1

Hiroki ITOKAWAHiroki ITOKAWA(Japan Sewage Works Agency)(Japan Sewage Works Agency)

Japanese situation on Japanese situation on practical application of practical application of activated sludge modelsactivated sludge modelsto municipal WWTPsto municipal WWTPs

Presentation for BIOMATH, Gent University (12/12/2005)Presentation for BIOMATH, Gent University (12/12/2005)

2● ● ContentsContents

Present status of Japanese municipPresent status of Japanese municipal WWTPsal WWTPs

Present status of practical Present status of practical application of simulation in Japanapplication of simulation in Japan

Japanese guideline for practical Japanese guideline for practical application of activated sludge application of activated sludge modelmodel

3

Asteroid Asteroid ITOKAWAITOKAWA 540m×270m×210m540m×270m×210m 2 billion km from the earth2 billion km from the earth Photo from 8km distance by "Hayabusa"Photo from 8km distance by "Hayabusa" (http://www.jaxa.jp)(http://www.jaxa.jp)

Image of space-probe "Hayabusa" Image of space-probe "Hayabusa" approaching ITOKAWAapproaching ITOKAWA(http://www.jaxa.jp)(http://www.jaxa.jp)

Asteroid ITOKAWAAsteroid ITOKAWA 540m×270m×210m540m×270m×210m 2 billion km from the earth2 billion km from the earth Photo from 8km distance by "Hayabusa"Photo from 8km distance by "Hayabusa" (http://www.jaxa.jp)(http://www.jaxa.jp)

Image of space-probe "Hayabusa" Image of space-probe "Hayabusa" approaching ITOKAWAapproaching ITOKAWA(http://www.jaxa.jp)(http://www.jaxa.jp)

● ● About the speaker...About the speaker...

Name: Name: Hiroki Itokawa (Hiroki Itokawa ( 糸川 浩紀糸川 浩紀 ))

Affiliation: Affiliation:

(Original) (Original) Research & Technology Development Division,Research & Technology Development Division,Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS), JapanJapan Sewage Works Agency (JS), Japan

(Temporal) (Temporal) ISA (Institute of Environmental Engineering),ISA (Institute of Environmental Engineering),RWTH Aachen University, GermanyRWTH Aachen University, Germany * As a guest researcher with "Engineer * As a guest researcher with "Engineer Exchange Program" between RWTH and JS. Exchange Program" between RWTH and JS.

4● ● About the speaker...About the speaker...

Background: Background:

19981998 Ph.D. degree at Dept. Sanitary and Environmental Eng.,Ph.D. degree at Dept. Sanitary and Environmental Eng.,Univ. TokyoUniv. Tokyo

1998 ~1998 ~ Lecturer at the same department, Univ. TokyoLecturer at the same department, Univ. Tokyo

2000 ~2000 ~ Engineer at R&D Division, JSEngineer at R&D Division, JS

2005 ~2005 ~ Guest researcher at ISA, RWTH Aachen Univ.Guest researcher at ISA, RWTH Aachen Univ.

Projects in JS: Projects in JS:

- COD removal by ozonation and BAC

- Cascade denitrification-nitrification process

- Hybrid N removal processes by attached growth media

- Sludge disintegration processes by ozonation or thermophilic bacteria

- Membrane bioreactor

- New control technologies for BNR

- ACTICATED SLUDGE MODELLING

5● ● About JapanAbout Japan

9,500 km9,500 km

TokyoTokyo

1,30

0 km

1,30

0 km

1,900 km1,900 km

NN

Land areaLand area : : 378,000 km378,000 km2 2 (80% is mountainous)(80% is mountainous)

PopulationPopulation : : 127.655 million127.655 million peoplepeople (07/2005)(07/2005)

Population densityPopulation density : : 338 people/km338 people/km22 (average)(average)

** For "inhabitable" land, it's more than For "inhabitable" land, it's more than 1,6001,600 ! ! (Tokyo: 5,700)(Tokyo: 5,700)

TemperatureTemperature : : 55 ～～ 27 ℃27 ℃ (monthly average in Tokyo)(monthly average in Tokyo)

PrecipitationPrecipitation : : 1,700 mm/yr 1,700 mm/yr (average)(average)

