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8/8/2019 1. Introduction Control System
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Prof. Yasmeiny YazirProf. Yasmeiny YazirDr.Abdul Majid SpPDDr.Abdul Majid SpPD--KKVKKV
Department of Physiology
Faculty of Medicine
University Sumatera Utara, Medan
Indonesia
CONTROL SYSTEMCONTROL SYSTEM
Introduction
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Function of Control
System:
Activities of all tissues must
be co-ordinated to maintainnormal function and to ensure
survival of the organism.
The organism must respond to
chemical and physical
changes in environment
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HomeostasisH
omeostasisMaintenance of constancy of theinternal environment ( milieu )
Dynamic steady state ofthe internal environment
Changes in the internal
environment around cells
in the body automaticallyinitiate responses to
minimize effects of the
change.
Regulation of the internalRegulation of the internalenvironment in orderenvironment in order to maintainto maintain
life processeslife processes
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HOMEOSTASI
S
The maintenance of
relatively stable
conditions inside the
body.
Small changes do occurwithin narrow limits.
These changesoccur in response
to changes in the
external
environment. Involves careful
control and
integration of
bodily functions.
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Control &Control &
IntegrationIntegration
NervesNerves
rapidresponserapidresponsemillimilli--secondsseconds
shortdurationshortduration
secondsseconds
HormonesHormones
slower responseslower responseminutes/hours/daysminutes/hours/days
sustained durationsustained duration
days/months/yearsdays/months/years
Eg. Pain/withdrawal reflex Eg. Growth/pregnancy
The Nervousand Endocrine SystemsThe Nervousand Endocrine Systems
areare Integ
rated.Integrated.
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Homeostasis and
Feedback Control
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Nervous systemEndocrine system
Regulates mainly
muscular and
secretory activities
Regulates mainly
the metabolic
function
Regulation
of
Body Function
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Nervous System
The master controlling and
communicating system of the body
Functions Sensory input monitoring stimuli
occurring inside and outside the body
Integration interpretation of sensory
input Motor output response to stimuli by
activating effector organs
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Endocrine system
Maintenance of the internal
environment in the body
Integration and regulation of growthand development.
Control, maintenance and instigation
of sexual reproduction, including
gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization,
fetal growth and development and
nourishment of the newborn.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITHNERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH
TH
E ENDOC
RINE SYSTEM?TH
E ENDOC
RINE SYSTEM?EndocrinetissueinnervatedEndocrinetissueinnervated
SomeneuronsproducehormonesSomeneuronsproducehormones
NeurosecretorycellsdoNeurosecretorycellsdonotnotmakemakesynapticconnections, butinsteadsynapticconnections, butinstead
releaseneurohormonesinto bloodreleaseneurohormonesinto blood
stream.stream.
Thus,apartofthenervoussystemisThus,apartofthenervoussystemis
apartoftheendocrinesystem.apartoftheendocrinesystem.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PROPERTIYPROPERTIY NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM
AnatomicAnatomic wiredsystem;specificstructuralwiredsystem;specificstructural
arrangement betweenneurons &arrangement betweenneurons &
theirtargetcellstheirtargetcells
wirelesssystem,widelywirelesssystem,widely
dispersed & notstructurallydispersed & notstructurally
relatedtotheirtargetcellsrelatedtotheirtargetcells
TypeofChemicalTypeofChemical
messengermessenger
NeurotransmitterreleasedintoNeurotransmitterreleasedinto
synapticcleftsynapticcleft
Hormonesreleaseinto bloodHormonesreleaseinto blood
DistanceofactionDistanceofactionofchemicalmessengerofchemicalmessenger
VeryshortdistanceVeryshortdistance Longdistance (carried byLongdistance (carried byblood)blood)
MeansofspecificityMeansofspecificity
ofactionontargetcellofactionontargetcell
DependentoncloseanatomicDependentoncloseanatomic
relationship betweennervecell &relationship betweennervecell &
theirtargetcellstheirtargetcells
DependentonspecifityofDependentonspecifityof
targetcell binding &targetcell binding &
responsivenesstoaparticularresponsivenesstoaparticular
hormonehormone
SpeedofresponseSpeedofresponse Rapid (milliseconds)Rapid (milliseconds) Slow (minutestohour)Slow (minutestohour)
DurationofactionDurationofaction Brief (millisecond)Brief(millisecond) Long (minutestodaysorLong (minutestodaysor
longer)longer)
MajorfunctionMajorfunction Coordinatesrapid,preciseCoordinatesrapid,precise
responsesresponses
ControlsactivitiesthatrequireControlsactivitiesthatrequire
longdurationratherthanlongdurationratherthan
speed.speed.
