1 FSUTMS-Voyager: Transit Standards within Evolving FSUTMS Technical Presentation Florida Model Task Force Tampa, Florida December 12 th, 2006 85 slides

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FSUTMS-Voyager: FSUTMS-Voyager: Transit Standards Transit Standards within Evolving within Evolving

FSUTMSFSUTMSTechnical PresentationTechnical Presentation

Florida Model Task ForceFlorida Model Task Force

Tampa, FloridaTampa, Florida

December 12December 12thth, 2006, 200685 slides

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TopicsTopics

Context/BackgroundContext/Background PT 109PT 109 Methodology & findingsMethodology & findings FSUTMS-Voyager Transit Model GuidelinesFSUTMS-Voyager Transit Model Guidelines

Path-building/mode choicePath-building/mode choice Network/system codingNetwork/system coding AccessAccess Assignment & calibration/validationAssignment & calibration/validation

Final thoughtsFinal thoughts

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Context…Context…

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Transit Path-BuildersTransit Path-Builders

Two types: single-path & multi-pathTwo types: single-path & multi-path Single-path Single-path

Exclusively available in Tranplan, Exclusively available in Tranplan, Minutp & TP+Minutp & TP+

Dominant path-builder in Florida & USDominant path-builder in Florida & US Multi-pathMulti-path

Available in TransCAD & Cube-Voyager Available in TransCAD & Cube-Voyager (PT)(PT)

Becoming more prevalentBecoming more prevalent

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Multi-Path vs. Single-Multi-Path vs. Single-PathPath

O D Local Bus

Rail/Shuttle

Express Bus

PathPath Weighted Weighted TimeTime

Single-Single-Path Path Skim Skim

ValuesValues

Multi-Multi-Path Path Skim Skim

ValuesValues

Rail/Rail/ShuttleShuttle 55 min55 min 100%100% 45%45%

Local BusLocal Bus 90 min90 min ---- 20%20%

Express Express BusBus 65 min65 min ---- 35%35%

Also loading

percentages!

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Advantages to Multi-Path Advantages to Multi-Path BuildersBuilders

Reflect sensitivities that would otherwise be:Reflect sensitivities that would otherwise be: Impossible in single-path builders, or Impossible in single-path builders, or Create inconsistencies between the path-builder & mode Create inconsistencies between the path-builder & mode

choice modelchoice model More complex ones can combining headways More complex ones can combining headways

across different modes & evaluating multiple across different modes & evaluating multiple boarding pointsboarding points Helpful for complex Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systemsHelpful for complex Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems

May curtail magnitude of bias constantsMay curtail magnitude of bias constants Offer better consistency between path-builder & Offer better consistency between path-builder &

mode choice weightsmode choice weights No new single-path builder has been offered by the No new single-path builder has been offered by the

software industry in the past 20 yearssoftware industry in the past 20 years Citilabs’ single-path builders will not receive any Citilabs’ single-path builders will not receive any

long-term enhancementslong-term enhancementsThese factors make multi-path builders potentially attractive!

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Multi-Path Builder UnknownsMulti-Path Builder Unknowns(Early 2006)(Early 2006)

How to…How to… Design a multi-path model Design a multi-path model Coordinate it with the mode choice modelCoordinate it with the mode choice model Calibrate & validate Calibrate & validate Introduce a new transit modeIntroduce a new transit mode

Whether they meet FTA New/Small Whether they meet FTA New/Small Starts guidanceStarts guidance

Whether they work as intended/desiredWhether they work as intended/desired No PT models known to existNo PT models known to exist

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Background…Background…

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Work Task OverviewWork Task Overview

Develop new transit standards, Develop new transit standards, keeping mindful of:keeping mindful of: Existing standardsExisting standards User & planner needsUser & planner needs Features & capabilities of PT & VoyagerFeatures & capabilities of PT & Voyager New Starts/Small Starts & FTA New Starts/Small Starts & FTA

guidanceguidance

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Existing Transit ModelExisting Transit Model Consists of many elements/steps, including:Consists of many elements/steps, including:

Percent of zonal area within walking distance to Percent of zonal area within walking distance to transittransit

Walk, auto & sidewalk connections to transitWalk, auto & sidewalk connections to transit Transit line coding, fare definition, speed Transit line coding, fare definition, speed

relationshipsrelationships Path-buildingPath-building Mode choice modelingMode choice modeling AssignmentAssignment ReportingReporting

Each element has to be consistent with the Each element has to be consistent with the others to produce viable resultsothers to produce viable results

Path-builder drives transit model Path-builder drives transit model structure!structure!

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Different NeedsDifferent NeedsTierTier Transit ServiceTransit Service Data AvailabilityData Availability ExamplesExamples

AALocal service only;Local service only;

no park-and-ridesno park-and-ridesSystem-wide boardings & System-wide boardings & transfer ratestransfer rates

Polk Polk County, County, SunTranSunTran

BBLocal & express service;Local & express service;

some park-and-ridessome park-and-rides

System-wide boardings & System-wide boardings & transfer rates;transfer rates;

May have recent on-May have recent on-board surveyboard survey

Votran, Votran, SpacecoastSpacecoast

CCRecent on-board survey;Recent on-board survey;

system-wide boardings & system-wide boardings & transfer ratestransfer rates

JacksonvilleJacksonville, Orlando, , Orlando,

TampaTampa

DD

Many different types of Many different types of service;service;

extensive park-and-ride extensive park-and-ride system;system;

potential major fixed-potential major fixed-guideway systemguideway system

Recent on-board survey Recent on-board survey for all modes;for all modes;

detailed boarding & detailed boarding & transfer rate informationtransfer rate information