6● ● Fate of domestic wastewater in JapanFate of domestic wastewater in Japan

76%76%

24%24%

SeweredSewered

NotNotseweredsewered

JohkasoJohkaso(on-site household wastewater(on-site household wastewater treatment tank)treatment tank)

65%65%

8%8%

3%3%

Sewage systemSewage system(under the Ministry of Land,(under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) Infrastructure and Transport)

Rural Sewerage ProjectRural Sewerage Project(under the Ministry of Agriculture,(under the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) Forestry and Fisheries)

15%15%

9%9%

Nightsoil treatmentNightsoil treatment

OthersOthersTotalTotal

populationpopulation(127 million)(127 million)

(2002)

7● ● WWT processes used in Japan WWT processes used in Japan (2003)(2003)

RBCRBCRBCRBC

High-Rate Trickling FilterHigh-Rate Trickling FilterHigh-Rate Trickling FilterHigh-Rate Trickling Filter

Contact AerationContact AerationContact AerationContact Aeration

Biological Aerated FilterBiological Aerated FilterBiological Aerated FilterBiological Aerated Filter

Biological Anaerobic-Aerobic FiltersBiological Anaerobic-Aerobic FiltersBiological Anaerobic-Aerobic FiltersBiological Anaerobic-Aerobic Filters

Bio

film

Bio

film

Bio

film

Bio

film

13131313 4444 5555 1111 232323232222 2222 4444

24242424 2424242424242424 3333 2727272722222222 22222222

Other C removal ProcessesOther C removal ProcessesOther C removal ProcessesOther C removal Processes 10101010 2222 7777 2222 8888 29292929

AS

fo

r C

Rem

ova

lA

S

for

C R

emo

val

AS

fo

r C

Rem

ova

lA

S

for

C R

emo

val

OO22 Aeration AerationOO22 Aeration Aeration

Extended AerationExtended AerationExtended AerationExtended Aeration

1111 1111 3333 2222 4444 1111111127272727 5555 2222 34343434

Oxidation DitchOxidation DitchOxidation DitchOxidation Ditch 586586586586 77777777 36363636 699699699699SBRSBRSBRSBR

High-Rate AerationHigh-Rate AerationHigh-Rate AerationHigh-Rate Aeration

64646464 5555 4444 737373735555 1111 6666

Step AerationStep AerationStep AerationStep Aeration 1111 6666 8888 5555 20202020Conventional ASConventional ASConventional ASConventional AS 43434343 56565656 309309309309 113113113113 132132132132 66966966966916161616

ProcessProcessProcessProcess< 5< 5< 5< 5 5 - 105 - 105 - 105 - 10 10 - 5010 - 5010 - 5010 - 50 50 - 10050 - 10050 - 10050 - 100 100-500100-500100-500100-500 TotalTotalTotalTotal

Plant Capacity [thousand mPlant Capacity [thousand m33/d]/d]Plant Capacity [thousand mPlant Capacity [thousand m33/d]/d]

> 500> 500> 500> 500

TotalTotalTotalTotal 929929929929 162162162162 407407407407 153153153153 178178178178 16161616 1,8451,8451,8451,845

Conventional ASConventional ASConventional ASConventional AS 42424242 59595959 306306306306 126126126126 134134134134 68368368368316161616

Oxidation DitchOxidation DitchOxidation DitchOxidation Ditch 677677677677 79797979 40404040 796796796796

Pre-Denitrification (MLE)Pre-Denitrification (MLE)Pre-Denitrification (MLE)Pre-Denitrification (MLE)

Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2O)Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2O)Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2O)Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic (A2O)

Nu

trie

nt

Nu

trie

nt

Re

mo

va

lR

em

ov

al

Nu

trie

nt

Nu

trie

nt

Re

mo

va

lR

em

ov

al

4444 2222 3333 101010102222 1111 6666 5555 14141414

Anaerobic-OxicAnaerobic-OxicAnaerobic-OxicAnaerobic-Oxic 16161616 1111 15151515 9999 15151515 56565656C removal + PrecipitationC removal + PrecipitationC removal + PrecipitationC removal + Precipitation 1111 3333 4444 111111113333

1111

8● ● Outline of Japanese municipal WWTOutline of Japanese municipal WWT

99%

86% 81%78%

66%

49%

Including other system100

80

60

40

20

1,000～ 500～1,000

300～500

100～300

50～10

～10

Population [×103]

% o

f co

vere

d p

opu

latio

n

0

(2002)

