1 I Fought The Law and The Law Won · I Fought the Law (and the Law Won) I'm breakin' rocks in the hot sun I fought the law and the law won ... coloring paper green to protect it

IFoughttheLaw(andtheLawWon)

I'mbreakin'rocksinthehotsunIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

Ineededmoney'cause IhadnoneIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

IleftmybabyandIfeelsosadIguessmyraceisrunButshe'sthebestgirlI'veeverhadIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

WrittenbySonnyCurtisfromBuddyHolly’sgroup,sungbyBobbyFuller

Thesecondlawthatis.

Robbin'peoplewithasix-gunIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

ImissmybabyandthegoodfunIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

IleftmybabyandIfeelsosadIguessmyraceisrunButshe'sthebestgirlI'veeverhadIfoughtthelawandthelawwonIfoughtthelawandthelawwon

01'2-$3*- ++5+50.4#E F$G*9*.*,+.$,2$H0'&#(D;/,&E I./(%4*.0'6$*+$JKLLE M(6'$*+$M(6*.,+@$:!E :'$.?'-*(4*N'$*+$6'01#*6*2*-(/*,+$O$0'(/$&'-4(*#$?&,61-/.E P*,+''&.$,2$50,4'D0,1.'$6'01#*6*2*'&.$(+6$-&(54$.?(-'$6'01#*6*2*'&.

Before

After

Before

After

SecondLaw

• HightoLow

• WarmtoCold

• WettoDry

ButwhataretheotherLaw’sofThermodynamics?

“Allenergydeservesthesameentropy!”

LawsofThermodynamics

NeilMoyer(andsomedeadguys)Thermodynamicsisafunnysubject:• Thefirsttimeyougothroughit,youdon'tunderstanditatall.

• Thesecondtimeyougothroughit,youthinkyouunderstandit

• Thethirdtimeyougothroughit,youknowyoudon'tunderstandit,butbythattimeyouaresousedtoit,youdon’tcareanymore.

HistoryofThermodynamics

• 1824Sadi Carnot:Cycle,TSourceandTSink– ThermalEfficiency

• 1850RudolfClausius:Heatcannot,ofitself,passfromalowertoahighertemperature.Entropy.2nd Law

• 1852WilliamThomson(LordKelvin):AbsoluteTemperature.

• 1906WaltherNernst:Entropyatabsolutezeroisaconstant.3rd Law

• 1935RalphFowlernamesZerothLaw

LawsofThermodynamics•1st – Energycanbeneithercreatednordestroyed;onlyconverted.

•2nd – Theavailableenergyoftheisolatedsystemdecreasesinallrealprocesses(andisconservedinreversibleprocesses).

•3rd – theentropyofapuresubstanceincompletethermodynamicequilibriumbecomeszeroattheabsolutezerooftemperature

• Zeroth:Ifabodyisinequilibriumwithtwoothers,theyareinequilibriumwitheachother.

LawsofThermodynamics

• Youcan’twin

• Youcan’tevenbreakeven

•Andyoucan’tgetoutofthegame.

•Heavyweightsfighttoadraw.

WhatWeNeedtoKnow

•1st: ConservationofEnergy

•2nd : Entropyincreases,availableenergydecreasesinrealprocesses.

•3rd : Absolutezerocannotbeattained.

• Zeroth: noDT,noDQ.

BasicRefrigeration

BasicRefrigeration

Cycle

BasicRefrigeration

Cycle

CarnotAxiom:

Acyclenotreceivingworkcannottransferheatfromthecoldtothehotreservoir.

BasicRefrigeration

Cycle

GrossHeatRejection

IfCooling:GHRis“gross”– waste

IfHeating:GHRis“gold”– theendproduct

12,000BTUH3,000BTUH=4.0C.O.P.

Cooling

15,000BTUH3,000BTUH=5.0C.O.P.