Southeast Southeast FloridaFlorida

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FTA New/Small StartsFTA New/Small Starts Since 2002, FTA found that many ideas Since 2002, FTA found that many ideas

considered “good practice” may have many bad considered “good practice” may have many bad or undesirable properties during forecastingor undesirable properties during forecasting

FTA has released recommended model FTA has released recommended model properties and other findings to the modeling properties and other findings to the modeling community in the hopes that future modeling community in the hopes that future modeling systems will avoid these practices (see next systems will avoid these practices (see next slide)slide)

Instituting quality-control tests, two of which are Instituting quality-control tests, two of which are impacted by multi-path path-buildersimpacted by multi-path path-builders Overall, FTA struggling with the impact of multi-path Overall, FTA struggling with the impact of multi-path

builders on its evaluation of New Starts projectsbuilders on its evaluation of New Starts projects

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Problematic Characteristics Problematic Characteristics of Transit Forecasting of Transit Forecasting

MethodsMethods Unusual coefficients in mode choice Unusual coefficients in mode choice

modelsmodels Non-logit decision rulesNon-logit decision rules Bizarre alternative-specific constantsBizarre alternative-specific constants Path / mode-choice inconsistenciesPath / mode-choice inconsistencies Accuracy of bus running timesAccuracy of bus running times Stability of highway-assignment resultsStability of highway-assignment results Assertions for new transit & access Assertions for new transit & access

modesmodes

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PT 109…PT 109…

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PT – Public Transport (1 PT – Public Transport (1 of 5)of 5)

Public transportation module in Cube-Public transportation module in Cube-VoyagerVoyager Methodology & features very different Methodology & features very different

from Tranplan (more later)from Tranplan (more later) Takes advantage of Voyager’s featuresTakes advantage of Voyager’s features

HighlightsHighlights Multi-path builderMulti-path builder Includes ability to build access connectorsIncludes ability to build access connectors More powerful line codingMore powerful line coding Flexible auto-transit speed relationshipsFlexible auto-transit speed relationships

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Three major characteristics Three major characteristics different from existing FSUTMS different from existing FSUTMS transit modeltransit model

Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path)Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path) Leg-based (vs. link-based)Leg-based (vs. link-based) Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)

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Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path)Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path) Impacts path-builder/mode choice Impacts path-builder/mode choice

relationshiprelationship Leg-based (vs. link-based)Leg-based (vs. link-based) Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)

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Leg vs. LinkLeg vs. Link

Centroid

Station

Rail Line

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Transit Link ExampleTransit Link Example

Centroid

Station

Sidewalk link

Walk-access connector

Sidewalk link

Rail Line

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Transit LegTransit Leg

Centroid

Station

Walk-access leg

Rail Line

Two requirements:

• All connectors must connect transit stop to transit stop or transit stop to centroid

• Connectors must ‘spider’ highway network

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Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path)Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path) Impacts path-builder/mode choice Impacts path-builder/mode choice

relationshiprelationship Leg-based (vs. link-based)Leg-based (vs. link-based)

Impacts access connectors & percent walksImpacts access connectors & percent walks Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)

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PT Path-Builder Logic PT Path-Builder Logic OverviewOverview

4 steps 4 steps 1.1. Network simplificationNetwork simplification

Minimizes solution set & maximize running timeMinimizes solution set & maximize running time2.2. Minimum Cost Path/AONMinimum Cost Path/AON

Determines minimum pathDetermines minimum path3.3. EnumerationEnumeration

Determines if other paths are acceptable of Determines if other paths are acceptable of proceeding to evaluation stepproceeding to evaluation step

4.4. EvaluationEvaluation Determine weights/percentages of remaining pathsDetermine weights/percentages of remaining paths

Network coding is Network coding is veryvery important to important to ensure that paths progress through ensure that paths progress through these steps as intendedthese steps as intended

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Three major characteristics different Three major characteristics different from existing FSUTMS transit modelfrom existing FSUTMS transit model

Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path)Multi-path algorithm (vs. single-path) Impacts path-builder/mode choice relationshipImpacts path-builder/mode choice relationship

Leg-based (vs. link-based)Leg-based (vs. link-based) Impacts access connectors & percent walksImpacts access connectors & percent walks

Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward)Runs in 4 steps (vs. straightforward) Impacts network codingImpacts network coding

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FTA Reactions to PTFTA Reactions to PT

Four meetings with FTA, one including CitilabsFour meetings with FTA, one including Citilabs Strongly recommended micro-coding fixed-Strongly recommended micro-coding fixed-

guideway, park-and-ride stations to better guideway, park-and-ride stations to better represent transfer timerepresent transfer time Existing FSUTMS standards utilize same node for Existing FSUTMS standards utilize same node for

rail & bus stations rail & bus stations Confirmed that multi-path builder is not Confirmed that multi-path builder is not

compatible with existing FSUTMS mode choice compatible with existing FSUTMS mode choice structurestructure

PT v4.0 cannot provide the necessary PT v4.0 cannot provide the necessary information for New Starts quality control testsinformation for New Starts quality control tests

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Recent EventsRecent Events

Citilabs added a best-path ‘switch’ to PT in Citilabs added a best-path ‘switch’ to PT in summer 2006summer 2006 Addresses FTA’s New Starts quality control testsAddresses FTA’s New Starts quality control tests Mimics single-path builder from TranplanMimics single-path builder from Tranplan Not compatible with all parameters/keywordsNot compatible with all parameters/keywords