98%80%

74%69%

54%

30%

Sewage system only

99%

86% 81%78%

66%

49%

Including other system99%

86% 81%78%

66%

49%

99%

86% 81%78%

66%

49%

Including other systemIncluding other system100

80

60

40

20

1,000～ 500～1,000

300～500

100～300

50～10

～10

Population [×103]

% o

f co

vere

d p

opu

latio

n

0

(2002)

98%80%

74%69%

54%

30%

Sewage system only

98%80%

74%69%

54%

30%

98%80%

74%69%

54%

30%

Sewage system onlySewage system only

Full-coverageFull-coverage of sewer system of sewer system in big citiesin big cities..(CSO and up-grade to BNR is principal concern.)(CSO and up-grade to BNR is principal concern.)

New plants are exclusively for New plants are exclusively for small municipalitiessmall municipalities,,although sewer system is not always the best choice.although sewer system is not always the best choice.

Task of municipalitiesTask of municipalities, but , but central governmentcentral government (MLIT) (MLIT)has still power (approval, subsidy, etc.)has still power (approval, subsidy, etc.)

9● ● Outline of Japanese municipal WWTOutline of Japanese municipal WWT

CASCAS and and ODOD are predominant for C-removal, are predominant for C-removal,due to strong design guideline and "standardization".due to strong design guideline and "standardization".

The number of The number of BNRBNR plants is plants is still smallstill small, but , but increasingincreasing..

- A/O- A/O- MLE + precipitation- MLE + precipitation

- Cascade D-N + precipitation- Cascade D-N + precipitation- A2O- A2O- MBR (+ precipitation)- MBR (+ precipitation)

Energy recoveryEnergy recovery from influent/sludge ( from influent/sludge (e.g.e.g. digestion) is digestion) isnot popular not popular (only in 40 plants).(only in 40 plants).

Virtually, Virtually, "DO control""DO control" is the is the onlyonly measure used for on-line measure used for on-line control of aeration tank.control of aeration tank.

10● ● Effluent regulation for WWTPsEffluent regulation for WWTPs

Regulation criteria were changed drastically in 2004Regulation criteria were changed drastically in 2004(from "universal" to (from "universal" to "site-specific""site-specific" regulation). regulation).

T-BODT-BOD55T-BODT-BOD55

CategoryCategoryCategoryCategory

* Applied to daily maximum effluent concentration.* Applied to daily maximum effluent concentration.

< 15< 15< 15< 15

< 10< 10< 10< 10

< 20< 20< 20< 20

< 10< 10< 10< 10

< 3< 3< 3< 3

< 1< 1< 1< 1

< 0.5< 0.5< 0.5< 0.5

T-NT-NT-NT-N

T-PT-PT-PT-P

[mg/L][mg/L][mg/L][mg/L] Treatment process to be usedTreatment process to be usedTreatment process to be usedTreatment process to be used

Any processesAny processesAny processesAny processes

+ sand filtration+ sand filtration+ sand filtration+ sand filtration

MLE or A2OMLE or A2OMLE or A2OMLE or A2O

* Only BOD* Only BOD55 is essential. T-N and T-P are optional. is essential. T-N and T-P are optional.

+ C-addition+ C-addition+ C-addition+ C-addition

AO, A2OAO, A2OAO, A2OAO, A2O

MLE + precipitation + sand filtrationMLE + precipitation + sand filtrationMLE + precipitation + sand filtrationMLE + precipitation + sand filtration

A2O + precipitation + sand filtrationA2O + precipitation + sand filtrationA2O + precipitation + sand filtrationA2O + precipitation + sand filtration

11● ● Effluent regulation for WWTPsEffluent regulation for WWTPs

New administrative New administrative "emission trade"-"emission trade"-like framelike frame will be will be implemented implemented soonsoon for N & P removal. for N & P removal.

Every WWTP discharging to specified closed water body is assigned Every WWTP discharging to specified closed water body is assigned the amount of N &P reduction.the amount of N &P reduction.

Plant A:Plant A:Oh, we can't reduce such amount Oh, we can't reduce such amount with these old facilities!with these old facilities!Plant B:Plant B:

OK! We can reduce extra amount!OK! We can reduce extra amount!Instead, give me money!Instead, give me money!

Plant A:Plant A:...OK. ...OK. It's cheaper than up-grading...It's cheaper than up-grading...