Heating

CoefficientofPerformance

EPAMileageforAirConditionersWecanuseC.O.P.as“EPAMileage”(ButI’mtoolazytoconvertWattstoBTUH,so…)12,000Apples1,000Orangesx1,000=12.0Apples/Orangesx1,000OR• 12.0EnergyEfficiencyRatio=12.0EER

• Butthat’sjustintown.Howabout“HighwayMileage?”• JustfactorinhowtheA/Cworksatpartloadindifferentseasons,andwehave: SeasonalEnergyEfficiencyRatio(SEER)

• There’snosuchthingasafreethermodynamiclunch.• ThethreebiggestproblemsinbuildingsareWATER,WATER,andWATER.• Whentheraterofentryisgreaterthantherateofremoval,accumulationoccurs.• Don’tbeadope…slope.• DraintheRainMainlyonthePlane.• Ifyouwanttosavecash,flash.• Ifsomeoneinventedwoodtoday,itwouldneverbeapprovedasabuildingmaterial.Itburns,itrots,ithasdifferentpropertiesbaseduponorientation,andworstofallitseesrelativehumidityandnotvaporpressure.

• OBSistheSpamofwood.SPAMistheOSBofluncheonmeats.

WhatWe’veHeard

• Engineeredwoodisaninsulttoengineersandwood.

• CelluloseInsulation:thebestusefortheNewYorkTimes.

• Oldmoldwithnoteethcaneatpaper.

• Greenboard:coloringpapergreentoprotectitfrommoldislikeputtinglipstickonapig.

• Eventhedumbestofthethreelittlepigsdidnotbuildhishouseoutofpaper.

• Thefolksthatcansensevaporpressuredifferencesalsoseedeadpeople.

• ConcentrationGradients– Watermovesfrommoretoless.Youcandothisexperimentathome.Takeadrythingandtouchawetthing.Thedrythingbecomeswet.

• Thereareonlytwokindsofwindowsintheworld…thosethatleakandthosethatwillleak.

• Aleakisnotaleakunlesstheclientseesit.• ASTMstandsfor“AnotherStupidTestingMethod”• Congresssucks.• Don’tfightMotherNature.• Wehavethetechnology.• Moneyfornothin'andthechicksforfree.• Youdon’tgetthedoughunlessyoudotheshow.• BetsyRules.

Sisyphus

“…themaintenanceofdesiredhumiditylimitsundercertainloadconditionsmayonlybepossiblebyusingreheat.”

- WillisCarrier,ModernAirConditioning,1940

Andhewentontosay:

“Oneofthemoreconvenientsourcesofreheatenergyisthehotgasdischargedbytherefrigerantcompressor.”

EvolutionofDehumidification

•1900 CarrierdehumidifiesBrooklynprintingplants•1940 Carrierwritesreheatandhotgasissolution•WWII VaporcompressionDHcycle•1950’s Smalldehumidifiersinbasements•1973 Oilembargo,noreheat,nodehumidification•1990’s KenGehring andothersdevelopwholehouse

dehumidifier

Enthalpy

WetBulb(wb)andEnthalpy(h)• CarrierdiscoveredthatwetbulbtemperaturewasanexcellentindicatorofEnthalpy

Butnotexactly…

• Wenowhavethemeanstocalculateandread-outEnthalpydirectlywitheconomicalinstruments,so…

• wb shouldgoaway;thereisnoneedtomeasure

EnthalpyofMoistAirWorkingDefinition:Energycontentofairduetocombinedeffectofheatandmoisture.

Units:BTU/lbm-DryAir

DATUM:Air- 0ºF.Water- Liquid@32ºF.

Example:Airat75ºF./50%RH/HR=66Gr/lbm DryAirStartWithWater: HeatLiquidH20(55– 32)=

EvaporateWater@55ºF.:HeatVaporto75:.489X(75-55)=SUB-TOTAL,H2O,BTU/lb:

XMassofWater:66/7,000:HeatContentofWater:Thenheatairto75ºF.: .24X(75-0)=

TOTALHEATCONTENT,ORENTHALPY– h:

BTUH /lb.

1062.189.781094.96

X.0094

23.00

10.29+18.0028.29BTUH/lb.

EnthalpyExample

Compare:PsychChart: 28.6BTU/LBMoistAirSaturated62.5ºF.wb: 28.2BTU/LB

HowDoWeIntroduceWarm,DryAir?

•Directlyto/fromthespace•Wholehousedehumidifier– connecttoHVAC•Dedicatedoutdoorairsystem(D.O.A.S.)

•Anddon’tforget…we’redoingreheatsoithastogointotheSupplyair.

