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EcologyEcology
Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2
Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2
• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their environments
• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy
• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms
• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships
• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems
• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact
• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices
• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms within their environments
• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy
• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success of organisms
• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships
• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems
• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact
• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices 2
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What is Ecology???What is Ecology???•study of how living things interact with each other and the environment
•Science of relationships
•study of how living things interact with each other and the environment
•Science of relationships
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Organisms, Habitat & Niche
Organisms, Habitat & Niche
• Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment
• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives
• Niche is the role an organism plays in the environment
• Organisms are individual living things; organisms need energy and matter from the environment
• Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives
• Niche is the role an organism plays in the environment
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HabitatHabitatOne habitat might contain
hundreds or even thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species
of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other
species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms.
One habitat might contain hundreds or even
thousands of species. A rotting log in a forest can be home to many species
of insects, including termites that eat decaying wood and ants that feed on the termites. Other
species that live on and under rotting log include millipedes, centipedes spiders, and worms.
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NicheNicheYou might think that
competition for resources would make it impossible for so many
species to live in the same habitat. However,
each species has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own
niche. An organism’s niche is its role in its environment – how it
obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its
young, and avoids danger.
You might think that competition for
resources would make it impossible for so many
species to live in the same habitat. However,
each species has different requirements for its survival. As a result, each species has its own
niche. An organism’s niche is its role in its environment – how it
obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for its
young, and avoids danger.
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Biotic Factors:Biotic Factors:
• All the LIVING aspects of an environment.
• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
• All the LIVING aspects of an environment.
• All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
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Abiotic Factors: Abiotic
Factors: • the NONLIVING parts of an
organism’s environment.• Examples: air currents,
temperature, moisture, light, and soil
• the NONLIVING parts of an organism’s environment.
• Examples: air currents, temperature, moisture,
light, and soil
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
BioticBiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
AbioticAbiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
AbioticAbiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?Abiotic or Biotic?
BioticBiotic
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Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
What are the Simplest Levels?
•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•Organ Organ
SystemSystem•OrganismOrganism
•AtomAtom•MoleculeMolecule•OrganelleOrganelle•CellCell•TissueTissue•OrganOrgan•Organ Organ
SystemSystem•OrganismOrganism
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized
the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..
• EcologistsEcologists have organized have organized the interactions an organism the interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to complexitycomplexity..
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Section 3-1
Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
“Organism”
Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
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11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization•Organism: Organism:
An An individualindividual living thing that living thing that is is mademade of of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops
•Organism: Organism: An An individualindividual living thing that living thing that is is mademade of of cells, cells, uses energy, uses energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops
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22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization• Population:Population:
A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the the same speciessame species, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same timesame time
• Produce fertile Produce fertile offspringoffspring
• Compete with each Compete with each other for other for resources (food, resources (food, mates, shelter, mates, shelter, etc.)etc.)
• Population:Population:A group of A group of organisms, all of organisms, all of the the same speciessame species, , which which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same place at the same place at the same timesame time
• Produce fertile Produce fertile offspringoffspring
• Compete with each Compete with each other for other for resources (food, resources (food, mates, shelter, mates, shelter, etc.)etc.)
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33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Biological Biological
Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.
•Biological Biological Community:Community:All the All the populations populations of different of different speciesspecies that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.
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44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization•Ecosystem:Ecosystem:
Populations of Populations of ALL ALL bioticbiotic and and abioticabiotic things things that that interact with interact with each other in a each other in a given areagiven area. .
• Terrestrial=LanTerrestrial=Landd
• Aquatic=WaterAquatic=Water
•Ecosystem:Ecosystem: Populations of Populations of ALL ALL bioticbiotic and and abioticabiotic things things that that interact with interact with each other in a each other in a given areagiven area. .
• Terrestrial=LanTerrestrial=Landd
• Aquatic=WaterAquatic=Water
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55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization
•Biome:Biome:group of group of Ecosystems Ecosystems that have the that have the same climatesame climate
•Biome:Biome:group of group of Ecosystems Ecosystems that have the that have the same climatesame climate
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66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization
•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of EarthEarth that that supports supports LIFELIFE!!!!
