1 Introduction to Aerobatics

7/27/2019 1 Introduction to Aerobatics

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Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004 2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Aerobatic Flight

Introduction to Aerobatic Flight


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Aerobatics Course Overview

Introduction to Aerobatics 1.0hr

Introduction to Aerobatics Flight 0.8hr Spinning Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Spinning Flight 1.0hr Loops Lesson Briefing 0.8hr

Loops Flight 0.8hr Revision 1.0hr Aileron Roll Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Aileron Roll Flight 0.8hr

Revision 1.0hr Barrel Roll Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Barrel Roll Flight 0.8hr


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Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)

Revision 1.0hr Stall Turn Lesson Briefing 1.0hr

Stall Turn Lesson Flight 0.8hr

Combinations 1.0hr

Revision 1.0hr Revision 1.0hr

Competency Check 1.0hr


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Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)

Reference Material History

Principles of flight

Considerations Basic Aircraft Management

Human Factors

Unusual Attitudes

Air Exercise


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Reference Material

Aerobatics Neil Williams

Flight Unlimited Muller and Carson

Basic Aerobatics Campbell and Tempest

Basic Aerobatics Mike Goulian Fly for Fun Bill Thomas

Aviation Medicine and Other Human Factors

for Pilots Ross Ewing


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Aerobatics Defined

An intentional manoeuvre in which the aircraft is insustained inverted flight, or is rolled from upright to

inverted, or from inverted to upright position; or

Manoeuvres such as rolls, loops, spins, upward

vertical flight culminating in a stall turn, hammerheador whip stall, or a combination of such manoeuvres

with four basic types:

Loop

RollStall Turn

Combinations of...


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The History of Aerobatics

1905 - American Daniel J. Maloney rolled a glider

1913 - Frenchman Adolphe Pegoud 1st powered

aerobatics

World War One - Used in combat (e.g. MaxImmelmans Roll off the top of the loop)


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First Power Aerobatics -1913


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Principles of Flight

Stall Speed: Function of load factor (L/W)

Vs2 = Vs1 x L.F

E.g. V150Vs1 = 60 Kts @ 3.5g Vs2 .= Kts

G loading and IAS illustrated on the V-n diagram


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G Limits: Maximum positive & negative

allowable g limits

Load factor = lift / weight V150 manufacturer limits = +6.0g

& -3.0g Aerobatic Category

Normally differs in different

categories G displayed on G meter

Principles of Flight (cont)


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Rolling G: This is the load factor

that is caused through the

deflection of the aileronsduring a simultaneous roll

and pitch manoeuvre.

Therefore when flying

these manoeuvres cautionmust be exercised to not

exceed aircraft limitations


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Va (Manoeuvre Speed)

It is important to remember that this is an airframe

consideration.

At IAS less than Va the aircraft stalls before it is

over-stressed following full and abrupt

control use

Va will vary for different weights

V150 @ 1750 -110KIAS

1650 -129KIAS



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G Loading & IAS or VN Diagram


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High Speed Accelerated Stalling


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Airspeed: Large changes during aerobatics, therefore;

Changing control effectiveness

Changing control pressures required to maintain

balance / flight path, therefore set a datum trim

(both elevator and rudder) for straight and level flight

before commencing aerobatics

Changing throttle settings required to contain RPM

within limits (fixed pitch propeller)


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VNE (Never exceed)

Max allowable IAS (V150= 185KIAS)

Likely to exceed under certain conditions,

especially in a half roll and pull



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Considerations

Legislation: General Operating and Flight Rules

Subpart H- Special Flight Operations

Part 91.701 Aerobatic Flight, Part 91.703 Aviation Events

AC 61-1.12 Aerobatic Flight Ratings


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Considerations

Legislation (cont): Part 61.551 - 61.557 & AC 61-1.12 Aerobatics Rating

Pass an approved ground course

Pass an approved flight test

>3000 feet AGL with passengers

>1500 feet AGL without passengers

Annex D minimum = 3000 feet AGL Currency

Demonstrate competency every two years


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Considerations

Vertical U/A: A/C can pitch over forwards or backwards

Excess gyroscopic forces on engine/ propeller if

throttle not closed

Danger of tail slide and damage to controls due

to airflow reversal


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Considerations

Airflow Reversal and Damage to Controls


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Considerations

Inverted Unusual Attitude: Danger of pulling through with rapid IASincrease (VNE) large altitude loss, excess g load

and impact with the ground if at low altitudes

CHECK - POWER - ROLL - PULL

CHECK Stop the pitching

POWER Close the throttle

ROLL To the nearest horizonPULL Ease out of the dive

DO NOT PULL THROUGH!


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Considerations

Dont Pull through from an invertedmanoeuvre..


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Aircraft Management

General: Is the aircraft certified?

Normal / Utility / Aerobatic category as required

Gyroscopic Forces: Forces on engine / mounts / propeller

Also increased wear on gyro instruments, some typesof which must be caged before aerobatics


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Airmanship/ Human Factors

H

A

SE

L

L

H

E

LL

Height - Recovery by 2500 solo

Airframe - Correct configuration

Security - Loose articles / straps

Location - Clear of populated

areas clear of cloud

Lookout - Above and below,

wingover

Engine - Ts & Ps Stable

Height - Recovery by 2500 solo

Engine - Ts & Ps Stable

Location - Clear of populatedareas clear of cloud

Lookout - Above and below,

wingover


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Aircraft Management (cont)

Power (RPM) Smooth movements (red line)

Mixture Full Rich

Carburettor Heat Normal use Ts and Ps Monitor green range


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Human Factors (cont)

Effect of positive G: Draws blood away from the

head, and increases the heart rate

Eyes are affected first

Greyout loss of colour definition

Blackout - loss of vision, but still conscious

GLOC - Gravity induced Loss Of Consciousness


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Human Factors

Effect of positive G continued...

Tolerance increased by:

Physical fitness

Clenching stomach and leg muscles

Muscle conditioning (bulk)

Recent exposure to g


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Human Factors

Effect of negative G: Forces the blood to the head and decreases the

heart rate

Redout - eyelids over the eye or burst blood vesselsin the eye

Rapid negative to positive g can lead to GLOC


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Human Factors

Colds / sinus problems

May decrease g tolerance

Ok to be nervous, but not added excess

24 hours bottle to throttle

Will decrease g tolerance

Low blood sugar will decrease g tolerance

I

M

SA

FE


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Human Factors

Air Sickness: Rolling maneuvers are the

most likely to lead to airsickness

MUST HAVE SICKBAGS WITHIN EASY REACH


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Aerobatics Summary

Remember aerobatics is fun and there

should be no manoeuvre that you cant get

yourself out of, but only if you have sufficient

height


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R i i 1 18 N 2004 2004 E l Fli ht T i i Ltd

Air Exercise Demonstration of Pre-flight Inspection Student to take off and depart to the appropriate

area Introduction to

Unusual attitudes

General Handling Exercises for Type Rating: Turning

Stalling Practice Forced Landing without Power

Return to the Aerodrome of Departure

Instructor to Demonstration &

Students to Practice

Documents

1 Introduction to Aerobatics