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1
Lesson 9
World War I: End of the War,Seeds of the Next
2
Lesson Objectives
• Understand the situation Germany faced as it entered 1918.
• Be able to describe the changes in the war on the Western front in 1918.
• Understand the role the US played in the fighting in Europe.
• Be able to describe the operations of the US military in Europe in the years immediately following the armistice.
• Be able to discuss the major provisions of the Versailles Treaty and how this document sowed the seeds for World War II.
3
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
4
Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
5
Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
Late 1916 Germany realizes it cannot win
• Adopts strategy to wear down Britain
• strong defense
• stormtrooper tactics
• unrestricted submarine warfare
6
Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
US declares war on Germany6 April 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed24 Feb 1917
8
The Commanders
Marshal Ferdinand Foch
1851-1929
Enlisted for the Franco-Prussian War (1870)
Commissioned from École Polytechnique 1873
Cautioned against reckless attacks in writings
Corps commander in Battle of the Frontiers 1914
Appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Armies
March 26,1918
9
The Commanders
General of the Armies John J. Pershing1860 - 1948
West Point Class of 1886
Combat ExperienceIndian WarsSpanish-American WarPhilippine-American WarRusso-Japanese War (observer)Mexican Punitive ExpeditionWorld War I
Promoted by President T. Roosevelt (1905)
Captain => Brigadier General
Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (1917-1919)
10
The Commanders
French wanted to integrate US forces into their formations
Pershing insisted on US formations integrated into Allied command
11
Western Front 1917
Germans retire to Hindenburg Line Mar 1917
12
PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Strategic Objectives
Further bleed the German army
British offensive
Capture German submarine bases
Remove German bomber threat
Ghotha bomberFirst raid June 13, 1917
13
PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Battlefield was reclaimed marshland - damp in dry weather
Area experienced heaviest rains in decades as battle started
Battlefield became a sea of mud
“Flanders Fields”
14
PasschendaeleThird Battle of Ypres July - November 1917
Another bloodbath
Total Casualties *
UK Germany
508,800 348,300
* Numbers very controversial
Haig
British commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haigbelieved the Germans could not tolerate the losses as well as the British could
15
Western Front 1917
British breakthrough at Cambrai Nov 1917
16
Eastern FrontMeanwhile, …
17
Eastern Front
Huge Russian losses exacerbated social unrest
Tzar at the front;
Russian Revolution (1917) effectively took Russia out of the war
Dec 15, 1917 - Russia negotiated armistice with Central Powers
• Began negotiations for peace treaty one week later
tzarina not able to exercise control
18
Treaty of Brest-LitovskMarch 3, 1918
Ended war between Russia & Central Powers
Russia ceded large territory to Germany
Most significant:
One million German troops released to Western Front
19
StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Special weapons & equipment
Body Armor
Machinegewehr 18 MG18 Schmeiser
20
StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Bypassed strong points to attack from rear
Blitzkrieghttp://www.bellum.nu/basics/concepts/blitzkrieg.htm
Strumtruppenhttp://www.worldwar1.com/arm011.htm
21
StrumtruppenStormtroopers
Major impact during Offensive of 1918
but …
Too little, too late!