12● ● What's JS ?What's JS ?

A governmental agencyA governmental agency under the Ministry of Land, under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT).Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT).

Established in Established in 19721972, according to specific law., according to specific law.

Principal task is Principal task is design, construction, and operational assistdesign, construction, and operational assist of municipal WWTPs at the request of municipalities.of municipal WWTPs at the request of municipalities.

R&D DivisionR&D Division deals with development and evaluation of new deals with development and evaluation of new technologies concerning WWT and sludge management, as technologies concerning WWT and sludge management, as well as survey of existing WWTPs.well as survey of existing WWTPs.

It is not a guideline-making organization, but our reports It is not a guideline-making organization, but our reports have been have been principal data source for Japanese guidelinesprincipal data source for Japanese guidelines..

About About 800800 staffs, including staffs, including 350350 engineers. engineers.

13● ● Existing design criteria in JapanExisting design criteria in Japan

Aerobic tankAerobic tank - Aerobic SRT as a function of temperatur- Aerobic SRT as a function of temperature (empirical relationship).e (empirical relationship).

Anoxic tankAnoxic tank - Denitrification rate as a function of - Denitrification rate as a function of BOD-SS loading (empirical relationship).BOD-SS loading (empirical relationship).

Anaerobic tankAnaerobic tank - Just HRT !- Just HRT !

Secondary clarifierSecondary clarifier - Surface loading.- Surface loading.

Difficult to consider dynamic conditionDifficult to consider dynamic condition((e.g.e.g. influent fluctuation, storm event, etc.) influent fluctuation, storm event, etc.)

No kinetics, poor mass-balance.No kinetics, poor mass-balance.

No prediction of EBPR, poor prediction of denitrification.No prediction of EBPR, poor prediction of denitrification.

Dynamic simulation Dynamic simulation with activated sludge with activated sludge

model ???model ???

14● ● Trends on ASM in JapanTrends on ASM in Japan

Only a very small Only a very small community.community.

'ASM? What is it ?''ASM? What is it ?'

Only a very small Only a very small community.community.

'ASM? What is it ?''ASM? What is it ?'

Consultants started to Consultants started to try to use.try to use.

'ASM... Oh, I've heard 'ASM... Oh, I've heard about that !'about that !'

Consultants started to Consultants started to try to use.try to use.

'ASM... Oh, I've heard 'ASM... Oh, I've heard about that !'about that !'

Municipalities are getting Municipalities are getting involved.involved.

'ASM ! I 'm interested in it !'ASM ! I 'm interested in it !But how can I use it ?'But how can I use it ?'

Municipalities are getting Municipalities are getting involved.involved.

'ASM ! I 'm interested in it !'ASM ! I 'm interested in it !But how can I use it ?'But how can I use it ?'

00

22

44

66

88

1010

1212

1414

1616

1818

9090 9191 9292 9393 9494 9595 9696 9797 9898 9999 0000 0101 0202 0303 0404

YearYear

No.

pre

sent

atio

nsN

o. p

rese

ntat

ions

The number of ASM-relatedThe number of ASM-relatedpresentations in the Annualpresentations in the AnnualJSWA Conference JSWA Conference

Start of Start of JS ProjectJS Project

15● ● Present status of ASM in JapanPresent status of ASM in Japan

At least the name is known to most of engineers in the field.At least the name is known to most of engineers in the field.

The number of users is still small (less than 50 persons?).The number of users is still small (less than 50 persons?).

MunicipalitiesMunicipalities(or JS)(or JS)

MunicipalitiesMunicipalities(or JS)(or JS)

- Play a key role because they make an order.- Play a key role because they make an order.- Large cities began to use, but most of the engineers are still skeptical - Large cities began to use, but most of the engineers are still skeptical

about "predicting power" of model. about "predicting power" of model.

- Play a key role because they make an order.- Play a key role because they make an order.- Large cities began to use, but most of the engineers are still skeptical - Large cities began to use, but most of the engineers are still skeptical

about "predicting power" of model. about "predicting power" of model.

ConsultantsConsultantsConsultantsConsultants- Also important, since they could be the main user.- Also important, since they could be the main user.- Large companies have a few model users, and they are just waiting - Large companies have a few model users, and they are just waiting

for the publication of guideline.for the publication of guideline.