Initiated testing different model setupsInitiated testing different model setups To provide empirical data to assist with FTA/Citilabs To provide empirical data to assist with FTA/Citilabs

discussionsdiscussions Help determine best design for a PT-based transit Help determine best design for a PT-based transit

modelmodel Identify any software or design-related issues early Identify any software or design-related issues early

onon

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Methodology & findings…Methodology & findings…

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Transit Model SetupsTransit Model SetupsSetupSetup AccessAccess NetworNetwor

kkPath/Path/

SkimsSkimsMode Mode

ChoiceChoiceAssignmAssignm

entent

PTPT

Multi-Multi-path **path **

PTPT PTPT

PT, path PT, path for each for each access access

mode onlymode only

Access-only:Access-only:

Walk/PNR/ Walk/PNR/ KNRKNR

PTPT

PTPT

Best-path Best-path **

PTPT PTPT

PT, path PT, path for each for each access & access & transit transit mode mode

combinaticombinationon

Access & Access & mode: mode:

Walk/PNR/ Walk/PNR/ KNR by KNR by

bus/project/ bus/project/ fixed-fixed-

guidewayguideway

PTPT

PT-PT-TRNBUILTRNBUILDD

PT, PT, converted converted

to to TRNBUILTRNBUILD within D within modelmodel

PT, PT, converted converted

to to TRNBUILTRNBUILD within D within modelmodel

TRNBUILTRNBUILD, path for D, path for

each each access & access & transit transit mode mode

combinaticombinationon

Access & Access & mode: mode:

Walk/PNR/ Walk/PNR/ KNR by KNR by

bus/project/ bus/project/ fixed-fixed-

guidewayguideway

TRNBUILDTRNBUILD** - long-term recommendation * - short-term recommendation

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TRNBUILDTRNBUILD Single-path builder from TP+ & available in Single-path builder from TP+ & available in

VoyagerVoyager Link-based, many similarities to Tranplan’s Link-based, many similarities to Tranplan’s

path-builderpath-builder

Used nationwide Used nationwide Atlanta, Washington DC, Columbus OH, Northern Atlanta, Washington DC, Columbus OH, Northern

NJNJ Well-known to FTAWell-known to FTA

Reliable history that dates back to MINUTPReliable history that dates back to MINUTP

Only being used in Florida for SERPM6Only being used in Florida for SERPM6 Future development not supported by CitilabsFuture development not supported by Citilabs

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Transit Model SetupsTransit Model Setups

All setups coded in Olympus All setups coded in Olympus Networks & connectors generated by PTNetworks & connectors generated by PT Using XCHOICE in MATRIXUsing XCHOICE in MATRIX Creates Summit user benefit filesCreates Summit user benefit files

Developed a BRT/New Start example Developed a BRT/New Start example to test path & user benefit impacts to test path & user benefit impacts against changes in:against changes in: Mode numbersMode numbers Travel timeTravel time Station micro-codingStation micro-coding

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FindingsFindings Developed PT Best-path setup that mimics Developed PT Best-path setup that mimics

PT-TRNBUILD resultsPT-TRNBUILD results Multi-path model design results very Multi-path model design results very

different from Best-path & TRNBUILDdifferent from Best-path & TRNBUILD Further research needed to define multi-path Further research needed to define multi-path

model setupmodel setup RecommendationsRecommendations

Short-term – proceed with PT Best-path setupShort-term – proceed with PT Best-path setup Separate guidelines for General & New/Small Starts useSeparate guidelines for General & New/Small Starts use

Long-term – track evolving FTA guidance, Long-term – track evolving FTA guidance, industry progress & PT updates; goal - evolve to industry progress & PT updates; goal - evolve to multi-pathmulti-path

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FSUTMS-Voyager Transit Model FSUTMS-Voyager Transit Model Guidelines…Guidelines…

Must use version 4.1 shipped to you Must use version 4.1 shipped to you last week!last week!

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Summary of ChangesSummary of ChangesModuleModule Change(s)Change(s)

HNETHNET Coding transit network elements in Coding transit network elements in transportation networktransportation network

DISTRIBDISTRIB Review trip distribution for validation; examine Review trip distribution for validation; examine highway speeds from first assignmenthighway speeds from first assignment

TNETTNET

Advanced line coding features; new mode Advanced line coding features; new mode definitionsdefinitions

New system data files with reduced emphasis on New system data files with reduced emphasis on ASCII filesASCII files

New auto-bus speed relationshipsNew auto-bus speed relationships

TPATHTPATHNew access procedures & programsNew access procedures & programs

Reduced number of paths in some areasReduced number of paths in some areas

MODEMODENew coefficients; new mode choice structure for New coefficients; new mode choice structure for some areas;some areas;

New percent walk guidelinesNew percent walk guidelines

TASSIGNTASSIGN New assignment procedure & reporting New assignment procedure & reporting programprogram

Calibration/ Calibration/ ValidationValidation Guidelines!Guidelines!