D.O.A.S.CanRejectExcessGHR– SplitDehu

DedicatedOutdoorAirSystem(D.O.A.S.)

•By2000:TheDedicatedOutdoorAirSystem•AkaOutdoorAirPre-TreatmentSystem•D.O.A.S.:Sophisticatedrefrigerationcyclethatcoolsanddehumidifiesoutsideairfromsummerdesign92db /79wb downto50ºF.DewPoint(orlower)andreheatsthatairtoroomtemperature,72ºF.(“Neutral”)

•Verysophisticatedcontrolstomodulatecapacityacrosswiderangeofenteringairconditions.

5"L6<:R>)"+./"I33)7(<V)M"?$/%>+(<.&"@$("F+8"B)')+("6;8():

E$<,+/&,4.$(&'$2(-/,&7$-,+2*31&'6$(+6$&'(67$/,$(--'?/$*+?1/.$2&,#$/0'$2*'46$#,1+/'6@$2(-/,&7$?&,9*6'6$.1??47$(*&$/'#?'&(/1&'$.'+.,&$*+$/0'$61-/5,&)@$.1??47$(*&$/'#?'&(/1&'$(+6$&'.'/$.1??47$(*&$/'#?'&(/1&'$G!P$.5*/-0$.'/$?,*+/.@$(+6$2*'46$5*&*+3$,2$($01#*6*./(/$(+6$($2*'46$?&,9*6'6$[DJ[$pG<$.1??47$(*&$/'#?'&(/1&'$&'.'/$.*3+(4U

9')"6R><("6;8():"@%:</<(;"6$>%(<$.

D.O.A.S.– TypicalInstallation

D.O.A.S.– InjecttoReturnAir- Wrong

D.O.A.S.– InjecttoSupplyAir- Correct

D.O.A.S.– WithReturnAir– DehumidifierMode

D.O.A.S.Do’sandDon’ts

Don’t:•Usea splitsystem– noheat•DischargetoAHUinlet– sendsreheattodumpster

Do:•Useaselfcontainedpackageunit—”rooftop”• Injecttreatedairdownstreamofcoolingcoil• Installareturnairconnectionanddehumidistat

TheDoubleWideLabExperience

Icancoolthisdoublewidewith____Tons?

Icancoolthisdoublewidewith…about3tons

It’sanAnimalLab

• 1,000Sq.Ft.LabRequired

• Need100%Standby,so…

• 2X1,000Sq.Ft.=2,000Sq.Ft.

• 20,000CFM• 335CFMPERACH

GuideforUseandCareofLaboratoryAnimals,1996

• 40– 85ºF.• 30– 70%rh• 10-15ACHFreshAir,so• 3,330to5,000CFM• 50%Fresh/50%re=cycled

• HEPAFiltered• (48)Occupants@50BTUH

DidImention100%Standby?

So,whatdidweget?

28 28

28 28

(4)28-TonCondensingUnits(2)56-TonAHU’s

(2)Generators

112 Tons!

HOUSESINSOUTHFLORIDA

Remote MonitoringHouses in South Florida

Single Story - 3 Bedrooms - 2.5 Baths - 2,700 ft2

WhatWeWereTold

•ChangedtoR-38atticinsulation•Noridgevent:Miami/Dadepractice.•ACsupplyinclosets.•AHU’snowinclosets,notinattic.• FullyductedreturntoMER+jumpducts• SoliddoorsonMERfornoisecontrol.


Kitchen Air - Above the Cabinets


Attic Air Sensors: T + RH + Dpt + gr/lb

Remote Monitoring


Sensor on the Ceiling - Inside the Mechanical Closet

Remote Monitoring


5<4"Y),"H$<.(8K.)"Y+;"` e%>;"Nf('E"?</.<&'("($"?</.<&'(

Kitchen dew point

Outdoor dew point

Attic dew point


5((<7"Y),"H$<.("VJ"Y4;,+>>"6%43+7)"9):R8One Day - July 15th: Midnight to Midnight

Drywall Face Temp.

Attic dew point

Drywall Back Temp.