- Also important, since they could be the main user.- Also important, since they could be the main user.- Large companies have a few model users, and they are just waiting - Large companies have a few model users, and they are just waiting

for the publication of guideline.for the publication of guideline.

ElectricElectricmanufacturersmanufacturers

ElectricElectricmanufacturersmanufacturers

- There are some "heavy" model uses, traditionally, but experience on - There are some "heavy" model uses, traditionally, but experience on biological issues is often lacking.biological issues is often lacking.

- Concern is mainly towards process control.- Concern is mainly towards process control.

- There are some "heavy" model uses, traditionally, but experience on - There are some "heavy" model uses, traditionally, but experience on biological issues is often lacking.biological issues is often lacking.

- Concern is mainly towards process control.- Concern is mainly towards process control.

MachineryMachinerysupplierssuppliers

MachineryMachinerysupplierssuppliers

- Most of large companies have a few model users.- Most of large companies have a few model users.- Evaluation of their own product/system is the major application.- Evaluation of their own product/system is the major application.- Most of large companies have a few model users.- Most of large companies have a few model users.- Evaluation of their own product/system is the major application.- Evaluation of their own product/system is the major application.

UniversitiesUniversitiesUniversitiesUniversities - Few researchers deal with ASM at the moment.- Few researchers deal with ASM at the moment.- "Our role has been finished."- "Our role has been finished."- Few researchers deal with ASM at the moment.- Few researchers deal with ASM at the moment.- "Our role has been finished."- "Our role has been finished."

16● ● Present status of ASM in JapanPresent status of ASM in Japan

At the moment, only At the moment, only "trial use""trial use" . . (As far as I know,) there are (As far as I know,) there are no projectno project in which model was in which model was used used really for practical purposereally for practical purpose in the field of municipal W in the field of municipal WWTPs.WTPs.

Simulation software used in Japan:Simulation software used in Japan:

Japanese translationJapanese translation

- BioWin (OEC)- BioWin (OEC)- GPS-X (KURITA)- GPS-X (KURITA)- WEST (EMORI)- WEST (EMORI)

EnglishEnglish

- AQUASIM- AQUASIM- SIMBA- SIMBA

* Most of electric companies dealing with ASM have their own * Most of electric companies dealing with ASM have their own software, although principally for internal use.software, although principally for internal use.

No integrated modelling approach.No integrated modelling approach.

17● ● What is the obstacle ?What is the obstacle ?

Too strong existing design guidelineToo strong existing design guideline, in terms not only of , in terms not only of design freedom, but also of design freedom, but also of evidence for audit inspectionevidence for audit inspection..

Use of Use of CODCODMnMn, not COD, not CODCrCr..

English environment (English environment (e.g.e.g. IWA technical report, literatures, IWA technical report, literatures, software, etc.).software, etc.).

Poor motivation for optimizingPoor motivation for optimizing design/operation of WWTPs. design/operation of WWTPs.

Lack of engineersLack of engineers who have BOTH "motivation to use who have BOTH "motivation to use models" and "experience of process engineering".models" and "experience of process engineering".

Absence of guideline for modelling studyAbsence of guideline for modelling study..

Lack of "good example"Lack of "good example" of practical application in Japan. of practical application in Japan.

18● ● Activity of R&D Division, JS on ASMActivity of R&D Division, JS on ASM

Survey of influent characteristicsSurvey of influent characteristics in terms of ASM (correlatio in terms of ASM (correlation between CODn between CODCrCr and COD and CODMnMn/BOD/BOD55, COD components)., COD components).

Sampling campaignsSampling campaigns for model calibration. for model calibration.

Calibration and simulation Calibration and simulation case studiescase studies to develop a model to develop a model application procedure.application procedure.

Development of Development of simulation softwaressimulation softwares. .

Development of Development of a guideline for practical use of modelsa guideline for practical use of models. .

Since 2000.Since 2000.

19● ● JS Guideline of modellingJS Guideline of modelling

"Evaluation of the Method of Practical Application of "Evaluation of the Method of Practical Application of Activated Sludge Model".Activated Sludge Model".

Supervised by Supervised by a committeea committee, headed by , headed by Prof. Mino, Univ. Tokyo.Prof. Mino, Univ. Tokyo.

Aims:Aims:

- To be - To be "a trigger""a trigger" of model application in Japan. of model application in Japan.

- To - To ensure a certain levelensure a certain level of simulation studies. of simulation studies.