•Biosphere:Biosphere:The The portion of portion of EarthEarth that that supports supports LIFELIFE!!!!
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What level of What level of organization?organization?What level of What level of organization?organization?
OrganismOrganism
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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?
PopulationPopulation
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What level of What level of Organization?Organization?What level of What level of Organization?Organization?
CommunityCommunity
Ecology RecapEcology Recap
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylwdYH4
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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
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Energy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy FlowEnergy Flow
• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem originally in an ecosystem originally comes from the suncomes from the sun
• Energy flows through Ecosystems Energy flows through Ecosystems from from producerproducer to to consumersconsumers
• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem originally in an ecosystem originally comes from the suncomes from the sun
• Energy flows through Ecosystems Energy flows through Ecosystems from from producerproducer to to consumersconsumers
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PRODUCER Organisms that Organisms that
can make can make glucose during glucose during photosynthesis photosynthesis
aka: AUTOTROPHS
PRODUCER Organisms that Organisms that
can make can make glucose during glucose during photosynthesis photosynthesis
aka: AUTOTROPHS
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PhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophPhotoautotrophProducers CAPTURE Energy from Producers CAPTURE Energy from
the sun by:the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere
•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere
Producers CAPTURE Energy from Producers CAPTURE Energy from the sun by:the sun by:– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
•Adds Adds OxygenOxygen to the to the atmosphereatmosphere
•Removes Removes Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide from the Atmospherefrom the Atmosphere
AlgaeAlgae
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The energy that is NOT The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can used by PRODUCERS can
bebe PASSED PASSED on to on to organisms that cannot organisms that cannot make their own energy make their own energy
known as the known as the CONSUMERCONSUMERAKA: HeterotrophAKA: Heterotroph
The energy that is NOT The energy that is NOT used by PRODUCERS can used by PRODUCERS can
bebe PASSED PASSED on to on to organisms that cannot organisms that cannot make their own energy make their own energy
known as the known as the CONSUMERCONSUMERAKA: HeterotrophAKA: Heterotroph
PRODUCER CONSUMER
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CONSUMERSCONSUMERS that that EATEAT PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to get to get ENERGY ENERGY are called:are called:
CONSUMERSCONSUMERS that that EATEAT PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to get to get ENERGY ENERGY are called:are called:
•Primary Consumers (aka: 1st Order Consumers)EX: Herbivores (plant-eaters)
•Primary Consumers (aka: 1st Order Consumers)EX: Herbivores (plant-eaters)
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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumersHeterotrophs eat Heterotrophs eat
other other organisms to organisms to
obtain energy. obtain energy. 1) 1) HerbivoresHerbivores
– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY PlantsPlants
2) 2) CarnivoresCarnivores– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY
Other Other AnimalsAnimals
Heterotrophs eat Heterotrophs eat other other
organisms to organisms to obtain energy. obtain energy.
