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Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners
Date: October 1, 2009
By: The FAA Safety Team
Federal AviationAdministrationFAASTeam
CFI Workshop #5Module 5, Core Topics 9 and 10:
• Safety Trends in GA
• Risk Management
3Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends: In this module, we:
• Learn lessons from an NTSB report• Introduce the Nall Report• Understand frequent accident categories• Strategies to prevent them
5Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
PRESCRIPTION
FOR AN
ACCIDENT
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
6Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
7Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
The pilot owned his plane for 19 years.
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
8Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
No evidence of any maintenance of any kind for YEARS!
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
9Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
Right-side fuel cap
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
From the carburetor – where’s the fuel?
Photos courtesy LOU FSDO
1
2
3
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
All these prescriptions belonged to the pilot. All were in the plane and were being taken at the time
of the flight.
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
12Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Buckle is tucked in between the seat cushion and the spring!
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
13Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
What is this?
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
14Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Pilot was a fatality.
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
15Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Links in this accident chain. . .
1. Lack of Maintenance2. Lack of Preflight3. Medical Condition4. Medications5. Get to LEX-itis6. Lack of Seatbelt/Harness use
You are thinking, “I would never do that”
… BUT
16Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
The Real Cause Was
Getting comfortable with poor habits.
He no longer saw anything wrong with his personal operating standards.
17Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Lessons Learned
1. Re-evaluate habits
2. Never get too comfortable in our habits
3. Discipline to make needed changes
4. Allow others to evaluate us
Photo courtesy Cessna Pilot Centers
18Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Watch for complacencyEncourage safe operating standards
During flight reviews and aircraft checkouts, you must bring pilots with bad habits back into proper perspective.
Lessons for CFIs
19Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Photo courtesy LOU FSDO
21Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
NTSB Reports
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Yearly Accident Trend Summary
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
23Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
2007 Personal Flight Accident Trend
39.4% of all GA flying
69.1% of total accidents
72.9% of fatal accidents
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
24Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
2007 Pilot Related Accident Trends
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
Weather
Maneuvering
Descent/Approach
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
2007 Weather Accidents
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
VFR into IMC
26Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Why Are We Here?
Personal Flight
Pilot Related– Maneuvering– Approach and Landing– VFR into IMC
Future CFI Workshops will focus on maneuvering and
approach/landing.
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
27Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
How it Happens
1/2 SM visibility
1 SM visibility
3 SM visibility
5 SM visibility
10 SM visibility
1. Accuracy of estimating in-fight visibility
2. Pilot over-confidence in decision making
3. Willingness to take risks
28Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Preventing VFR into IMC - Ideas for the future
Encourage pilots/students to make the Go or No/Go weather decision.
29Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Ideas for the Future
VFR Not Recommended
Photo from www.flightaware.com
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Ideas for the future
Fly in or near weather
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Ideas for the future
• Fly more cross countries• Combine lessons for longer cross counties• Multiple students to vacation destinations
32Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Ideas for the future
Plane capable AND pilot capable
Manage expectations
Schedule an alternate plan Continue?Divert?Land?
33Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Ideas for the future
Continue to build your skills and confidence
34Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
AOPA Nall Report
Available at www.aopa.org/asf/publications
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Summary
None of the hours
in the logbook matter
as much as this minute
in the cockpit.
Source: 2008 AOPA Nall Report
38Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5
October 1, 2009
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5Safety Trends in GA
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
Quiz time
39Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #1
The increased costs of aircraft operation will have a positive effect on aviation accidents due to the resultant decrease in the number of General Aviation flight hours.
True or false?
40Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #2
The General Aviation Joint Steering Committee conducts it’s work in three subgroups;
a) Flight Instruction, 135 on demand operators, and Sport Pilots.
b) Technically Advanced Aircraft, Flight Instruction, and Turbine Aircraft Operations.
c) Personal/Sport Aviation, Technically Advanced Aircraft, and Turbine Aircraft Operations.
41Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #3
The objective of the Automation Subgroup is to;
a) Research Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) issues.
b) Develop computer programs.
c) Develop Training for FAASafety.Gov.
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #4
What is the most significant causal factor decline that has been identified in General Aviation accidents since the Wright Brother Days?
a) Maintenance
b) Flight Operations
c) Ground operations
d) Flying under the influence of alcohol
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #5
It is possible to identify certain segments flight operations such as, takeoff, landing, and low altitude maneuvering during which there is an increased potential for accidents.
True or false?
Answers follow ~
44Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #1
The increased costs of aircraft operation will have a positive effect on aviation accidents due to the resultant decrease in the number of General Aviation flight hours.
True or false?
Answer ~
False, the number of operations may decrease but pilot proficiency also declines. – FAASTeam accepted statistical evidence.
45Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #2The General Aviation Joint Steering Committee conducts it’s
work in three subgroups;
a) Flight Instruction, 135 on demand operators, and Sport Pilots.
b) Technically Advanced Aircraft, Flight Instruction, and Turbine Aircraft Operations.
c) Personal/Sport Aviation, Technically Advanced Aircraft, and Turbine Aircraft Operations.
Answer ~ c) – These subgroups are a matter of record.
46Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #3
The objective of the Automation Subgroup is to; a) Research Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA)
issues b) Develop computer programs c) Develop Training for FAASafety.Gov
Answer ~a) – Research TAA aviation safety issues
47Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #4
What is the most significant causal factor decline that has been identified in General Aviation accidents since the Wright Brother Days?
a) Maintenance
b) Flight Operations
c) Ground operations
d) Flying under the influence of alcohol
Answer ~
d) Maintenance – Trend identified by the data sources mentioned previously.
48Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Safety Trends Question #5 It is possible to identify certain segments flight
operations such as, takeoff, landing, and low altitude maneuvering during which there is an increased potential for accidents.