- To be - To be implemented in general design guidelineimplemented in general design guideline..

- To let the modelling study - To let the modelling study authorizedauthorized..

20● ● JS Guideline of modellingJS Guideline of modelling

Basic ideas:Basic ideas: Basic ideas:Basic ideas:

- To be not only - To be not only a guidelinea guideline, but also , but also a handbooka handbook..

- - Calibration is essentialCalibration is essential for individual plant (no standard for individual plant (no standard influent/parameter values) in most cases.influent/parameter values) in most cases.

- Make it as - Make it as simplesimple as possible. as possible.

- Not put too much stress on - Not put too much stress on "predictability" of effluent "predictability" of effluent qualitiesqualities..

- - Additional data collectionAdditional data collection is necessary in most cases, is necessary in most cases, but but no lab-experimentsno lab-experiments for parameter estimation. for parameter estimation.

21● ● Contents of the reportContents of the report

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Detailed description of ASMDetailed description of ASM

3.3. Application of ASMApplication of ASM

4.4. Procedure of modelling studyProcedure of modelling study

5.5. Case studiesCase studies

6.6. Future perspectivesFuture perspectives

AppendixesAppendixes

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Detailed description of ASMDetailed description of ASM

3.3. Application of ASMApplication of ASM

4.4. Procedure of modelling studyProcedure of modelling study

5.5. Case studiesCase studies

6.6. Future perspectivesFuture perspectives

AppendixesAppendixes

22● ● Procedure of modelling studyProcedure of modelling study

- Biological model:- Biological model: ASM2d ASM2d

- Secondary clarifier model:- Secondary clarifier model: not specified not specified

- Calibration:- Calibration: fitting to plant data (no lab-experiments) fitting to plant data (no lab-experiments)

- Software:- Software: not specified not specified

1. Problem/target definition1. Problem/target definition1. Problem/target definition1. Problem/target definition

2. Existing data collection2. Existing data collection2. Existing data collection2. Existing data collection

3. Additional survey3. Additional survey3. Additional survey3. Additional survey

4. Process analysis4. Process analysis4. Process analysis4. Process analysis

5. Process modelling5. Process modelling5. Process modelling5. Process modelling

6. Calibration/verification6. Calibration/verification6. Calibration/verification6. Calibration/verification

7. Simulation7. Simulation7. Simulation7. Simulation

8. Evaluation/implementation8. Evaluation/implementation8. Evaluation/implementation8. Evaluation/implementation

23● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

1. Problem/target d1. Problem/target definitionefinition

1. Problem/target d1. Problem/target definitionefinition

- Overall and simulation objectives- Overall and simulation objectives- Index for results evaluation/comparison- Index for results evaluation/comparison- Required predicting accuracy- Required predicting accuracy- Range of investigation- Range of investigation- Possible scenarios- Possible scenarios

- Overall and simulation objectives- Overall and simulation objectives- Index for results evaluation/comparison- Index for results evaluation/comparison- Required predicting accuracy- Required predicting accuracy- Range of investigation- Range of investigation- Possible scenarios- Possible scenarios

2. Existing data coll2. Existing data collectionection

2. Existing data coll2. Existing data collectionection

- Design documents- Design documents- Historical operating data- Historical operating data- Plant inspection and interview- Plant inspection and interview

- Design documents- Design documents- Historical operating data- Historical operating data- Plant inspection and interview- Plant inspection and interview

- Evaluation of data- Evaluation of data- Evaluation of data- Evaluation of data

24● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

- Definition of target lane- Definition of target lane- Definition of target lane- Definition of target lane

- Daily average influent/effluent qualities- Daily average influent/effluent qualities- Diurnal fluctuation of influent/effluent- Diurnal fluctuation of influent/effluent- "Profile" of water quality of bioreactor- "Profile" of water quality of bioreactor- Water quality of return sludge- Water quality of return sludge- DO in aerobic reactor- DO in aerobic reactor- Influent characterization (COD)- Influent characterization (COD)- Sludge characterization (COD, N and P)- Sludge characterization (COD, N and P)

- Daily average influent/effluent qualities- Daily average influent/effluent qualities- Diurnal fluctuation of influent/effluent- Diurnal fluctuation of influent/effluent- "Profile" of water quality of bioreactor- "Profile" of water quality of bioreactor- Water quality of return sludge- Water quality of return sludge- DO in aerobic reactor- DO in aerobic reactor- Influent characterization (COD)- Influent characterization (COD)- Sludge characterization (COD, N and P)- Sludge characterization (COD, N and P)