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Path-building/Mode choice…Path-building/Mode choice… TPATH/MODETPATH/MODE

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Path-Building/Mode Choice Path-Building/Mode Choice (1 of 4)(1 of 4)

Auto nesting same Auto nesting same as existing, larger as existing, larger area modelsarea models

Drive Alone

Auto

Shared Ride

HOV-2 HOV-3+

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Tier A AreasTier A Areas Local service onlyLocal service only No park-and-ridesNo park-and-rides Limited data Limited data

availableavailable Build “walk-transit” Build “walk-transit”

& “drive-transit” & “drive-transit” paths per periodpaths per period

Paths include all Paths include all modesmodes

Transit

Walk Access Drive Access

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Tier B/C AreasTier B/C Areas Local & express serviceLocal & express service At least some park-and-At least some park-and-

ridesrides At least system-wide At least system-wide

boardings, but on-board boardings, but on-board survey likelysurvey likely

May be planning for May be planning for New/Small Start project New/Small Start project in near futurein near future

Build 4 paths per periodBuild 4 paths per period Walk-busWalk-bus Walk-project/premiumWalk-project/premium Auto-busAuto-bus Auto-project/premiumAuto-project/premium

Transit

Walk Park-Ride Kiss-Ride

BusPremium/

ProjectBus

Premium/Project

BusPremium/

Project

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Mode Choice StructureMode Choice StructureTier B/C AreasTier B/C Areas

Transit


BusPremium/

ProjectBus

Premium/Project

BusPremium/

Project

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SERPM (Tier D Areas)SERPM (Tier D Areas) Many types of serviceMany types of service Extensive park-and-ride Extensive park-and-ride

systemsystem Detailed boarding & rider Detailed boarding & rider

data availabledata available Can be planning for Can be planning for

New/Small Start project in New/Small Start project in near futurenear future

Build 8 paths per periodBuild 8 paths per period Walk-busWalk-bus Walk-project/premiumWalk-project/premium Walk-MetroRailWalk-MetroRail Walk-TriRailWalk-TriRail Auto-busAuto-bus Auto-project/premiumAuto-project/premium Auto-MetroRailAuto-MetroRail Auto-TriRailAuto-TriRail

Transit


Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

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Mode Choice StructureMode Choice StructureTier D AreasTier D Areas

Transit


Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

Bus

Project

Metrorail

TriRail

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Mode Choice Utility Mode Choice Utility CoefficientsCoefficients

VariableVariable UnitUnitss

HBWHBW HBOHBO NHBNHB

IVTTIVTT MinMin --0.02500.0250

--0.01250.0125 -0.0250-0.0250

IVTT for CRIVTT for CR MinMin --0.02000.0200

--0.01000.0100 -0.0200-0.0200

OVT (walk- & wait-OVT (walk- & wait-time)time) MinMin --

0.05000.0500--

0.02500.0250 -0.0500-0.0500

Fare, parking cost, Fare, parking cost, AOCAOC

CentCentss

--0.00250.0025

--0.00250.0025 -0.0050-0.0050

Drive-access timeDrive-access time MinMin --0.03750.0375

--0.01870.0187

55-0.0375-0.0375

Number of Number of TransfersTransfers ----

--0.12500.1250

--0.06250.0625 -0.1250-0.1250

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Mode Choice Utility Mode Choice Utility CoefficientsCoefficients

Relation to IVTTRelation to IVTTVariableVariable UnitUnit

ssHBWHBW HBOHBO NHBNHB

IVTTIVTT MinMin 1.0x1.0x 1.0x1.0x 1.0x1.0x

IVTT for CRIVTT for CR MinMin 0.8x0.8x 0.8x0.8x 0.8x0.8x

OVT (walk- & wait-OVT (walk- & wait-time)time) MinMin 2.0x2.0x 2.0x2.0x 2.0x2.0x

Value of timeValue of time $/hr$/hr 6.006.00 3.003.00 3.003.00

Drive-access timeDrive-access time MinMin 1.5x1.5x 1.5x1.5x 1.5x1.5x

Number of Number of TransfersTransfers MinMin 5.0x5.0x 5.0x5.0x 5.0x5.0x

Path-builder weights equivalent to mode choice variables weighted to IVTT

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All-Walk PathsAll-Walk Paths

Need to compare transit with all-walk Need to compare transit with all-walk pathpath Maintain consistency with Maintain consistency with

Tranplan/TRNBUILDTranplan/TRNBUILD Prevent overstatement of user benefitsPrevent overstatement of user benefits

Can do this in:Can do this in: Path-builder – requires zone-to-zone walk Path-builder – requires zone-to-zone walk

connectorsconnectors Mode choice – requires all-walk skimMode choice – requires all-walk skim

Need to determine most efficient wayNeed to determine most efficient way

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Network/system coding…Network/system coding… TNET/HNETTNET/HNET

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Transit LinesTransit LinesPT CapabilitiesPT Capabilities

Structure similar to INETStructure similar to INET No line numbers or reference lines!No line numbers or reference lines! Stops “positive”; non-stops “negative”Stops “positive”; non-stops “negative”

Multiple headways per line → single fileMultiple headways per line → single file Flexible in-line coding – layovers, Flexible in-line coding – layovers,

access/ egress-only stops, circulator access/ egress-only stops, circulator codingcoding

Allows double stops & complex Allows double stops & complex routings…routings…

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Coding complex Coding complex routingrouting

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Transit LinesTransit LinesTransportation NetworkTransportation Network

Three elements should be represented Three elements should be represented in transportation networkin transportation network Transit-only linksTransit-only links Micro-coded stationMicro-coded station Station dataStation data

Transit-only linksTransit-only links Similar to existing practice, just coding Similar to existing practice, just coding

on transportation networkon transportation network Coded with facility type 69 with special Coded with facility type 69 with special

fields…fields…

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Transit LinesTransit LinesTransit-Only Link FieldsTransit-Only Link Fields

