1 DATA BASE forum RFID and Telecommunication Services 25th May 2004 RFID - Testing and Certification Speaker : Alejandro Torrecilla CENTRO DE TECNOLOGÍA

1DATA BASE forum

RFID and Telecommunication Services25th May 2004

RFID - Testing and CertificationRFID - Testing and Certification

Speaker : Alejandro Torrecilla

CENTRO DE TECNOLOGÍA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES, S.A. – CETECOM SpainC/Severo Ochoa 2, 29590 Campanillas (Málaga) - SPAIN

Phone: +34 95 261 91 23; Fax: +34 95 261 91 13email: [email protected]

URL: www.cetecom.es

2DATA BASE forum


Overview of RFID technology

Regulatory testing & approvals

Regulatory concerns

Essential information

Testing requirements

Approval requirements

RFID certification

CETECOM involvement in RFID technology

IndexIndex

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Overview of RFID technologyOverview of RFID technologyWhat is RFID?

Uses a semiconductor IC in a tag or label to transmit stored data when that tag or label is exposed to radio waves of the correct frequency.

RFID System Elements

- Reader: The unit powers the coil of wire known as the antenna, filters and powers them

for transmission over distance

- Air interface: Proximity electromagnetic or inductive coupling / Propagating electromagnetic waves

Inductive Coupling Propagation Coupling

- Transponder (Tag): A memory device programmed with a series of bits

Type of Transponders

- Active vs. passive: On-board battery power source / Powered by energy from reader

- Read-write vs. read-only

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Overview of RFID technologyOverview of RFID technology

The way to the market

Typical applications

Frequency band Characteristics Typical Applications

Low: 100-500 kHz Short to medium read range – Inexpensive – Low reading speed

Access control – Animal identification Inventory control – Car immobiliser

Intermediate: 10-15 MHz Short to medium read range – Potentially inexpensive – Medium reading speed

Access control - Smart cards

High: 850-950 MHz / 2.4 GHz / 5.8 GHz

Long read range – High reading speed – Line of sight required - Expensive

Railroad car monitoring - Toll collection systems

Private Certification Process


Regulatory TypeApproval Process


Global market

Global market

++Conformity &performance

License to sell





Global market

Global market

++Conformity &performance

License to sell

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Regulatory concernsRFID systems is a radio equipment:

Different frequency bands, different emissions limits: can a RFID device be used or commercialised worldwide?

EMF: Hundreds of devices working in a single area: Is constant exposure to radiation safe?

RFID is a tracking system easy to use and easy to install: Can privacy be damaged?

RFID can be used for outdoors tracking operations: Is it allowed outdoors operations?

RFID systems is composed by several elements and each one may have different certification requirements: Have passive transponders to be certified?

Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvals

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvals

Frequency Standard Emissions limit Typical modulation

SAR Use

125 KHz

134.2 KHz

Sec. 15.209 2400/F (kHz) uV/m

@ 300 m

ASK No – Low power - In/outdoors- Unlicensed

13.56 MHz Sec. 15.225 15848 uV/m

@ 30 m

ASK No – Low power - In/outdoors- Unlicensed

433.92 MHz Sec. 15.240 11000 uV/m

@ 3 m

FSK No – Low power -In/outdoors- Unlicensed

- Restricted areas- Registration

required- Limited

applications

902-928 MHz

Sec. 15.247 4 W EIRP ASK (FHSS) OET Bulletin 65 -In/outdoors- Unlicensed

2400-2483.5 MHz

Sec. 15.247 4 W EIRP ASK (FHSS) OET Bulletin 65 -In/outdoors - Unlicensed

Essential requirements - USA

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsEssential requirements – USATranspondersTransponders Passive transponders do not need to be certified Active transponders need to be certified, but under Sections 15.255 and 15.240, they

can be certified together with the reader and under a single FCC ID

PrivacyPrivacy Based on three principles

Consumers have the right to know that RFID is being used Consumers can opt out of using the technology at the point of purchase Consumers can desactivate RFID tags at the point of purchase

Federal legislation Not specific legislation Federal Trade Commission is the body in charge of protection of privacy of the consumers

