1) Industrial RevolutionA major economic CHANGE, beginning in 18th-century Britain, in

how goods were produced…

…From …To

individual production → mass production

(“piece work”) (assembly line)

handmade (low tech) → machine made (high tech)

manual power → automatic power

(human, animal) (water power, then steam)

decentralized production → centralized factory

in homes (“cottage” industry) production

rural setting (farm) → urban setting (cities… near power sources!)

Industrial Revolution

A lasting and dramatic change in which low volume handmade manual production was replaced by the invention and innovation of mass-producing machines using automatic power in factories clustered in growing cities.

2) An AGRICULTURAL revolution precedes the Industrial Revolution, during which…

… wealthy landowners buy up small farms, creating new, larger and more productive farms that are defined by fences or hedges (“enclosures”).

3) Agricultural improvements on larger, enclosed farms:

• seed drill – plant seeds at specified depths in orderly rows (vs. random spreading)

• crop rotation – plant different crops each year to replenish soil, avoid unproductive(fallow) fields

• selective breeding - for larger, healthier livestock

• scientific approach to farming - maintain detailed agricultural records of successes

3) (cont.) Relationship between enclosed farms &

agricultural improvements:

Wealthy landowners have CAPITAL ($) to INVEST in experimental farming techniques, scientific methods, and new equipment, which yield increased food production (and wealth).

4) Increased farm production industrialization:

While some farmers stay on as tenant farmers (on land owned by someone else), MOST farmers are no longer needed with the new, more efficient farming techniques.

As a result:

- many displaced farmers migrate to growing cities to find new work = urbanization- this migrating population will serve as a growing labor force for industrialization (or, they EMIGRATE to find land elsewhere!)- more food production (along with improvements in medicine), feeds a growing population of both WORKERS and CONSUMERS in the cities.

5) The Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain...why?

Short answer: Britain possessed all the key factors of production:

- LAND

- LABOR

- CAPITAL

Detailed Answer… Britain’s advantages:1) Growing POPULATION = large labor force & many consumers2) Abundant natural RESOURCES: rivers (for transportation and

power), coal, iron ore, harbors3) Strong economy w/ CAPITAL ($) to invest in new businesses:

* many wealthy merchants from successful international trade* strong banking system: lots of $ in circulation + many low- interest loans available, with less risk to banks

4) ENTREPRENEURSHIP - a “climate of progress” in which inventors & innovators combined with investors willing to organize, manage and assume risks of new businesses5) POLITICAL STABILITY

* Security (no wars at home): island nation + strong navy = no invasion

* Stable government that supports entrepreneurship: government made up of wealthy who support pro-business

laws that encourage more trade, investment, and innovation (i.e. low taxes, little regulation) = Laissez-Faire govt: “hands off” (stay out of the way)

M → MARKETS (includes foreign trade)

E → ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ideas)

L → LABOR (large supply of workers)

T → TRANSPORTATION networks

I → INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($$$)

N → NATURAL RESOURCES (domestic & foreign)

G → GOVERNMENT (laws, protection)

8) Earliest developments in industrial production: TEXTILES (manufacture of cloth, linens & fabrics)

9) Machines & factories first use water power…

… later replaced by steam power (steam engine development evolved with innovations from 1765-1800, becoming more efficient and cost-effective)

Power sources TODAY:

10) Industrial development of British textiles:Inventor/ Invention/

Year Innovator Innovation Significance1733 John Kay Flying Shuttle Doubled weaving speed

(still hand powered)1764 James Hargreaves “Spinning Jenny” Spins 6-8 threads simul.

(still hand powered)1769 Richard Arkwright Water Frame + Machine-powered spinning Spinning Wheel1779 Samuel Crompton “Spinning Mule” Dramatically improves

(frame + jenny) thread quality & quantity(machine powered)

1787 Edmund Cartwright Power Loom Machine-powered weaving

1793 Eli Whitney* Cotton Gin Cleaned seed out of raw cotton 50x faster than by hand

*Also invented interchangeable parts, allowing for quicker replacement of uniform machine parts. Result: machines are in disrepair for shorter periods, less expensively fixed, and more efficient & productive.

“Necessity is the mother of invention!”

Pre-Industrial Transportation: SLOW! - foot - horse-drawn cart - sailing ships (wind power) - poor roads (muddy, bumpy)

11) Industrial-Age improvements in transportation:1. Steamships

2. “Macadam” roads (better drainage, early version of paving that can handle heavier traffic)

Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued):3. Canals

Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued):4. Railroads (steam engine on wheels)

12) ALL improvements in transportation allowed for a greater volume of cargo to be shipped further & faster than before.

As of the 1830’s, RAILROADS had the biggest impact:

1. Lowered unit cost of transporting raw materials AND finished goods (= higher profits!).

2. Increased jobs (railroad building, maintenance, & operation + MINING INDUSTRY)

3. Increased food availability & distribution (feeding a growing population / labor force)

4. Increased travel options for individuals (for work AND recreation) = $$$

ALL of these GROW THE ECONOMY!

All developments in transportation (and communication) represent improved INFRASTRUCTURE:

physical networks of transportation, communication, and public utilities & power sources