1) 1) HerbivoresHerbivores– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY
PlantsPlants2) 2) CarnivoresCarnivores
– Eat ONLY Eat ONLY Other Other AnimalsAnimals
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ConsumersConsumersConsumersConsumers3) 3) OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)
– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals4) 4) Detritivores Detritivores
(Scavengers)(Scavengers)– Feed On Dead PlantFeed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains & Animal Remains
(EX: buzzards)(EX: buzzards)5) 5) DecomposersDecomposers
– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria
3) 3) OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans) (Humans)– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals
4) 4) Detritivores Detritivores (Scavengers)(Scavengers)– Feed On Dead PlantFeed On Dead Plant & Animal Remains & Animal Remains
(EX: buzzards)(EX: buzzards)5) 5) DecomposersDecomposers
– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria
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A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS another another CONSUMERCONSUMER for for
ENERGYENERGY are called: are called:
A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS another another CONSUMERCONSUMER for for
ENERGYENERGY are called: are called:
• Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers (aka: 2(aka: 2ndnd Order Order Consumer)Consumer)
May be a:May be a:
-carnivore-carnivore
--omnivoreomnivore
-predator-predator
-scavenger-scavenger
• Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers (aka: 2(aka: 2ndnd Order Order Consumer)Consumer)
May be a:May be a:
-carnivore-carnivore
--omnivoreomnivore
-predator-predator
-scavenger-scavenger
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A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS a a CONSUMERCONSUMER that that ALREADYALREADY
ate a ate a CONSUMER CONSUMER for for ENERGYENERGY are called:are called:
A A CONSUMERCONSUMER that that EATSEATS a a CONSUMERCONSUMER that that ALREADYALREADY
ate a ate a CONSUMER CONSUMER for for ENERGYENERGY are called:are called:• Tertiary ConsumerTertiary Consumer
(aka: 3(aka: 3rdrd Order Consumer) Order Consumer)May be a: May be a:
-carnivore-carnivore
-omnivore-omnivore
-predator-predator
-scavenger-scavenger
• Tertiary ConsumerTertiary Consumer
(aka: 3(aka: 3rdrd Order Consumer) Order Consumer)May be a: May be a:
-carnivore-carnivore
-omnivore-omnivore
-predator-predator
-scavenger-scavenger
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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
ENERGYENERGY flows through flows through an ecosystem in an ecosystem in ONEONE DIRECTIONDIRECTION from from PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to to various levels of various levels of CONSUMERSCONSUMERS
ENERGYENERGY flows through flows through an ecosystem in an ecosystem in ONEONE DIRECTIONDIRECTION from from PRODUCERSPRODUCERS to to various levels of various levels of CONSUMERSCONSUMERS
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Feeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships• Food ChainFood Chain
– SIMPLESIMPLE path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY (organisms are less ENERGY (organisms are less likely to survive)likely to survive)
• Food WebFood Web– COMPLEXCOMPLEX path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY that is made up of ENERGY that is made up of many food chains (organism many food chains (organism more likely to survive)more likely to survive)
• Food ChainFood Chain– SIMPLESIMPLE path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY (organisms are less ENERGY (organisms are less likely to survive)likely to survive)
• Food WebFood Web– COMPLEXCOMPLEX path of transfer of path of transfer of ENERGY that is made up of ENERGY that is made up of many food chains (organism many food chains (organism more likely to survive)more likely to survive)
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ProducerProducer (trapped (trapped sunlight & sunlight & stored stored food)food)
11stst order order ConsumeConsumerr
22ndnd Order Order ConsumConsumerer
33rdrd Order Order consumconsumerer
44thth Order Order ConsumConsumerer
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Name the Producer & Consumers in this Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain:food chain:
Name the Producer & Consumers in this Name the Producer & Consumers in this food chain:food chain:
Main source of Main source of ENERGYENERGY
ProducerProducerPrimary Primary ConsumConsumerer
Secondary Secondary ConsumerConsumer
Tertiary Tertiary ConsumConsumerer
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Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in Consumers & Decomposers in
this food chain:this food chain:
Name the Producer, Name the Producer, Consumers & Decomposers in Consumers & Decomposers in
this food chain:this food chain:
ProduceProducerr
RAT:1RAT:1stst order order ConsumeConsumerr
CAT:2CAT:2ndnd Order Order ConsumConsumerer
Mushroom:Mushroom:
DecomposerDecomposer
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Food WebFood WebFood WebFood Web
Producers
Primary consumers - Herbivores
Secondary & Tertiary consumers – Carnivores & Omnivores
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:& Decomposers:
Identify the Producers, Consumers, Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:& Decomposers:
Count the Count the Food Food
Chains!Chains!
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Trophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsTrophic LevelsEach Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a
Trophic LevelTrophic Level• ProducersProducers
Always the Always the FIRSTFIRST Trophic Level Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System
• HerbivoresHerbivoresSECONDSECOND Trophic Level Trophic Level
• Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores– Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsMake Up The Remaining Trophic Levels
Each level depends on the one below Each level depends on the one below it for energy.it for energy.
Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a Trophic LevelTrophic Level
• ProducersProducersAlways the Always the FIRSTFIRST Trophic Level Trophic Level– How Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System
• HerbivoresHerbivoresSECONDSECOND Trophic Level Trophic Level
• Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores– Make Up The Remaining Trophic LevelsMake Up The Remaining Trophic Levels
Each level depends on the one below Each level depends on the one below it for energy.it for energy.
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Food Chains Show Available Food Chains Show Available EnergyEnergy
Food Chains Show Available Food Chains Show Available EnergyEnergy
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Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsEcological PyramidsGraphic Representations Of The Graphic Representations Of The
Relative Amounts of Energy or Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic LevelMatter At Each Trophic Level
May be:May be:
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid
Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
Graphic Representations Of The Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic LevelMatter At Each Trophic Level
May be:May be:
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid
Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
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Energy Pyramids ShowEnergy Pyramids Show Energy Pyramids ShowEnergy Pyramids Show • Amount of available Amount of available
energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers
• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain
• It takes a It takes a largelarge number number of of producersproducers to support to support a a smallsmall number of number of primary consumersprimary consumers
• It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to support a small to support a small number of secondary number of secondary consumersconsumers
• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases for for higher consumershigher consumers
• Amount of available Amount of available energy energy decreasesdecreases down down the food chainthe food chain
• It takes a It takes a largelarge number number of of producersproducers to support to support a a smallsmall number of number of primary consumersprimary consumers
• It takes a It takes a large number large number of primary consumersof primary consumers to support a small to support a small number of secondary number of secondary consumersconsumers
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Energy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Energy PyramidShows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
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Biomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid
Biomass PyramidRepresents the amount ofliving organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, thegreatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.
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Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersPyramid of NumbersShows the relativenumber of individualorganisms at eachtrophic level.
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Ecology“Symbiotic
Relationships”
Ecology“Symbiotic
Relationships”
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SymbiosisSymbiosisNot all relationships among organisms
involve food. Many organisms live
together and share resources in other ways. Any close
relationship between species is called symbiosis.
Not all relationships among organisms
involve food. Many organisms live
together and share resources in other ways. Any close
relationship between species is called symbiosis.
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CompetitionCompetition
Competition – A symbiotic relationship in which both
species are harmed.
Competition – A symbiotic relationship in which both
species are harmed.
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CompetitionEX: Flowering Plants
CompetitionEX: Flowering Plants
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
BOTH
of them are
HARMED
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
BOTH
of them are
HARMED
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Competition EX: Kudzu
Competition EX: Kudzu
Uses the same
space and
resources at the
same time!!
It “out competes”
other native plants
so they don’t have
a place to grow.
Uses the same
space and
resources at the
same time!!
It “out competes”
other native plants
so they don’t have
a place to grow.
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MutualismMutualism
Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both
species benefit.
Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both
species benefit.
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MutualismEX: Cowbirds and Large Animals
MutualismEX: Cowbirds and Large Animals
The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from having the parasites removed from
them. The birds can also warn them of danger.
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MutualismEX: Bees and Pollen
MutualismEX: Bees and Pollen
Bees receive nectar from the flowers in
order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect
pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate
it by dusting the pollen on the flowers
stamen.
Bees receive nectar from the flowers in
order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect
pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate
it by dusting the pollen on the flowers
stamen.
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Mutualism EX: Cleaner Shrimp
Mutualism EX: Cleaner Shrimp
These shrimp set uplarge cleaning stationson the reef where fishwill come to haveparasites picked fromtheir skin. The shrimpgets a constant foodsource and the fish(eel in this case) getsrid of potentiallydangerous parasites
These shrimp set uplarge cleaning stationson the reef where fishwill come to haveparasites picked fromtheir skin. The shrimpgets a constant foodsource and the fish(eel in this case) getsrid of potentiallydangerous parasites
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MutualismEX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules
MutualismEX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules
Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen
and the bacteria get food from the plant.
Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen
and the bacteria get food from the plant.
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Mutualism EX: Ant and Aphid
Mutualism EX: Ant and Aphid
Ants protect the aphids while they eat on the plants. The aphids provide the ants with honeydew that they secrete.
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Commensalism Commensalism
Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the
other is not affected.
Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the
other is not affected.
65
CommensalismEX: Clown Fish and Sea
Anemones
CommensalismEX: Clown Fish and Sea
Anemones
The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones
tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the
sea anemone gets nothing.
66
CommensalismEX: Shark and Remora
CommensalismEX: Shark and Remora
The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may
leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets
nothing.
67
ParasitismParasitism
Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is harmed.
Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is harmed.
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ParasitismEX: Tapeworms and Humans
ParasitismEX: Tapeworms and Humans
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ParasitismEX: Ticks
ParasitismEX: Ticks
Parasites rarely kill their
hosts because to do so
would ultimately harm
the parasite!
Parasites rarely kill their
hosts because to do so
would ultimately harm
the parasite!
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ParasitismEX: Ticks
ParasitismEX: Ticks
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Parasitism EX: CowbirdsParasitism
EX: CowbirdsCowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest)in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets MOST of the food. Thisis because the fosterbirds tend to feed thelargest mouth. TheCowbird benefits andthe other species isHARMED.
Cowbird females lay their eggs (one per nest)in the nests of other species. The hatchling cowbird is big and gets MOST of the food. Thisis because the fosterbirds tend to feed thelargest mouth. TheCowbird benefits andthe other species isHARMED.
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PredationPredation
Predation – A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is killed.
Predation – A symbiotic relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is killed.
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Predator and PreyPredator and Prey
An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it
finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is
the organism that is captured by the predator.
An organism’s niche includes how it avoids being eaten and how it
finds or captures its food. Predators are consumers that capture and eat other consumers. The prey is
the organism that is captured by the predator.
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Predator and Prey Predator and Prey
The deer is being eaten by the python. It
is prey.
The python has captured and is eating the deer.
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Predator and PreyPredator and Prey
PredatorPrey
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PredationPredation
Predator: Spider Prey: Insect Predator: Snake Prey: Mouse
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Predator/Prey RelationshipPredator/Prey Relationship
The presence of predators usually
increases the number of different species that
can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size of prey populations. As a
result, food and other resources are less
likely to become scarce, and competition
between species is reduced.
The presence of predators usually
increases the number of different species that
can live in an ecosystem. Predators limit the size of prey populations. As a
result, food and other resources are less
likely to become scarce, and competition
between species is reduced.
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Benefits Harmed Killed Not Affected
Competition XXMutualism XXCommensalism X XParasitism X XPredation X X
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Cycles of Matter
Cycles of Matter
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CO2 inAtmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Section 3-3 The Carbon Cycle
81
4 main CARBON reservoirs
in BIOSPHERE
4 main CARBON reservoirs
in BIOSPHERECO2 inatmosphere
CO2 inOcean
1.In the____________ as CO2 gas 2.In the _______ as dissolved CO2 gas3.On the _______ in organisms, rocks & soil4.__________ as coal & petroleum (fossil
fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks
atmosphereoceanland
Underground
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Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 inOcean
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
1.________________ 2.______________________________ 3._________________4.____________ of dead organisms from
the oceans
Volcanic activityHuman activity (burning fossil fuels)Cellular respirationDecomposition
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Water CycleWater Cycle
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WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
1)Water is a good _________________
2)Many molecules dissolve in water so itprovides a place for chemical reactionsto happen
3)Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with__________________
SOLVENT
HOMEOSTASIS
85
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3-
and NO2-
Section 3-3
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Nitrogen Cycle
86
WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?
WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT?
Image by Riedell
1) NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA
2) Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP
3) Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
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http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif
Bacteria that live in the soiland in symbiotic relationships withplants called legumes, take NITROGEN from the atmosphere and turn it into Ammonia (NH3), a form that is USEABLE by plants.
THIS PROCESSIS CALLEDNITROGEN FIXATION
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PHOSPHORUS CYCLEPHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water
Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water
Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water
Phosphate moves through food web
Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition
Sediments form “new land”to complete cycle
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WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT?
WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT?
Image by Riedell
1) Makes DNA and RNA
2) Transfers energy as ATP
3) Makes phospholipids for cell membranes
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
