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Computer History
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Computer applications today:◦ Word processing (Word)◦ Spreadsheets (Excel)◦ Presentation software (PowerPoint)◦ Communication (email, Internet)◦ Games◦ Databases◦ ...
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How did we get here?
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Way Back: Babbage’s “Difference Engine”
At the British Museum
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Difference Engine Close-up
Difference Engine (video) Difference Engine (article)
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The Difference Engine in Action
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One-of-a-kind computers:The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
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ABC: Rebuilt at Iowa State
Pictures and Drawings Court Trial Reconstructing the ABC Computer ABC part 1 (video, 10 min) ABC part 2 (video, 10 min) ABC part 3 (video, 10 min)
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ABC Links
18,000 vacuum tubes 80 ft long x 3 ft deep by 8 ft tall $500,000 ($6M in today’s dollars) 30 tons 150 kilowatts ENIAC (Wikipedia article)
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One-of-a-kind computers: ENIAC
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ENIAC
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ENIAC
ABC was the first electronic, digital computer.
ENIAC was the first electronic, digital, general-purpose computer.
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Which was the first computer?
UNIVAC 1, More UNIVAC
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Commercial ComputersGeneration 1: Early 1950s
Big Slow Hot Expensive Unreliable
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Generation 1 Hardware: Vacuum Tubes
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UNIVAC
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Commercial ComputersGeneration 2: Late 50s-mid 60s
Smaller Faster Cooler Cheaper More reliable
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Generation 2 Hardware: Transistors
IBM 1620
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Generation 2
IBM 360
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Commercial ComputersGeneration 3: Mid 60s to mid 70s
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Generation 3 Hardware: “Integrated” Circuits
IBM 360
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Generation 3
A “mini” computer was about the size of a refrigerator. They could be made this small because of integrated circuits.
PDP 8
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Minicomputers
The “micro” computer. The Apple ][ Plus Apple II
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Commercial ComputersGeneration 4: Mid-70s to Today
A 4th generation computer uses large-scale integrated circuits (silicon chips) for its circuitry.
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Generation 4 Hardware:Large-scale Integrated Circuits
IBM PC August, 1981
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Generation 4
iMac
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Generation 4
The trend has continually been:
◦SMALLER◦CHEAPER◦FASTER◦MORE RELIABLE◦MORE POWERFUL◦MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT
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Trends
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Hardware SummaryGen Dates Hardware
1Early 50s-Late
50sVacuum tubes
2Late 50s-Mid
60sTransistors
3 Mid 60s-Mid 70s Integrated Circuits
4 Mid 70s-PresentLarge-scale
integrated circuits
Moore's Law (1965): The number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit is doubling approximately every 2 years.
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Moore’s Law
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Computer Components
Computer Components
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CPU
Main Memory
Secondary Memory(Storage)
Input
Output
Input Device: Hardware used to enter data and instructions
The Components of a Computer: Input
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Most common devices:◦ Keyboard◦ Mouse
Input
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Three other common devices:◦ Microphone◦ Scanner◦ Web Cam
Input
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Hardware that conveys information to humans
Computer Components: Output
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Most common:◦ Monitor◦ Printer
Output
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Another common output device:◦ Speakers
Output
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System Unit: Case containing electroniccomponents used to process data
The Components of a Computer: System Unit
CPU and memory go on the motherboard:
Motherboard
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Central Processing Unit (CPU): the electronic component that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer.
It is located inside the system unit on the motherboard.
The Components of a Computer: CPU
Executes instructions (programs/software)
One instruction at a time (per “core”) Billions of instructions per second Today: multiple cores (CPUs) Today: 2-3 GHz clock speed Located on motherboard
Computer Components:The CPU
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The Core i7 has four processors inside of it.
The CPU: Intel Core i7
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Celeron: Lower cost, lower performance
The CPU: Intel Celeron
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Main Memory: Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions
It is located in the system unit on the motherboard.
The Components of a Computer: Main Memory
Main Memory is: Fast! But: Volatile... ... Expensive... ... and Limited
The Components of a Computer Main Memory
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Storage: Holds data and instructions for future use:◦Magnetic disk◦Flash memory◦Optical disk◦Magnetic tape
The Components of a Computer: Storage (Secondary Memory)
Secondary Memory is: Permanent (not volatile) Cheap (cost per byte) Unlimited But: Slow!
The Components of a Computer: Storage (Secondary Memory)
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Main Memory is:
Volatile Expensive Limited Fast!
Storage (Secondary Memory):Magnetic Disk
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5.25” 3.5” 2.5” 1.5”
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Hard disk: Provides greater storage capacity than a floppy disk or USB flash drive
Direct Access Most are housed inside
of the system unit
Storage (Secondary Memory):Magnetic Disk
Storage (Secondary Memory):Magnetic Disk
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Floppy Disk Small removable
magnetic storage device. Direct access Holds about 1.4 MB Obsolete
Storage (Secondary Memory):Floppy Disk
USB Flash Drive: Provides much greater storage capacity than a floppy disk.
Small and lightweight enough to be transported on a keychain or in a pocket
Direct Access
Storage (Secondary Memory):Flash Memory
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Magnetic tape Sequential access Used primarily for backup
Storage (Secondary Memory):Magnetic Tape
Old: 7-inch tape New: cassettes
Storage (Secondary Memory): Magnetic Tape
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Optical Disk: Flat, round, portable metal disc
Direct Access CD-ROM (.6 GB) DVD-ROM (4-17 GB) Blu-ray (25-50 GB)
Storage (Secondary Memory):Optical Disk
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Types of Computers
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The two most popular personal computers:
Type 1: Personal Desktop Computers
PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system
Apple Macintosh usually uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS X)
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Notebook/laptop computer: Portable, small enough to fit on your lap Usually more expensive than a desktop
computer with equal capabilities
Type 2: Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
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Apple iPad tablet computer iPad overview
Type 2: Mobile Computers
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Smart phone: a mobile phone offering advanced capabilities, often with PC-like functionality.
Type 2: Mobile Computers
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Portable Media Players Stores music, videos, photos
Type 2: Mobile Computers
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Game Console: a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games.
Type 3: Game Consoles
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Server: A computer that controls access to network resources and provides centralized storage
Type 4: Server
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Mainframe computer: very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of connected users.
Type 5: Mainframe computer
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Supercomputer: the fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations.
Type 6: Supercomputer
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World’s fastest computer 1750 teraflops
Cray Jaguar XT5
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Supercomputer: IBM Blue Gene
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Embedded Computer: a special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.
Type 7: Embedded Computer
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1. Personal Computers (desktop)2. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices3. Game Consoles4. Servers5. Mainframes6. Supercomputers7. Embedded Computers
Summary: Types of Computers
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The End