States legislation: Several states are working on specific legislation California: 29/04/2004: California Senate OKs Bill SB 1834 to Limit RFID Use Utah: 01/03/2004: Draft legislation passed House vote but it is rejected in the Senate Massachusetts: 28/04/2004: Working on a draft bill

Civil liberties organizations claim specific legislation to regulate the use of RFID technology

Proposal of Federal legislation: “RFID Right to Know Act of 2003”

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsEssential requirements – EU

Future: Frequency band: 865-868 MHz Channel spacing: 200 kHz, Channel carriers: 861.1 MHz – 867.9 MHz Output power: Up to 2 W Test standard: EN 302 208 (Draft version available)

Frequency Standard Emissions limit Typical modulation

SAR Use

125 KHz

134.2 KHz

EN 300 330 66 uA/m @ 10 m ASK No – Low power

- In/outdoors- Unlicensed

13.56 MHz EN 300 330 60 uA/m @ 10 m ASK No – Low power

- In/outdoors- Unlicensed

433.92 MHz EN 300 220 10 mW e.r.p. - 1% d.c

1 mW e.r.p. – 10% d.c.

FSK No – Low power

-In/outdoors- Unlicensed

868.00 – 868.600 MHz

EN 300 220 25 mW – 1% d.c. ASK No – Low power

-In/outdoors- Unlicensed

2446-2454 MHz EN 300 440 500 mW e.i.r.p. – 100 % d.c.

4 W e.i.r.p. – 15 % d.c.

ASK

(FHSS)

EN 50364:2001

- In/outdoors up to 500 mW

- Indoors up to 4 W - Unlicensed

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsEssential requirements – EUTranspondersTransponders

Passive transponder does not need to be certified under the R&TTE Directive Active transponder need to be certified, it can be together with the reader of separately,

depending on the Notified Body.

PrivacyPrivacy

95/46/EC: Data Protection Directive Obsolete data collected must be deleted periodically Other data is subject to “access right”

2002/58/EC: Privacy and electronic communications Directive Location data may only processed anonymous or with the consent of the individual The individuals has to be informed about:

o The type of data to be processedo The purposes of the processing o Its durationo Any possible recipients of the data

Possibility of withdrawing the consent of the processing of location data Possibility of prevent the processing of the location data temporarily

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsEssential requirements – Others 125 kHz, 134.2 kHz and 13.56 MHz are generally worldwide accepted

902-928 MHz and 2400-2483.5 MHz are generally accepted in ITU Region II

868-868.6 MHz are generally accepted in ITU Region I

2446-2454 MHz band is not extended in ITU Region I

Japan

950-956 MHz possibly open for RFID for 2005 433 MHz difficult due to interference with Amateur Radio

Korea

910-914 MHz possibly open for RFID in second half of 2004 433 MHz interference investigations in place - No clear the final decision

Australia and New Zealand: Expected allocation in 923-928 MHz with up to 4 W - End of 2004

China: They are investigating possible allocations in 860-960 MHz and 433 MHz – No clear the final decision

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsTesting requirements – USA

Test cases Sec 15.209

Sec. 15.225

Sec. 15.240

E-field strength

X X

(Peak)

X

(Peak + Average)

Spurious emissions

X X

(Tx)

X

(Tx)

Frequency tolerance

- X -

Transmission time limitation

- - X

Test Equipment Needed

• Spectrum analyser

• Semi-Anechoic Chamber

• Loop/Bi-log/Horn antenna

• Frequency counter

• RF coupling device

Samples preparation:One sample with antenna prepared for continuous transmission for field strength and spurious emissions measurement

One sample with antenna connector prepared for unmodulated continuous transmission for frequency tolerance measurement

Sec. 15.247

20 dB Bandwidth and Carrier frequency separation

Number of hopping channels

Time of occupancy (Dwell Time)

Maximum peak output power and antenna gain

Spurious emission conducted

Spurious emissions radiated

Samples preparationSamples preparationOne sample with antenna and with a test mode for continuous transmission and selection of individual channels

One sample with antenna connector with a test mode for continuous transmission and selection of individual channels and hopping mode

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsTesting requirements – EU – EN 300 330

Samples preparationSamples preparation

One sample with antenna prepared for continuous transmission One sample with antenna connector prepared for continuous transmission (if not available a RF coupling device can be use for

measurement of the conducted test cases)

Extreme test conditions

· Temperature: · Voltage:- General: - 20ºC / 55ºC - Main power: +/- 10 %- Portable: -10ºC / 55ºC - Battery: Depending on the type of battery- Indoor: 0ºC / 55ºC

Essential

Test Cases

H-field strength

Transmitter spurious emissions

Permitted frequency range modulation bandwidth

Critical!!