#+7)"V8J"2+7Z"$3"Y4;,+>>"` +0 -0+()4"+7(<V<(;1K.)"Y+;"` e%>;"Nf('E"?</.<&'("($"?</.<&'("` fT\M"&;R8%:"X$+4/"7)<><.&

Face aW

Back aW


5((<7"6(4+(<3<7+(<$."-5<4"9):R1K.)"Y+;"` e%>;"Nf('E"?</.<&'("($"?</.<&'(

Drywall (Under Insulation)

Attic air (Near the eave)

Attic air (Near the peak)


5((<7"6(4+(<3<7+(<$."-5<4"Y),"H$<.(1K.)"Y+;"` e%>;"Nf('E"?</.<&'("($"?</.<&'(

Attic air (Near the eave)

Attic air (Near the peak)


5((<7"6(4+(<3<7+(<$."-5<4"@%:</<(;"B+(<$1K.)"Y+;"` e%>;"Nf('E"?</.<&'("($"?</.<&'(

140 gr/lb (Near the eave)

186 gr/lb (Near the peak)

ASHRAE Design (Sensible)

92F 78wb = 123gr/lbASHRAE Design (Dew Point)

85F 79dpt = 152gr/lb

WhatDidWeLearnFromMonitoring?• Highatticdewpoint,85• Ceilingswereat70ºF.• Backofdrywallwasat72ºF.• Highwateractivity—66face,90ontopsideofceiling• AtticStratification:108ridge,90center,72underinsulation• DewPointStratification;85ridge,75eaves• HumidityRatiostratification:186Grridge,140Greave• Compare:123GrHVACdesign,152Grhumiditydesign.

LewHarriman’sFindings

•Highatticdewpoint•Coldceilingsinclosets,bathrooms,andMER’s•Highsurfacewateractivity


9;R<7+>"6%::)4"53()4.$$.e%>;"Nf('"OQNc"+("bEQQR:

Outdoor Air91° + 78 dpt

Attic Air: 106F + 85 dpt

R-38 Insulation(Blown Fiberglass)

Back of Drywall: 72F

Face of Drywall: 71F

Mechanical Closet

Kitchen Air76° + 58 dpt

JoeLstiburek’s Recommendations:

•O’Hagin ridgevents,1:300,50/50%• Fancyclers• Jumpduct:improvecirculation,warmceilings

KU@+&<. B</&)"g).(8

g).()/"5((<7EJTa[[Z[s$;,22*/Z[s$B*63'

HVACDiagram– ReturnAirPath

JumpDuctAdded

HVACDiagram– JumpDuct

A*31&'$W@$?(3'$J_UW$*+$F;=BFI$A1+6(#'+/(4.U P0*4$(+6$H,66$%,/0$,5+$/0(/$%,,)$.0,146$7,1$5(+/$/,$/&7$($%'//'&$.-(+U !$/0*+)$`*))*$0(.$(4&'(67$3,//'+$($%'//'&$*#(3'$2&,#$0'&$6*3*/(4$9'&.*,+$,2$A1+6(#'+/(4.U

8x8GrilleAdded

HVACDiagram– 8x8

Semi-ActiveReturns

HVACDiagram– Semi-ActiveReturnDucts

ReturnAirDuctRemoved

HVACDiagram– FreeReturn

HVACDiagram– IncreaseReturnPath

ReturnGrillAdded

HVACDiagram– TheSolution

DECStatement•Needtowarmceilings.•Removehumidityfromclosetsandbaths.• Semi-ActiveReturnducts(DehumidifierInlets).• Treatairfromclosetsandbathsindehumidifier.•DischargedehumidifiertoA/C.•Approvedbystate,embracedbybuildingofficial.

Tools

"#$%&'"'()*)+,-./)()*)+,0/

*'1+2324#1+,-//

$567897::+)$;<=-1-//-+,->=?//+

SupplyDuctCeilingPenetration

Summary:WhatWeDid•RidgeVents•Dehumidifiers• FanCyclers• TweakedReturnAir

Epilogue:TheDog

CanterburyShakerVillage

Canterbury Shaker Village

RETHINK TRADITION

Vitruvius

• Firmitas• Utiilitas• VenustasOR• Firmness• Commodity• Delight

Shakers

•Useful•Good•Beautiful

ShakerProducts

•Brooms•Buckets• Tubs•Dresses• IvyLeagueSweaters• Furniture

LaundrySteamEngine– WaterCooled

LaundrySteamEngine– AirCooled

ShakerMills

• Saw•Grist• Turning•Carding• ThreshingMachine

ShakerWater- ShaftWork+

• Iceinwinter•Drink•Cook• Laundry• Livestock• Irrigation

ShakerPondSystem

• (7)Ponds•About50acres•2milesofditches•170’fall•1.6%grade

WhatWe’veLearned• I know it as “HOC”, the energy it takes to drive

a refrigeration cycle.