FieldField ModesModes DescriptionDescription

TBSDISTTBSDIST Bus/mixed-flowBus/mixed-flow Distance (miles)Distance (miles)

TBSTIMETBSTIME ““ Time (minutes)Time (minutes)

TBSSPEEDTBSSPEED ““ Speed (mph)Speed (mph)

TFGDISTTFGDIST Fixed-guidewayFixed-guideway Distance (miles)Distance (miles)

TFGTIMETFGTIME ““ Time (minutes)Time (minutes)

TFGSPEEDTFGSPEED ““ Speed (mph)Speed (mph)

TFGMODETFGMODE ““ ModeMode

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Station Micro-CodingStation Micro-CodingGeneral – Fixed-guidewayGeneral – Fixed-guideway

StreetsBus platform node

Rail platform nodeMetroRail

Escalator Link

Time=~1 min

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Station Micro-CodingStation Micro-CodingNew/Small Starts – Fixed-guidewayNew/Small Starts – Fixed-guideway


Rail platform nodeMetroRail

PNR

Access ConnectorsEscalator Link

Time=~1 min

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Station Micro-CodingStation Micro-CodingNew/Small Starts – Bus PNRNew/Small Starts – Bus PNR


PNR

Access Connectors

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Station Data FieldsStation Data Fields

FieldField DescriptionDescription Default ValuesDefault Values

TSNAMETSNAME Station nameStation name ----

TSTYPETSTYPE Type of accessType of access 0 – not used0 – not used1 – used1 – used

FAREZONEFAREZONE Fare zone for zone-based faresFare zone for zone-based fares Coded on station nodes Coded on station nodes onlyonly

TSRANGETSRANGE Maximum roadway distance Maximum roadway distance allowed for auto-access connectorallowed for auto-access connector Typically 2.0 – 10.0Typically 2.0 – 10.0

TSPARKTSPARK Number of parking spacesNumber of parking spaces ----

TSCOSTAMTSCOSTAM Parking cost in peak periodParking cost in peak period ----

TSCOSTMDTSCOSTMD Parking cost in off-peak periodParking cost in off-peak period ----

TSPNRTERTSPNRTERMM

PNR terminal timePNR terminal time 2.02.0

TSKNRTERTSKNRTERMM

KNR terminal timeKNR terminal time 0.50.5

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System DataSystem Data Defines modes, operators & wait-curvesDefines modes, operators & wait-curves Transit operatorTransit operator

Assigned to specific transit linesAssigned to specific transit lines Should be defined by fare policyShould be defined by fare policy

Wait curvesWait curves PT allows curvilinear actual-perceived wait time relationshipsPT allows curvilinear actual-perceived wait time relationships Existing method applies “½ headway” rule with 30-minute Existing method applies “½ headway” rule with 30-minute

maximummaximum Apply piecewise function for rail modes to avoid “excessive” Apply piecewise function for rail modes to avoid “excessive”

headway impacts on ridership & user benefits, for instance…headway impacts on ridership & user benefits, for instance… If headway ≤ 15 min, set new headway = original headwayIf headway ≤ 15 min, set new headway = original headway If headway is between 15 & 30 min, set new headway = 2 * (7.5 If headway is between 15 & 30 min, set new headway = 2 * (7.5

+ (headway-15)/4)+ (headway-15)/4) If headway is over 30 min, set new headway = 2 * (11.25 + If headway is over 30 min, set new headway = 2 * (11.25 +

(headway-30)/8)(headway-30)/8)

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Transit ModesTransit ModesExisting StructureExisting Structure

Modal definitions based on service type onlyModal definitions based on service type only ProblemsProblems

Local/express definition not favored by FTALocal/express definition not favored by FTA New bus services (e.g., limited-stop, BRT) don’t fit New bus services (e.g., limited-stop, BRT) don’t fit

into “hard” categoriesinto “hard” categories If using express bus mode, extensive workarounds If using express bus mode, extensive workarounds

needed to properly model speeds & biases for new needed to properly model speeds & biases for new bus services bus services

Forecasting requirements for regional models Forecasting requirements for regional models starting to exceed 8-mode definition & 30-mode starting to exceed 8-mode definition & 30-mode software limitssoftware limits

Propose new structure to…Propose new structure to… Take advantage of PT’s expanded mode limitsTake advantage of PT’s expanded mode limits Prepare for eventual migration to multi-path Prepare for eventual migration to multi-path

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Modal Definitions (1 of 2)Modal Definitions (1 of 2)

NumberNumber ModeMode

11 Walk access/egress (centroid-to-stop & vice-versa)Walk access/egress (centroid-to-stop & vice-versa)

22 Auto accessAuto access

3-103-10 Other access connectors (Other access connectors (for future usesfor future uses))

1111Fixed-guideway platform to street connectors; Fixed-guideway platform to street connectors;

PNR to fixed-guideway/streetPNR to fixed-guideway/street

1212 Transfer connectors (“sidewalks”)Transfer connectors (“sidewalks”)

13-2013-20 Other non-centroid connectors (Other non-centroid connectors (for future usesfor future uses))

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Modal Definitions (2 of 2)Modal Definitions (2 of 2)

NumberNumber ModeMode

2121 Local & express busLocal & express bus

2222 Bus rapid transit/premium busBus rapid transit/premium bus

2323 Circulator (e.g., Metromover, Streetcar, Trolley)Circulator (e.g., Metromover, Streetcar, Trolley)

2424 Heavy rail transit (e.g., Metrorail)Heavy rail transit (e.g., Metrorail)

2525 Commuter rail (e.g., TriRail)Commuter rail (e.g., TriRail)

2626 Other modeOther mode

2727 Project mode (Project mode (for planning studiesfor planning studies))

31-3731-37 Same as 21-27, but for different operator (i.e., Same as 21-27, but for different operator (i.e., county)county)

41-47, 41-47,

51-57, 51-57, etc.etc.