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ControlofBodyControlofBody
FunctionsFunctions
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
OrgansareOrgansareclassifiedintoclassifiedinto
systemssystemsbasedonbasedon
theirfunction.theirfunction.
Organsystemsarecomposedoftwoormoredifferentorgans
thatworktogethertoprovidea
commonfunction.
There are 1010
major organmajor organsystemssystems in the
human body, they are
the:
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Skeletal
System:
Muscular
System:
Circulatory
System:
Nervous
System:
Respiratory
System:Digestive
System:
Excretory
System:
Endocrine
System:
Reproductive
System:
Lymphatic/Immun
e System:
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Major Role:
The main role of the skeletal
system is to provide support for
the body, to protect delicate
internal organs and to provide
attachment sites for the organs.
Major Organs:Bones, cartilage, tendons and
ligaments
Skeletal
System:
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Major Role:
Themainroleofthemuscularsystem
istoprovidemovement. Muscles
workinpairstomovelimbsand
providetheorganismwithmobility. Musclesalsocontrolthe
movementofmaterialsthroughsome
organs,suchasthestomachand
intestine,andtheheartand
circulatorysystem.
Major Organs:
Skeletalmusclesandsmooth
musclesthroughoutthe body.
Muscular System:
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Major Role:Themainroleofthecirculatory
systemistotransportnutrients,gases (suchasoxygenand CO2),
hormonesandwastesthroughthe
body.
Major Organs:Heart, bloodvesselsand blood
Circulatory System:
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Major Role:
Themainroleofthenervoussystem
istorelayelectricalsignalsthrough
the body. Thenervoussystem
directs behaviourandmovementand,alongwiththeendocrine
system,controlsphysiological
processessuchasdigestion,
circulation,etc.
Major Organs:Brain,spinalcordandperipheral
nerves
Nervous System:
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Respiratory System:
Major Role:Themainroleoftherespiratory
systemistoprovidegas
exchange betweenthe bloodand
theenvironment. Primarily,
oxygenisabsorbedfromthe
atmosphereintothe bodyand
carbondioxideisexpelledfromthe body
.Major Organs:Nose,tracheaandlungs.
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Major Role:Themainroleofthe
digestivesystemisto
breakdownandabsorbnutrientsthatarenecessary
forgrowthandmaintenance.
Major Organs:Mouth,esophagus,stomach,
smallandlargeintestines.
Digestive System:
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Major Role:
Themainroleoftheexcretory
systemistofilteroutcellular
wastes,toxinsandexcesswaterornutrientsfromthe
circulatorysystem.
Major Organs:
Kidneys,ureters, bladderand
urethra.
Excretory System:
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Major Role:
Themainroleoftheendocrine
systemistorelaychemicalmessages
throughthe body. Inconjunctionwith
thenervoussystem,thesechemicalmessageshelpcontrolphysiological
processessuchasnutrient
absorption,growth,etc.
Major Organs:Manyglandsexistinthe bodythat
secreteendocrinehormones. Among
thesearethehypothalamus,pituitary,
thyroid,pancreasandadrenalglands.
Endocrine System:
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Major Role:
Themainroleofthereproductive
systemistomanufacturecellsthat
allowreproduction. Inthemale,
spermarecreatedtoinseminateeggcellsproducedinthefemale.
Major Organs:
Female (top):ovaries,oviducts,
uterus,vaginaandmammary
glands.
Male (bottom):testes,seminal
vesiclesandpenis.
Reproductive System:
Female: Male:
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Major Role:
Themainroleoftheimmune
systemistodestroyandremoveinvadingmicrobesandviruses
fromthe body. Thelymphatic
systemalsoremovesfatand
excessfluidsfromthe blood.
Major Organs:
Lymph,lymphnodesandvessels,
white bloodcells, T- andB- cells.
Lymphatic/Immune System:
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