• It’s why 14 SEER A/C’s become 13, not 15 SEER.

• It’s what’s in the dumpster at the end of a construction project.

• It’s why glasses don’t unbreak.

• It’s why stuff doesn’t unburn.

• It’s why 14 socks become 12, not 14.

• It’s why jelly bread always lands jelly side down.

• It’s why I don’t get younger.

• It’s what you leave in the toilet bowl after you go to the bathroom.

Whenyouaredonewithyourenergy,besureitisallwornout!

Fundamentals- HVACFormulas

•1.085xSCFMxDeltaTºF.=BTUH•4.5xSCFMxDeltah– BTU/LB=BTUH•500xGPMxDeltaTºF.=BTUH•R.E.BTUH+H.O.C.BTUH=G.H.R.BTUH•AddaTraneDuctulator andIwasarmedanddangerous

I’vebuiltmycareeron(4)formulas:

R.E.BTUH+H.O.C.BTUH=G.H.R.BTUH

OR

RE+HOC=GHR

12,000BTUH+3,000BTUH=15,000BTUH

RefrigerationMath

TransportingHeatBTU:Heat1.0lb.Water1.0ºF.

TonofCooling:Melt2,000lb.Ice@144BTU/lb.in24hours=12,000BTU/HR=12,000BTUH

EnergyWeBuyattheBTUStore:Watt-HoursX1,000=Kilowatt-Hours=Kwh

ConvertWattstoBUTH:1.0Watt=3.413BTUH 1.0Kw=3,413BTUH

1,000Watts=3,413BTUH=3,000BTUH

InAndymath:

• R.E.=RefrigerationEffect• Transmission• Lights• People• O.A.• A/CLoads• EnergyTransported• RemovedfromColdReservoir

• +H.O.C.=HeatofCompression=CompressorkW+Auxiliaries(Fans&Pumps)

• =G.H.R.=GrossHeatRejection=EnergytransportedtoHotReservoir

• Ifcooling:GHRis“gross”– waste• Ifheating:GHRis“gold”– theendproduct

• R.E.=RefrigerationEffect• Transmission• Lights• People• O.A.• A/CLoads• EnergyTransported• RemovedfromColdReservoir

• +H.O.C.=HeatofCompression• =CompressorkW+Auxiliaries(Fans&Pumps)

• =G.H.R.• =GROSSHEATREJECTION

• =EnergytransportedtoHotReservoir

BuyingEnergyattheBTUStore(akaTHEPOWERCOMPANY)

• HowmuchenergydowebuyattheBTUStore?(akathePowerCompany)

• WehavetobuytheH.O.C.:energythatdrivesthecompressorandauxiliaries

• 1970:ABOUT1.0Kwpertonofcooling.(oldhermetictincancompressorswereworse:upto1.4kWperton)

RefrigerationEfficiencyWecanexpressefficiencyastheratioof:• R.E./H.O.C.– WhatWeGet/WhatWeBuy(HigherisBetter)Or• R.E.÷ H.O.C.andWhatWeGet÷ WhatWeBuy

Inmyexample:• R.E.+H.O.C.=G.H.R.• 12,000BTUH+3,000BTUH=15,000BTUH (About1.0kWperton)• R.E.÷ H.O.C.=12,000÷ 3,000=4.0CoefficientofPerformance(C.O.P.Cooling)

HeatPumpEfficiency

ForHeating:• G.H.R.÷ H.O.C.=15,000÷ 3,000=5.0C.O.P.HeatingAND• C.O.P.Heating ALWAYS=C.O.P.Cooling+1

Documents

1 I Fought The Law and The Law Won · I Fought the Law (and the Law Won) I'm breakin' rocks in the hot sun I fought the law and the law won ... coloring paper green to protect it