True or false? Answer ~True – For example NTSB statistics demonstrate
that over the past years a significant number of aviation mishaps occur when takeoff, landing, or go-around maneuvers are being accomplished.
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Take a Break!
Federal AviationAdministration
Risk Management for
Flight Instructors
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
The pilot lost control after the aircraft touched down on one wheel, swerved sharply, hit several runway lights, left the runway, and came to rest in the airport boundary fence. The winds were 60-degrees crosswind to the runway at 32KTS with gusts to 40.
What caused this incident?
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management – A Definition:
The part of the decision making process which relies on;
• situational awareness • problem recognition• and, good judgment
to reduce risks associated with each flight.
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Teaching Risk Management
• Hazard Identification• Risk Assessment• Time critical framework• Risk Management Controls
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Assessment
3SM visibility – is it a risk?• For a student pilot?• 100 hr. VFR-only private pilot?• 500 hr. IFR pilot flying in the mountains• 1,000 hr. IFR pilot with 5 hrs experience in a glass
cockpit?• 1,500 hr. ATP pilot flying in busy airspace?
Photo AOPA Gallery
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Where to Land?
• West at 10,500MSL• To Portland, Oregon• Cessna 172 (TAS 110KIAS)• Snow showers reduced visibility• 5:35pm local time• Fuel remaining is about 90 minutes.
What will you do?
VFR-Only
200-hr private pilot
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
10,500MSLCessna 172 5:35pm local time90 minutes fuel
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Hazard Identification
• Pilot • Aircraft • Environment• Situation
www.skyvectors.com
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Hazardous Attitudes and Antidotes
Anti-authority – Don’t tell me.– Follow the rules, they are usually right
Impulsivity – Do something – do it now.– Not so fast, think first
Invulnerability – It won’t happen to me.– It could happen to me.
Macho – I can do it.– Taking chances is foolish.
Resignation – What’s the use?– I can make a difference.
59Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
5:35pm local time60 minutes fuel
Time Critical Framework
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Controls
(1) Identify personal hazardous attitudes.(2) Learn to recognize and cope with stress.(3) Develop risk assessment skills.(4) Use all resources.(5) Evaluate the effectiveness of decisions.
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
D.E.C.I.D.E
D = Detect
E = Estimate
C = Choose
I = Identify
D = Do
E = Evaluate
Photo: Quest Kodiak 100
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Including Risk Management into Flight Training
• Situations to stimulate decision making• Practice problem solving • Create circumstances that make unsafe
judgments look appealing
63Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Scenario Database
At 7:00PM, after an exhausting 3-day business meeting, you load the rental plane and file VFR for a 2-hr flight. You discover your only pair of reading glasses was left back at the hotel. You have no problem seeing distance but can’t read panel gauges or a chart very well. Weather is 3,500 ceiling, 5SM visibility with 15 kt crosswinds at your designation. If you depart in the next 20 minutes you can land before dark. You decide to:
A. Depart and fly to land before dark. Purchase a new pair of glasses at your destination.
B. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses go get them and takeoff late this evening.
C. Call the hotel, if they do not have your glasses, spend the night. Tomorrow purchase a new pair and fly takeoff.
D. Call the hotel, if they have your glasses, go get them, spend the night and takeoff in the morning.
From: www.avhf.com
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
5:35pm local time90 minutes fuel
What Would You Do?
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Evaluating Pilot’s Decision Making
• Use a decision making process, (such as the DECIDE model) when making decisions that will have an effect on the outcome of the flight. Pilot should be able to explain factors and alternatives that were considered.
Detect – Estimate – Choose – Identify – Do – Evaluate
• Recognize and explain any hazardous attitudes that may have influenced any decision.
• Decide and execute an appropriate course of action to handle any situation that arises that may cause a change in the original flight plan in such a way that leads to a safe and successful conclusion of the flight.
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management
Assess the potential risk associated with planned flight during preflight planning and in flight.
• Explain risk elements with the given scenario and how each was assessed.
• Use a tool, such as PAVE to assess the risk elements.
Pilot – Aircraft – enVironment – External Factors
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Evaluating Pilot’s Risk Management Assess the potential risk associated with planned
flight during preflight planning and in flight.
• Use a personal checklist, such as “I’MSAFE”, to determine personal risks.
Illness – Medication – Stress – Alcohol – Fatigue – Eating
• Explain how risks are likely to change as the flight progresses and options for mitigating risks.
Information on the D.E.C.I.D.E., P.A.V.E., and I.M.S.A.F.E. checklists can be found at: www.faa.gov > (search for) “Flight Instructor Training Module” and Advisory Circular “AC 60-22”
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5Risk Management
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
Quiz time
69Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?
a) Tormenter
b) Macho
c) Recluse
d) Quarrelsome
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.
True or False?
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard, or Risk” that is anything, real or potential, that could make possible, or contribute to making possible, an accident?
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Risk Management Question #4
An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the D.E.C.I.D.E?
a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate
b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate
c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate
d) None of the above
Answers follow ~
73Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes?
a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome
Answer ~
b) Macho – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks.
True or False?
Answer ~
a) True – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard, or Risk” that is anything, real or potential, that could make possible, or contribute to making possible, an accident?
Answer ~
“Hazard” – Managing the Risk of Organizational Accidents – James Reason
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
Risk Management Question #4An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is
the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the D.E.C.I.D.E?
a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate,
Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answer ~a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate –
AC 60-22, Chapter 5, figure 6
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
For More Info
Train Like You Fly, a flight instructor’s guide to scenario based training.
Send comments to:
Arlynn McMahon2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year
78Federal AviationAdministration
FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5October 1, 2009
This completes
CFI Workshop Module #5Be sure to have your attendance record validated
See you for Module #6