should also make yourself aware of emergency procedures / location and proper use of emergency equipment and fire escape route.
Good housekeeping - Laboratory cleanliness, properly labeled containers, immediate appropriate cleanup of any spills, warning signs of potential danger posted, etc.
Good laboratory technique - carefully read all instructions and labels, do not operate equipment until you are instructed and authorized to do so, always respect the power of acids, bases and corrosive chemicals. Protect yourself with PPDs and use proper eyewear protection devices.
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Safety Awareness
Safety responsibility – shared responsibility
Employer Provide and supervise safety methods, equipment and policies
Employee Understand and practice established safety procedures Notify supervisors of unsafe conditions
Bottom line … Safety is everyone’s responsibility !!!
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Precautions
No eating, drinking, application of personal products, such as make-up or contact lenses in lab area
Frequent handwashing Follow Standard precautions at all times, treat all
specimens as if infectious Never pipet by mouth Properly dispose of wastes Proper labeling and storage of supplies
LABORATORY SAFETY
Lab risks
Electrical: fire and shock Toxic vapors Compressed gasses Flammable liquids Radioactive materials ( not too common these days ) Corrosives Mechanical: moving machinery Poisons Biological: microbes, animals, plants and genetically modified agents Ergonomic: standing, repetitive motion
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Regulatory Agencies for Safety OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) 1970
Federal law that mandates safe working conditions for workers OSHA may inspect work places for compliance with safety rules Programs developed by OSHA
Standard 29: occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals Standard 29: Hazard Communication, including Right to Know Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act
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Regulatory Agencies for Safety CLSI (The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)
Infection control guidelines
JCAHO/ TJC (The Joint Commission) Hospital accreditation
CAP (College of American Pathologists) Laboratory accreditation
CDC (Centers for Disease Control) U.S. Department of Health and Human Service
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SAFETY EQUIPTMENT
Safety showers Eyewash stations Fire blankets Fire extinguishers Spill kits First aid kits Fume hoods Biosafety hoods Chemical storage cabinets PPEs ( Personal Protective Equipment )
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CHEMICAL SAFETY
Hazard Communication Standard (Right to Know Law) The lab, by law, must provide written policies for the safe use of hazardous
chemicals ( OSHA regulation ) Intent to ensure all chemical health hazards are evaluated and information
presented to employees.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS ) A list of all safety information created by the manufacturer for each laboratory
reagent (biological or chemical) The lab is responsible to collect and make available MSDS information for all
reagents and chemicals An SDS lists general information, precautionary measures, and emergency
information. Employees must have ready access to SDS information
Lab must have written Chemical Hygiene Plan that provides specific work practices for hazardous chemicals
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Storage and Handling of Chemicals
Different storage/handling requirements chemicals based on their differing characteristics: Flammable/Combustible - classified according to flashpoint,
among the most dangerous in the lab. Corrosives – cause injury to eyes/skin, respiratory tract if contact
is made Reactives – under certain circumstances may react violently -
require special knowledge to prevent their contact with reaction causing substances.
Carcinogenic chemicals- been determined to cause cancer. Benzidine is often used as example of lab chemical now classified as carcinogen.
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Signage and Labeling of Chemicals
Everything must be labeled !!!
Hazardous material must include all necessary safety information
Chemicals transferred Must be labeled with
identification or contents of the chemical
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Chemical Safety
NFPA labeling system for hazardous chemicals
• The system uses a diamond-shaped symbol, four colored quadrants, and a hazard rating scale of 0 to 4.
• The health hazard is shown in the blue quadrant.
• The flammability hazard is shown in the red quadrant.
• The instability hazard is indicated in the yellow quadrant.
• The specific hazard is shown in the white quadrant.
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BIOLOGICAL SAFETY
Standard Precautions All biological specimens must be considered
potentially infectious Always use required PPEs when handling
biohazardous material
Cap specimens that are being centrifuged
Mouth pipeting is NEVER permitted under any circumstances
Spills must be cleaned using proper technique
OSHA mandates that labs provide written bloodborne and airborne ( TB ) safety policies.
Annual TB screening ( PPD test ) for hospital employee’s is mandatory
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Biological Safety
Cleaning Specimen Collection Areas and Biological Spills
• Wear gloves.• First clean area with visible blood with an absorbant,
then disinfect the entire area.• Use 1:10 bleach solution or commercially prepared
solution.• Keep the bleach in contact with contaminated area
for at least 20 minutes. • Use colored biohazard labels. • Provide accident follow-up report
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Specimen Safety
Proper Labeling of small samples, dilutions, aliquots Minimum requirements
Patient Name Specimen Number Date
Prevents pre-analytical error
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Radioactivity Safety
Gamma ray - most penetrating
Beta ray - less penetrating Must wear badge Work area monitored
frequently
The Three Cardinal Principles of Self-protection
1. Time2. Shielding 3. Distance
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FIRE SAFETY
Essential elements for fire Fuel Heat or ignition source Oxygen
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FIRE SAFETY
Classification of Fires Class A: Paper, wood, plastic,
fabrics Class B: Flammable liquids –
gases Class C: Electrical Class D: Combustible metals
Fire extinguishers are labeled to indicate which type of fire they combat
Most extinguishers utilize a dry chemical that combats A, B and C fires
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FIRE SAFETY
Know the location of Fire alarm pull stations Extinguishers Fire blankets
Know the telephone number to report fires
RACE Rescue - Remove patients from immediate harm Alarm -Pull fire alarm Contain - Close doors and windows Extinguish - Extinguish fire
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DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Chemical Waste Know the SOP for the disposal of every substance You can’t assume that everything goes down the drain !
Biohazardous Waste Disposal of biohazardous waste is regulated by law Waste containers must be clearly labeled Sharps ( needles, blades, glass ) must be placed in hard containers Infectious wastes should be autoclaved before disposal General rules
Tubes and other containers of blood, papers or other materials that contain significant amounts( > 1 inch diameter on paper or ½ mL total) of blood, used culture plates should go into bio-waste
Paper towels, used gloves, KimWipes should go in regular trash
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ACCIDENT DOCUMENTATION AND INVESTIGATION
All accidents must be immediately reported to a supervisor (AFTER first aid )
Accident Investigation forms must be completed by the employee and employer Time and place are documented Cause documented Nature of the injury
OSHA regulations require accident records to be kept 30 years
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References Bishop, M., Fody, E., & Schoeff, l. (2010). Clinical Chemistry:
Techniques, principles, Correlations. Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sunheimer, R., & Graves, L. (2010). Clinical Laboratory Chemistry. Upper Saddle River: Pearson .
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