A
Western Front 1917-1918
German Spring Offensive March 21 - July 18, 1918
Ludendorff Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (“Emperor’s Slaughter”)
Spring Offensive
~ 500,000 US troops in France by March 1918
… and increasing by 300,000/month
Last ditch effort by Germany
23
Western Front 1917-1918
Final Allied Offensive Aug-Nov 1918
24
Western Front 1917-1918
Allied offensive Aug-Nov 1918
25
Americans In Europe
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
26
Battle of Cantiny
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
May 28, 1918
27
Battle of Cantiny
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
May 28, 1918
First offensive action by US troops in France
28th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division (3,500 men)
· Supported by French artillery, Schneider tanks
US took 1,000 casualties(dead, wounded, missing)
28
Battle of Belleu Wood
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
June 1-26, 1918
29
Battle of Belleu Wood
June 1-26, 1918
2nd Division
3nd Division
Allied Casualties: 1,800 dead, 8,000 wounded
French, British elements
30
Battle of Belleu Wood
4th U. S. MarinesBattle of Belleu Wood - June 1918
Frank Schoonover
2nd Division
Where legends were born
31
Battle of Belleu Wood
Battle of Belleu Wood - June 1918
32
Battle of Château-Thierry
German Spring Offensive - March-July 1918
July 16, 1918
33
Battle of Château-Thierry
July 16, 1918
34
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
Allied Offensive - 1918
September 12-15, 1918
35
Battle of Saint-Mihiel
September 12-15, 1918
36
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Allied Offensive - 1918
September 26-November 11, 1918
37
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
September 26-November 11, 1918
38
Americans In Europe
US soldiers escort German prisoners
39
Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918
40
Armistice
Armistice signed at Compiègne – November 11, 1918
41
Irony
French surrendered at Compiègne – June 20, 1940
Same place, same railroad car
42
Occupation of Germany
Allied Occupation Zones
43
Occupation of Germany
U.S. artillerymen cross the Rhine River for occupation dutyLate November 1918
44
The Cost of War
45
The Cost of War
US 4,744,000 126,000
Participants Deaths
46
The Cost of WarAll Nations
By number of dead
47
The Cost of WarAll Nations
By percent mobilized
Summary of War’s End
"The Circle of Modern War" and logo© Thomas D. Pilsch 2007-2013
49
The Cost of War
Somme American Cemetery
Tyne Cote Cemetery (Ypres) Belgium
50
The Cost of War
Douaumont OssuaryVerdun
Contains the bones of an estimated 130,000 unidentified French and German soldiers
51
Seeds of the Next War
Versailles Treaty
Influences on World War II
Lessons of World War I
Great Depression
52
Treaty of Versailles
• Significant territorial concessions
• Huge reparations
• Severe limitations on military
• German admission of responsibility for war
Extremely harsh conditions
53
Treaty of Versailles
Florida Holocaust Museumhttp://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/thirdreich/treaty_versailles.cfm
54
Treaty of Versailles
• 269 billion gold marks ( £ 24 billion)
• Later reduced to 132 B gold marks ( £ 6.6 B)
• Equivalent to $339 B (based on CPI)*
* 2013
Many feel this led to the economic collapse of the 1920’s that sewed the seeds of Fascism
Reparations
55
Treaty of Versailles
Military Provisions
• German army restricted to 100,000 men (long term contract)
• No conscription or training
• No tanks or heavy artillery
• Navy limited to 15,000 men
• 6 small battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, no U-boats
• No air force
56
Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause
``The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.''
Article 231
57
Review of the War
August 3, 1914 Germany invades Belgium; war begins
“Miracle of the Marne”; German invasion haltedSept 5-10, 1914
October 1914 Race to the Sea ends; Stalemate on Western Front
1915 Sea blockades established around UK and Germany
Feb 1915-Jan 1916 Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli)
1916 Germans accept futility of breakthrough on Western Front, adopt attrition strategy against French at Verdun
58
Review of the War
Battle of Verdun (German Offensive)Feb - Dec 1916
Battle of the Somme (Allied Offensive)Jul - Nov 1916
German decision for unrestricted sub warfare1 Feb 1917
Germans withdraw to Hindenburg LineMar 1917
US declares war on Germany6 April 1917
Zimmerman Telegram revealed24 Feb 1917
59
Review of the War
First American troops arrive in FranceJune 1917
Germans Spring Offensive
3 Mar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia out of the war)
21 Mar - 18 Jul 1918
Armistice11 Nov 1918
Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive8 Aug - 11 Nov 1918
28 Jun 1919 Treaty of Versailles signed
60
Review of World War I
Start Animation
Animated Maps
( 6:43 )
61
Phases of World War I
1914 - Maneuver and Frustration
1915 - Search for New Solutions
1916 - Attrition
1917 - Desperation and Anticipation
1918 - Dénouement
62
What Would Weinberger Do?How would US decision to enter World War I have stood up against the test of the Weinberger Doctrine?
Vital to our national interest?
Clear intent to win?
Clearly defined political & military objectives?
Objectives, forces committed continuously reassessed?
Support of the American people?
Last resort?
The U.S. was not directly attacked during WW I.
Exam 1 - Lessons 1-9
Review Slides
Study Notes
These slides are provided to help you identify the key topics covered in the lectures. They will assist you in understanding the material but should not be your only review source.
Of equal importance are the slides leading up to these summaries. Study these preliminary slides will help you understand the context and importance of the “Buzzword” summary slides.
Another valuable review source is the study guide questions for each lesson. Some of the exam questions will come from these.
I wish you all the best of success!
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End