1) Industrial RevolutionA major economic CHANGE, beginning in 18th-century Britain, in

how goods were produced… …From …Toindividual production → mass production(“piece work”) (assembly line)handmade (low tech) → machine made (high tech)manual power → automatic power(human, animal) (water power, then

steam)decentralized production → centralized factory in homes (“cottage” industry) productionrural setting (farm) → urban setting (cities… near

power sources!)

Industrial Revolution

A lasting and dramatic change in which low volume handmade manual production was replaced by the invention and innovation of mass-producing machines using automatic power in factories clustered in growing cities.

2) An AGRICULTURAL revolution precedes the Industrial Revolution, during which…… wealthy landowners buy up small farms, creating new, larger and more productive farms that are defined by fences or hedges (“enclosures”).

3) Agricultural improvements on larger, enclosed farms:

• seed drill – plant seeds at specified depths in orderly rows (vs. random spreading)

• crop rotation – plant different crops each year to replenish soil, avoid unproductive(fallow) fields

• selective breeding - for larger, healthier livestock (animal husbandry)

• scientific approach to farming - maintain detailed agricultural records of successes

3) (cont.) Relationship between enclosed farms &

agricultural improvements:

Wealthy landowners have CAPITAL ($) to INVEST in experimental farming techniques, scientific methods, and new equipment, which yield increased food production (and wealth).

4) Increased farm production industrialization:While some farmers stay on as tenant farmers (now on land owned by someone else), MOST farmers are no longer needed with the new, more efficient farming techniques. As a result: - many displaced farmers migrate to growing cities (“urbanization”) to find new work- this migrating population will serve as a growing labor force for industrialization (or, they EMIGRATE!)- more food production (along with improvements in medicine), feeds a growing population of both WORKERS and CONSUMERS in the cities.

5) The Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain...why?

Short answer: Britain possessed all the key factors of production:

- LAND

- LABOR

- CAPITAL

Detailed Answer… Britain’s advantages:1) Growing POPULATION = large labor force & many consumers2) Abundant natural RESOURCES: rivers (for transportation and

power), coal, iron ore, harbors3) Strong economy w/ CAPITAL ($) to invest in new businesses:

* many wealthy merchants from successful international trade* strong banking system: lots of $ in circulation + many low- interest loans available, with less risk to banks

4) ENTREPRENEURSHIP - a “climate of progress” in which inventors & innovators combined with investors willing to organize, manage and assume risks of new businesses5) POLITICAL STABILITY

* Security (no wars at home): island nation + strong navy = no invasion

* Stable government that supports entrepreneurship: government comprised of wealthy who support businesses

with favorable laws that encourage more trade, investment, innovation (i.e. low taxes, little regulation) = Laissez-Faire govt: “hands off” (stay out of the way)

M → MARKETS (including foreign trade)E → ENTREPRENEURSHIP (ideas)L → LABOR (large pool of workers)T → TRANSPORTATION (infrastructure) I → INVESTMENT CAPITAL ($$$)N → NATURAL RESOURCESG → GOVERNMENT (laws, protection)

8) Earliest developments in industrial production: TEXTILES (manufacture of cloth, linens & fabrics)

9) Machines & factories first use water power…

… later replaced by steam power (steam engine development evolved with innovations from 1765-1800, becoming more efficient and cost-effective)

Power sources TODAY:

10) Industrial development of British textiles:Inventor/ Invention/

Year Innovator Innovation Significance1733 John Kay Flying Shuttle Doubled weaving speed

(still hand powered)1764 James Hargreaves “Spinning Jenny” Spins 6-8 threads simul.(still hand powered)1769 Richard Arkwright Water Frame + Machine-powered spinning Spinning Wheel1779 Samuel Crompton “Spinning Mule” Dramatically improves

(frame + jenny) thread quality & quantity(machine powered)

1787 Edmund Cartwright Power Loom Machine-powered weaving

1793 Eli Whitney* Cotton Gin Cleaned seed out of raw cotton 50x faster than by hand

*Also invented interchangeable parts, allowing for quicker replacement of uniform machine parts. Result: machines are in disrepair for shorter periods, less expensively fixed, and more efficient & productive.

“Necessity is the mother of invention!”

Pre-Industrial Transportation: SLOW! - foot - horse-drawn cart - sailing ships - poor roads (muddy, bumpy)

11) Industrial-Age improvements in transportation:1. Steamships

2. “Macadam” roads (better drainage, early version of paving that can handle heavier traffic)

Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued):3. Canals

Industrial Improvements in Transportation (continued):4. Railroads (steam engine on wheels)

12) ALL improvements in transportation allowed for a greater volume of cargo to be shipped further & faster than before. As of the 1830’s, RAILROADS had the biggest impact:

1. Lowered unit cost of transporting raw materials AND finished goods (= higher profits!).

2. Increased jobs (railroad building, maintenance, & operation + MINING INDUSTRY)

3. Increased food availability & distribution (feeding a growing population / labor force)

4. Increased travel options for individuals (for work AND recreation) = $$$

ALL of these GROW THE ECONOMY!

All developments in transportation (and communication) represent improved INFRASTRUCTURE:

physical networks of transportation, communication, and public utilities & power sources