As neededAs needed

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Auto-Transit Speed Auto-Transit Speed RelationshipsRelationships

Recent EventsRecent Events Transition to PTTransition to PT

Allows expanded mode definitions & Allows expanded mode definitions & unique auto-transit speed relationships for unique auto-transit speed relationships for each modeeach mode

Data collectionData collection Tampa (2003) & Jacksonville (2005)Tampa (2003) & Jacksonville (2005) Both surveys show that transit speeds are Both surveys show that transit speeds are

70+% of auto speed in all but a few cases70+% of auto speed in all but a few cases No data on limited-stop bus or BRT No data on limited-stop bus or BRT

servicesservices

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Auto-Transit Speed Auto-Transit Speed RelationshipsRelationships

Good time to re-evaluate auto-transit Good time to re-evaluate auto-transit speed relationshipsspeed relationships

Three possible options:Three possible options: Maintain piecewise relationshipMaintain piecewise relationship Linear or curvilinear relationshipLinear or curvilinear relationship Linear/dwell time hybrid relationshipLinear/dwell time hybrid relationship

Will review options after transit Will review options after transit model framework is finalizedmodel framework is finalized

Impact with time of day models?Impact with time of day models?

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Access…Access… TNETTNET

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Zonal AccessZonal Access Compute proportion of zonal area within Compute proportion of zonal area within

walking distance to transitwalking distance to transit PurposePurpose

Avoid over-estimating transit trips in large Avoid over-estimating transit trips in large (>1mi(>1mi22) zones while minimizing required number ) zones while minimizing required number of paths/skimsof paths/skims

Existing standardsExisting standards Large areas computed short & long-walk coverageLarge areas computed short & long-walk coverage Small areas did not use percent walksSmall areas did not use percent walks Developed using GIS or PCWALK programDeveloped using GIS or PCWALK program Assumed ubiquitous access from inside zone to Assumed ubiquitous access from inside zone to

edge (agreed with access program logic)edge (agreed with access program logic)

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Zonal AccessZonal Access

Need to continue practice (Tiers C & D only)Need to continue practice (Tiers C & D only) Zone sizes in some models are still largeZone sizes in some models are still large

Proposed standards Proposed standards Use a single ½ mile “can walk/cannot walk” bufferUse a single ½ mile “can walk/cannot walk” buffer Reduces number of access categories to 3 from 7Reduces number of access categories to 3 from 7 Compute via GIS, maintaining ubiquitous access Compute via GIS, maintaining ubiquitous access

assumptionassumption Does Does notnot agree with walk-connector logic, so connectors agree with walk-connector logic, so connectors

will have to be reviewed & compared to percent walk will have to be reviewed & compared to percent walk values (more later)values (more later)

Recommend review of zone sizes for all modelsRecommend review of zone sizes for all models

61

Example of Large ZonesExample of Large Zones

1129

503

Zone 503 (3+ mi2)

2000 Population – 7,700 2025 Population – 25,000

2000 Employment – 2,600 2025 Employment – 3,300

Zone 1129 (3+ mi2)

2000 Population – 13,900 2025 Population – 18,700

2000 Employment – 2,100 2025 Employment – 2,300

62

503

1129

63

Walk AccessWalk AccessExisting MethodExisting Method

Primary connections from centroids to Primary connections from centroids to bus stopsbus stops

Relies heavily on percent walk Relies heavily on percent walk calculations & classificationscalculations & classifications

If percent walk is non-zero and no links If percent walk is non-zero and no links from above, program “swept” from above, program “swept” surrounding nodessurrounding nodes

““CODW” times computed so that CODW” times computed so that separate short walk & long walk times separate short walk & long walk times could be computed inside modal choice could be computed inside modal choice modelmodel

64

Walk AccessWalk AccessProblemsProblems

Percent walks not very goodPercent walks not very good Often computed across canals and other Often computed across canals and other

barriersbarriers Although barriers were available in logic, Although barriers were available in logic,

they were seldom used they were seldom used ““Sweeps” included many questionable Sweeps” included many questionable

connectorsconnectors Detailed examination of maps and Detailed examination of maps and

aerials showed PT procedure often aerials showed PT procedure often much better…much better…

65

Walk Access Inconsistency Walk Access Inconsistency Example (1 of 2)Example (1 of 2)

31

32

33

51

88

91

99

100

851

1127

1145

1146

1161

1162

1165

1509

1510

1543

5856

5884

590459125928

5936

5948

5952

59685972

5976

59886004

60206028

60606080 60846088 6092

6096 61046198

1014410146

10148

10150

1015210154

10764

10766

10768

10770

10772

10774

10776

1121011212

11214

11216

11218

11220

11974

1197611982

11984

12106

12107

12108

12193

Zone 32:

53% short walk 100% long walk

Only access from zone well-represented by single centroid connector, requiring very long walk to node 6084

66

•Extensive transit service to east of zone separated from zone by railroad with no crossings