Critical!!




• Loop/Bi-log antenna


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Extreme conditions as defined for EN 300 330 testing. Samples preparationExtreme conditions as defined for EN 300 330 testing. Samples preparation

One sample with antenna and with a test mode for continuous transmission/reception and selection of individual channels One sample with antenna connector with a test mode for continuous transmission and selection of individual channels

Essential Test Cases

Frequency error or drift

Effective radiated power

Adjacent channel power

Range of modulation bandwidth (> 25 kHz)


Frequency stability under low voltage conditions

Receiver spurious emissions

Critical!!

Critical!!




• Bi-log/Horn antenna


• Adjacent channel power meter


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Samples preparationSamples preparation

One sample with antenna and with a test mode for continuous transmission/reception and selection of individual channels One sample with antenna connector with a test mode for continuous transmission and selection of individual channels

Extreme conditions as defined for EN 300 330 testingExtreme conditions as defined for EN 300 330 testing


Equivalent isotropically radiated power

Permitted range of operation frequencies







• Power Meter

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsTesting requirements – EU – Dr. EN 302 208

Samples and extreme conditions as defined for EN 300 440 testing


Frequency error

Frequency stability under low voltage conditions

Effective radiated power

Transmitter spectrum mask


Transmission time limitations

Receiver threshold listen mode

Listen time

Adjacent sub-band selectivity in listen mode

Blocking or desensitisation in listen mode


Tag emissions outside sub-band edges







• Signal generator

• Prove antenna

• Power splitter

• Interrogator

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsApproval requirements – USA

Request Grantee Code (FCC 159 + Filing Fee) (PA only in the case of a new applicant)

Test transmitter for radio frequency emissions

Certificate

Once tests indicate that transmitter complies with FCC technical standards, assign FCC ID to

transmitter and design compliance label

Compile additional technical documentation

File FCC form No. 731, FCC form No. 159, emissions test report and technical

documentation to FCC or TCB

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsApproval requirements – EU

Annex IIIAnnex III Annex IVAnnex IVNB can be involved

CE Marking & DoC

NB involved

Radio Test Suite

Declaration ofConformity

Declaration ofConformity

TechnicalDocumentation

Technical ConstructionFile submitted to a NB

Radio Test Suite& DoC according to RF

CE Marking & DoC

XXXX

Radio Notification to SMA Radio Notification to SMA

Depending on

frequency band

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Regulatory testing & approvalsRegulatory testing & approvalsApproval requirements – Others

For detailed information and other countries please consult AMSYS

Japan Singapore Australia Brazil South Africa

Local holder required

FCC or EU test reportsand approval accepted (from accredited lab)

In-country testing required

Healthrequirements

Language

Approval Body

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes No

No No No Yes No

No Yes Yes No No

Japanese or English

TELEC or CAB

Yes

IDA ACA ANATEL ICASA

English English English &Portuguese

English

Korea

Yes

No

Yes

No

RRL

Korean

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RFID certificationRFID certification EPC Global will handle a private certification program

To ensure that hardware and software will work properly

Development of standards and specifications to define the different elements of an EPC network

Testing laboratories will be appointed by EPC Global

Certification to be based, not only in conformance, but also in performance

Conformance: Conformity with EPC standards

Performance: Testing in various scenarios or environments: Positions, RF interference, population, etc.

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CETECOM involvement in RFIDCETECOM involvement in RFID

Testing Services

World-Wide Compliance Services

Information Services – through AMSYS (Approval Management System)

CETECOM is willing to become a certifiedlaboratory under the EPC Global scheme

www.cetecom.es

Documents

1 DATA BASE forum RFID and Telecommunication Services 25th May 2004 RFID - Testing and Certification Speaker : Alejandro Torrecilla CENTRO DE TECNOLOGÍA