- Reactor/clarifier hydraulics- Reactor/clarifier hydraulics- Oxygen supply by aeration devices- Oxygen supply by aeration devices- Clarifier sludge blanket- Clarifier sludge blanket

- Reactor/clarifier hydraulics- Reactor/clarifier hydraulics- Oxygen supply by aeration devices- Oxygen supply by aeration devices- Clarifier sludge blanket- Clarifier sludge blanket

3. Additional surve3. Additional surveyy

3. Additional surve3. Additional surveyy

25● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

4. Process4. Processanalysisanalysis

4. Process4. Processanalysisanalysis

- Estimating the amount of COD, N and P - Estimating the amount of COD, N and P conversionsconversions

- Estimating "phenomena" in each compa- Estimating "phenomena" in each compartment of reactor and clarifierrtment of reactor and clarifier

- Estimating the amount of COD, N and P - Estimating the amount of COD, N and P conversionsconversions

- Estimating "phenomena" in each compa- Estimating "phenomena" in each compartment of reactor and clarifierrtment of reactor and clarifier

- "Representativity" check for calibration d- "Representativity" check for calibration dataata

- "Stability" check for calibration data- "Stability" check for calibration data- Mass balance check for calibration data- Mass balance check for calibration data

- "Representativity" check for calibration d- "Representativity" check for calibration dataata

- "Stability" check for calibration data- "Stability" check for calibration data- Mass balance check for calibration data- Mass balance check for calibration data

26● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

5. Process modelling5. Process modelling5. Process modelling5. Process modelling

Definition of the modelling rangeDefinition of the modelling range

Return sludgeReturn sludgeExcessExcesssludgesludge

EffluentEffluentRawRawWWWW

PSPSSCSC

BioreactorBioreactor

- Tank-in-series model- Tank-in-series model

BioreactorBioreactor

- Tank-in-series model- Tank-in-series model

AerationAeration

- K- KLLa modela model

- DO control- DO control- Fixed DO- Fixed DO

AerationAeration

- K- KLLa modela model

- DO control- DO control- Fixed DO- Fixed DO

Secondary clarifierSecondary clarifier

- " Ideal clarifier" with/without reactions- " Ideal clarifier" with/without reactions- Fixed return sludge concentrations- Fixed return sludge concentrations

Secondary clarifierSecondary clarifier

- " Ideal clarifier" with/without reactions- " Ideal clarifier" with/without reactions- Fixed return sludge concentrations- Fixed return sludge concentrations

27● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

6. Calibration6. Calibration6. Calibration6. Calibration

- Getting general idea of fitting from simulati- Getting general idea of fitting from simulation result with "default" values.on result with "default" values.

- Fitting to observed data by all the "unreliabl- Fitting to observed data by all the "unreliable" input data including parameters.e" input data including parameters.

- Verifying parameters with other data set(s), - Verifying parameters with other data set(s), and evaluate simulation "reliability".and evaluate simulation "reliability".

- Getting general idea of fitting from simulati- Getting general idea of fitting from simulation result with "default" values.on result with "default" values.

- Fitting to observed data by all the "unreliabl- Fitting to observed data by all the "unreliable" input data including parameters.e" input data including parameters.

- Verifying parameters with other data set(s), - Verifying parameters with other data set(s), and evaluate simulation "reliability".and evaluate simulation "reliability".

- Determining simulation method (- Determining simulation method (e.g.e.g. static static or dynamic?, initial condition?), considering or dynamic?, initial condition?), considering "representability" and "stability" of data."representability" and "stability" of data.

- Defining data sets to be used.- Defining data sets to be used.- Setting all the information on simulator.- Setting all the information on simulator.- Sensitivity analysis, if possible.- Sensitivity analysis, if possible.

- Determining simulation method (- Determining simulation method (e.g.e.g. static static or dynamic?, initial condition?), considering or dynamic?, initial condition?), considering "representability" and "stability" of data."representability" and "stability" of data.

- Defining data sets to be used.- Defining data sets to be used.- Setting all the information on simulator.- Setting all the information on simulator.- Sensitivity analysis, if possible.- Sensitivity analysis, if possible.