67

1686

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

1698

1699

17001701

1735

17521753

1754

14751

147581476214764

14766

14768

14770

14780

14782

14784

14792

14796

14800

14802

14806

14808

14810

14820

14822

15218

15219

15220

1523415236

15238

15252

15254

1526215264

Walk Access Inconsistency Walk Access Inconsistency Example (2 of 2)Example (2 of 2)

Zone 1694:

92% short walk 100% long walk

•Calculation driven by bus along arterial south of centroid (node 15234 etc.) but blocked from TAZ by major canal

•TAZ functionally an island with canals on all sides and only access via bridge to node 15238

68

1694

69

Walk AccessWalk AccessNew Approach (1 of 4)New Approach (1 of 4)

Connector DataConnector Data Walk connectors now from PT’s GENERATE Walk connectors now from PT’s GENERATE

(next slide)(next slide) Adjust percent walks globally until better Adjust percent walks globally until better

approach can be foundapproach can be found Retain CODW procedures to minimize impact on Retain CODW procedures to minimize impact on

modal choice modelmodal choice model Modifying the connector dataModifying the connector data

Special-purpose program/script to adjust Special-purpose program/script to adjust connectors and/or percent walksconnectors and/or percent walks

Connector/CODW adjustments on slide after nextConnector/CODW adjustments on slide after next

70

New Approach (2 of 4)New Approach (2 of 4)Connector TypesConnector Types

TypeType MaximuMaximum Lengthm Length Description/RationaleDescription/Rationale

Centroid-Centroid-to-stopto-stop ~1.1 miles~1.1 miles Standard walk connectorsStandard walk connectors

Station-to-Station-to-centroidcentroid ~3.0 miles~3.0 miles

Length set artificially high to avoid Length set artificially high to avoid disconnects between alternativesdisconnects between alternatives

Apply spline function to over-weight Apply spline function to over-weight walks over 0.5 miles to avoid walks over 0.5 miles to avoid excessive walksexcessive walks

71

New Approach (3 of 4)New Approach (3 of 4)Centroid-to-stop Connector Centroid-to-stop Connector

ModificationsModifications

Percent Percent walkwalk

Transit Transit stop @ stop @

centroid centroid connector?connector?

Action/NotesAction/Notes

100%100%YesYes No modification to access No modification to access

connectorsconnectors

NoNo Reset percent walk to 0%Reset percent walk to 0%

~20% ≤ ~20% ≤ xx ≤ 100% ≤ 100%

YesYes Reset length of centroid portion to Reset length of centroid portion to ½ mile½ mile


x x ≤ ≤ ~20%~20%

YesYes

Delete all access connectors Delete all access connectors (transit likely not really that (transit likely not really that accessible at all)accessible at all)

Reset percent walk to 0%Reset percent walk to 0%


72

New Approach (4 of 4)New Approach (4 of 4)Station-to-centroid ModificationsStation-to-centroid Modifications

Connector Connector Length Length (miles)(miles)

Modification ProcessModification Process

Maximum Maximum Modified Modified Length Length (miles)(miles)

0 ≤ 0 ≤ xx ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.5 No modification to connectorNo modification to connector 0.50.5

0.5 ≤ 0.5 ≤ xx ≤ ≤ 1.01.0

No modification to connector for first ½ No modification to connector for first ½ milemile

Reset any additional length to (x-½)*2Reset any additional length to (x-½)*2

Re-compute walking timeRe-compute walking time

1.51.5

1.0 ≤ 1.0 ≤ xx ≤ ≤ 2.02.0


Reset next ½ mile to (x-½)*2Reset next ½ mile to (x-½)*2

Reset any additional length to (x-1)*3 Reset any additional length to (x-1)*3


4.54.5

2.0 ≤ 2.0 ≤ xx ≤ ≤ 3.03.0


Reset next ½ mile to (x-½)*2Reset next ½ mile to (x-½)*2

Reset next 1 mile to (x-1)*3Reset next 1 mile to (x-1)*3

Reset any additional length to (x-2)*4Reset any additional length to (x-2)*4


8.58.5

73

Drive AccessDrive Access Existing methodExisting method

Used AUTOCON logic to create drive-transit Used AUTOCON logic to create drive-transit connectors between centroids & park-and-ridesconnectors between centroids & park-and-rides

Avoided backtracking & excessive drive timeAvoided backtracking & excessive drive time Had problem of disconnecting some zones between Had problem of disconnecting some zones between

alternatives, slightly impacting user benefitsalternatives, slightly impacting user benefits Proposed approachProposed approach

Favor scripting AUTOCON logic over using PT’s Favor scripting AUTOCON logic over using PT’s GENERATE keyword (see next slide)GENERATE keyword (see next slide)

Adding function to exaggerate time on Adding function to exaggerate time on connectors beyond rangeconnectors beyond range

Modifications to connectors needed (see Modifications to connectors needed (see slide after next)slide after next)

74

Drive Access Connector Drive Access Connector ComparisonComparison

PT’s GENERATE generates circular

catchment areas

AUTOCON’s logic applies backtracking

logic

75

Auto Access ConnectorsAuto Access ConnectorsNew MethodNew Method

Embed station costs to PNR- & KNR-transit Embed station costs to PNR- & KNR-transit connectorsconnectors Driving timeDriving time 1.5x1.5x Terminal timeTerminal time 2.0x2.0x Station parking costStation parking cost $6/hr (pk) $3/hr (op)$6/hr (pk) $3/hr (op) Auto operating costAuto operating cost $6/hr (pk) $3/hr (op)$6/hr (pk) $3/hr (op)

Auto access connectors passed to mode Auto access connectors passed to mode choice as IVTT since already weightedchoice as IVTT since already weighted

