11

Developing the Developing the Research ProblemResearch Problem

KNES 510KNES 510

Research Methods in KinesiologyResearch Methods in Kinesiology

22

Finding a TopicFinding a Topic

Be aware of research being done in your Be aware of research being done in your department by the research faculty (website)department by the research faculty (website)

Be alert for controversial issues in your area of Be alert for controversial issues in your area of interestinterest

Read a review paperRead a review paper primary source primary source – firsthand source of data in research; – firsthand source of data in research;

the original studythe original study secondary source secondary source – source of data in research in – source of data in research in

which an author has evaluated and summarized which an author has evaluated and summarized previous researchprevious research

33

Criteria in Selecting aCriteria in Selecting aResearch ProblemResearch Problem

Is the problem in the realm of research?Is the problem in the realm of research? Does it interest Does it interest youyou?? Is it worthwhile?Is it worthwhile? Is it Is it feasiblefeasible?? Is it Is it timelytimely?? Can you attack the problem without prejudice?Can you attack the problem without prejudice? Are you prepared in the Are you prepared in the techniquestechniques to address to address

the problem?the problem?

What’s the Difference?What’s the Difference?

55

Purposes of the Literature ReviewPurposes of the Literature Review

Identify the problemIdentify the problem Develop the hypothesesDevelop the hypotheses Develop the methodsDevelop the methods

66

Steps in the Literature SearchSteps in the Literature Search

1.1. Write the problem statementWrite the problem statement2.2. Consult secondary sourcesConsult secondary sources

– EncyclopediasEncyclopedias– Research reviewsResearch reviews

3.3. Determine descriptors (Determine descriptors (CVCV))4.4. Find Find primaryprimary sources using sources using

– Indexes and bibliographiesIndexes and bibliographies– Computer searchesComputer searches

5.5. Read and record the literatureRead and record the literature6.6. Write the literature reviewWrite the literature review

77

Step 1 – The Problem StatementStep 1 – The Problem Statement

Specify the research question you are Specify the research question you are askingasking

Be complete but conciseBe complete but concise

88

Step 2 – Consult Secondary SourcesStep 2 – Consult Secondary Sources

This step is necessary only if you have This step is necessary only if you have very limited knowledge of your subjectvery limited knowledge of your subject Encyclopedias – Dated info but provides basic Encyclopedias – Dated info but provides basic

terms, appropriate journals, etc.terms, appropriate journals, etc. Research reviews – written by experts, Research reviews – written by experts,

summarizes current research, provides summarizes current research, provides suggestions for future researchsuggestions for future research

99

Step 3 – Determine DescriptorsStep 3 – Determine Descriptors

Critical VariablesCritical Variables Terms to help locate sourcesTerms to help locate sources Too broad – too Too broad – too manymany results results Too narrow – too Too narrow – too fewfew results results

Where do I Look?Where do I Look? TextbookTextbook Recent articles are best (search reference lists)Recent articles are best (search reference lists) InternetInternet PubMedPubMed (Medline) (Medline) CSUF LibraryCSUF Library

Research and information servicesResearch and information services Online databasesOnline databases CINAHLCINAHL SPORTDiscusSPORTDiscus

How do I Look?How do I Look?

Peer reviewed journalsPeer reviewed journals No popular magazinesNo popular magazines Keywords (and, or, “”)Keywords (and, or, “”) AuthorsAuthors Ideas Ideas Professional meetingsProfessional meetings

Posters, orals and Posters, orals and symposiasymposia

1212

Step 4 – Find Primary SourcesStep 4 – Find Primary Sources

See example using CSUF library website See example using CSUF library website via portalvia portal

Search the Lit cont…Search the Lit cont…

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi

1414

Step 5 – Read and RecordStep 5 – Read and Recordthe Literaturethe Literature

((what they did, found & meaningwhat they did, found & meaning))Dalton, P. A. and M. J. Stokes. Acoustic myography reflects force changes during dynamic concentric and eccentric contractions of the human biceps brachii muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 63:412-416, 1991.

Biceps brachii EMG and PMG amplitude

Lifted different wall pulley weights, 0 to 8.5 kg

iAMG and iEMG both increased linearly with force during concentric and eccentric contractions, with slopes of concentric regression lines significantly different than eccentric regression lines

Dalton, P. A. and M. J. Stokes. Frequency of acoustic myography during isometric contraction of fresh and fatigued muscle and during dynamic contractions. Muscle Nerve. 16:255-261. 1993.

Isometric: Rectus femoris

AMG MPF Isometric muscle actions of rectus femoris at 10, 25, 50, 60, 75, and 100% MVC; rectus femoris was measured under both “fresh” and “fatigued” conditions.

For rectus femoris, AMG MPF increased quadratically under both fresh and fatigued conditions, with no significant difference between conditions. During concentric contractions of biceps brachii the MPF increased with force, but decreased at the heavier loads. The MPF of eccentric contractions of biceps brachii did not significantly alter with force.

Concentric and Eccentric: Biceps brachii

Concentric and eccentric muscle actions of biceps brachii with 0.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 kg

MethodsMethods

InstrumentsInstruments

1717

Step 6 – Write theStep 6 – Write theLiterature ReviewLiterature Review

Three components:Three components:1.1. IntroductionIntroduction (1-2 pages) (1-2 pages)

2.2. BodyBody (10-15 pages) (10-15 pages)

3.3. SummarySummary and Conclusion (1 page) and Conclusion (1 page)

1818

Citing Your ReferencesCiting Your References

For this class, use either American For this class, use either American Psychological Association (APA) 5Psychological Association (APA) 5thth edition guidelines or AMA journal style edition guidelines or AMA journal style ((talk to your chairtalk to your chair))

Example:Example:

Khamoui AV, Brown LE, Nguyen D, Uribe BP, Coburn JW, Noffal, GJ, Tran TT. Relationship between force-time and velocity-time characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25(1):198-204, 2011.

1919

Reference ListReference List

Entries should be arranged in Entries should be arranged in alphabeticalalphabetical order by order by authors' last names. authors' last names.

Write out the last name and initials for all authors of Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. a particular work.

Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title. and any proper names that are part of a title.

1. Celes R, Brown LE, Pereira MCC, Schwartz FP, Junior VAR, Bottaro M. Gender muscle recovery during isokinetic exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 31(12):886-889, 2010.

2. Khamoui AV, Brown LE, Nguyen D, Uribe BP, Coburn JW, Noffal, GJ, Tran TT. Relationship between force-time and velocity-time characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25(1):198-204, 2011.

Information for AuthorsInformation for Authors http://

journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Pages/InstructionsforAuthors.aspx

2020

Next ClassNext Class

Chapter 18Chapter 18 No abstract dueNo abstract due

2121