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Fitting to observed dataFitting to observed dataFitting to observed dataFitting to observed data

● ● Procedure of ASM applicationProcedure of ASM application

Solids productionSolids productionSolids productionSolids production Influent COD (XInfluent COD (XI I /X/XS S )) Influent COD (XInfluent COD (XI I /X/XS S ))

Influent/solids N&PInfluent/solids N&PInfluent/solids N&PInfluent/solids N&P Conversion factors (fConversion factors (fNN and f and fP P )) Conversion factors (fConversion factors (fNN and f and fP P ))

NitrificationNitrificationNitrificationNitrification Nitrifiers kinetics (μNitrifiers kinetics (μAUTAUT, KKO2O2, K, KNH4 NH4 )) Aeration, if DO data is not reliableAeration, if DO data is not reliable

Nitrifiers kinetics (μNitrifiers kinetics (μAUTAUT, KKO2O2, K, KNH4 NH4 )) Aeration, if DO data is not reliableAeration, if DO data is not reliable

DenitrificationDenitrificationDenitrificationDenitrification XXHH anoxic kinetics (η anoxic kinetics (ηNO3NO3, KKO2 O2 )) Hydrolysis anoxic kinetics (ηHydrolysis anoxic kinetics (ηNO3NO3, KKO2 O2 ))

XXHH anoxic kinetics (η anoxic kinetics (ηNO3NO3, KKO2 O2 )) Hydrolysis anoxic kinetics (ηHydrolysis anoxic kinetics (ηNO3NO3, KKO2 O2 ))

EBPREBPREBPREBPR XXPAOPAO kinetics (b kinetics (bPAOPAO, q, qpppp, q, qPHAPHA, Y, YPAO PAO )) Hydrolysis anaerobic kinetics (ηHydrolysis anaerobic kinetics (ηfe fe )) Influent COD, RS NOInfluent COD, RS NOxx-N, if unreliable-N, if unreliable

XXPAOPAO kinetics (b kinetics (bPAOPAO, q, qpppp, q, qPHAPHA, Y, YPAO PAO )) Hydrolysis anaerobic kinetics (ηHydrolysis anaerobic kinetics (ηfe fe )) Influent COD, RS NOInfluent COD, RS NOxx-N, if unreliable-N, if unreliable

29● ● FAQ on modelling in JapanFAQ on modelling in Japan

By non model user:By non model user: By non model user:By non model user:

- How precise the model can predict effluent qualities ?- How precise the model can predict effluent qualities ?

- Do I have to understand all these (terrible) equations ?- Do I have to understand all these (terrible) equations ?

- How much cost is required as a whole ?- How much cost is required as a whole ?

- Can you predict specific phenomena (- Can you predict specific phenomena (e.g.e.g. effluent solids conc., effluent solids conc., sludge bulking, storm event, etc.) ?sludge bulking, storm event, etc.) ?

By model user:By model user: By model user:By model user:

- How much data should I take for calibration ?- How much data should I take for calibration ?

- Which parameter should be changed in calibration and- Which parameter should be changed in calibration andhow much extent ?how much extent ?

- How much extent should I "fit" to the observed data ?- How much extent should I "fit" to the observed data ?

- How can I have confidence on my calibration result ?- How can I have confidence on my calibration result ?

30● ● Future perspectiveFuture perspective

Limitation of existing design guideline is getting realized Limitation of existing design guideline is getting realized more and more. more and more.

A case where simulation study can make a contributionA case where simulation study can make a contributionwill increase significantly. will increase significantly.

Use of simulation study will increase anyway, but actualUse of simulation study will increase anyway, but actual"launch" will be after implemented in general guideline. "launch" will be after implemented in general guideline.

Present method of calibration could be more "systematic" Present method of calibration could be more "systematic" and "automatic", reducing efforts and deviation of results and "automatic", reducing efforts and deviation of results from person to person, where importance of verifying and from person to person, where importance of verifying and evaluating the result has to be emphasized more and more. evaluating the result has to be emphasized more and more.

Predictions of specific cases are also matters of concernPredictions of specific cases are also matters of concern((e.g.e.g. storm event, nightsoil addition, MBR, hybrid process, e storm event, nightsoil addition, MBR, hybrid process, etc.) . tc.) .

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Thank youThank youfor your kind attention !for your kind attention !

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