Separate connectors needed to bus & rail Separate connectors needed to bus & rail platformsplatforms Why? PT does not allow consecutive non-transit Why? PT does not allow consecutive non-transit

legslegs

76

Sidewalk/Transfer Sidewalk/Transfer ConnectorsConnectors

Existing MethodExisting Method Allows “street-walking” to transfer Allows “street-walking” to transfer

between different transit linesbetween different transit lines SIDECON produces sidewalk links SIDECON produces sidewalk links

around transit stationsaround transit stations Sidewalks coded as INET routes to Sidewalks coded as INET routes to

reflect walk-able areas (e.g., CBDs)reflect walk-able areas (e.g., CBDs) Both SIDECON & sidewalks are link-Both SIDECON & sidewalks are link-

based & not readily-compatible with based & not readily-compatible with PTPT

77

Sidewalk/Transfer AccessSidewalk/Transfer AccessNew MethodNew Method

TypeTypeMaximuMaximu

m m LengthLength

Description/RationaleDescription/Rationale

Bus stop-to-Bus stop-to-fixed-guideway fixed-guideway platformsplatforms

~0.6 ~0.6 milesmiles Needed for station micro-codingNeeded for station micro-coding

Fixed-Fixed-guideway guideway platforms to platforms to nearby bus nearby bus stopsstops

~0.6 ~0.6 milesmiles

Allow for movements between Allow for movements between fixed-guideway platforms & fixed-guideway platforms & buses “down the street”buses “down the street”

Bus stop-to-bus Bus stop-to-bus stop in CBD stop in CBD areasareas

~0.6 ~0.6 milesmiles

Replaces need for INET Replaces need for INET sidewalkssidewalks

All three can be generated using PT’s GENERATE keyword

78

Assignment & Assignment & Calibration/Validation…Calibration/Validation… TASSIGNTASSIGN

79

Transit AssignmentTransit Assignment

Assign each transit pathAssign each transit path Decimalized boardingsDecimalized boardings Output is DBF formatOutput is DBF format Need to develop program/script to…Need to develop program/script to…

Concatenate path loadingsConcatenate path loadings Report results in a user-friendly formatReport results in a user-friendly format

80

Calibration/Validation Calibration/Validation StepsSteps

GeneralGeneral Calibrate mode choice modelCalibrate mode choice model Validate boardings by mode and/or Validate boardings by mode and/or

operatoroperator ± 20% within each category± 20% within each category

New Starts New Starts General stepsGeneral steps Review trip distributionReview trip distribution Calibrate end-to-end travel timesCalibrate end-to-end travel times

81

Final thoughts…Final thoughts…

82

Time of DayTime of Day FSUTMS uses auto FSUTMS uses auto

speeds from 24-hour speeds from 24-hour assignment as for HBW assignment as for HBW mode choicemode choice HBO & NHB use free-flow HBO & NHB use free-flow

speedsspeeds SERPM6 uses time of daySERPM6 uses time of day

Peak period trips use AM Peak period trips use AM congested speedscongested speeds

Off-peak period trips use Off-peak period trips use free-flow speedsfree-flow speeds

Standard FSUTMS design Standard FSUTMS design expected for most modelsexpected for most models

Standard FSUTMS ModelsStandard FSUTMS Models

Purpose & Purpose & PeriodPeriod

Auto Auto ImpedancesImpedances

HBW allHBW all CongestedCongested

HBO allHBO all Free-flowFree-flow

NHB allNHB all Free-flowFree-flow

Time-of-day ModelsTime-of-day Models

Purpose & Purpose & PeriodPeriod

Auto Auto ImpedancesImpedances

HBW peak HBW peak

HBO peak HBO peak

NHB peakNHB peakAM congestedAM congested

HBW off-peakHBW off-peak

HBO off-peakHBO off-peak

NHB off-peakNHB off-peakFree-flowFree-flow

83

Highway Modeling Highway Modeling Impacts Impacts

Standard highway model practice has Standard highway model practice has strong impacts on transit modelingstrong impacts on transit modeling SPDCAP table adjustmentsSPDCAP table adjustments Distribution corrections (e.g., k-factors, etc.)Distribution corrections (e.g., k-factors, etc.) 0-car household impedances0-car household impedances

New transit model stresses need for:New transit model stresses need for: Refraining from strong SPDCAP table Refraining from strong SPDCAP table

modificationsmodifications Validating trip distributionValidating trip distribution

AlsoAlso Code transit-only links & transit station data on Code transit-only links & transit station data on

transportation networktransportation network Stability of highway-assignment resultsStability of highway-assignment results

84

Status / Next StepsStatus / Next Steps Developed “framework” documents to Developed “framework” documents to

summarize key pointssummarize key points Theoretical – coordination of individual partsTheoretical – coordination of individual parts Application – parameter settings, technical Application – parameter settings, technical

detailsdetails Both available on Both available on www.fsutmsonline.netwww.fsutmsonline.net

FDOT gathering feedbackFDOT gathering feedback

Will continue to finalize details & proceduresWill continue to finalize details & procedures Need for more speed/delay studies and local Need for more speed/delay studies and local

transit on-board studiestransit on-board studies Transit model training workshop: June 4-7, Transit model training workshop: June 4-7,

20072007

85

Thank you!Thank you!

Documents

1 FSUTMS-Voyager: Transit Standards within Evolving FSUTMS Technical Presentation Florida Model Task Force Tampa, Florida December 12 th, 2006 85 slides