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Citations

Legal Research & Writing IPAR 111

Mike Brigner, J.D.

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Today 4 Things

• Why do we need a Citation Manual?

• Intro to the Ohio Manual of Citations

• An introduction to the most frequent citation forms

• In-Class Activity

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Why a Citation Manual?• Purpose is to guide legal writers in

proper formatting and style in:– Court documents – main text– Court documents – footnotes/endnotes– Legal memoranda– Law review articles– Etc.

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How Would We Cite?• Joe case?• Joe versus Abe?• Plaintiff Joe against Defendant Abe?• 1995 Joe v. Abe, Vol. 16, Page 44?• West Pub. Joe vs. Abe, 16/44?• Ohio Cases – Joe v. Abe, 1995-16-44?• Civil/States/Ohio: 16 Joe vs. Abe 44?• 16 Ohio State Supreme Court 44?

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Source Document

Why a Citation Manual?Within your doc point reader to

Your Document

In the proper format to correctly identify the Source Document

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What Is Covered?

• CITATIONS: Citation manuals explain how to write citations (in your legal memorandum, for example) in a uniform manner for other sources you are citing to:– Cases– Statutes, Constitutions– Rules, Newspapers, Books– Law Review Articles, Regulations

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What Is Covered?

• STYLE: Citation manuals also explain legal writing style rules for such items as:– Abbreviations– Capitalization– Symbols– Latin words– Quotations

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Introduction to

• The Ohio Citation Manual

• This is the Citation Bible for this Quarter

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This Quarter We Use The Ohio Citation Manual

NOT

The Bluebook

NOT

The ALWD Manual

Almost identical to ALWD, but hard to read

We will learn in PAR 112

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Before Next You Sleep• Read:

– 1992 Ohio Citation Manual• Pages 3-26 (.PDF pages 5-27)

– 2002 Revisions to Ohio Manual• Pages 1-9

– Both are available at External Links (My.Sinclair) or Ohio Supreme Court (http://www.sconet.state.oh.us/ROD/ )

• Read all of Quick Reference to Ohio Manual:– http://people.sinclair.edu/mikebrigner/

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Next, Third Thing• An introduction to the

most frequent citation forms. This will take a while.

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Citing Case Law

• Italicize (or underscore) names of cases in text of documents

• Case citations must include– Name of Case– Year Case Decided– Where to Find Case– Court that Decided Case

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Citing Case Law

• How to organize a citation:– See Ohio Manual, top of p. 3

• Memorize the punctuation, order, & spacing for each type of citation

• Joe v. Abe (1995), 16 Ohio St.2d 44, 23 N.E.2d 345

• Other case reporters (OBR, O.Ops., etc.), go just before N.E.

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Citing Case Law

• For all Ohio cases after May 1, 2002, add Ohio’s WebCite.

• Format = Year dash “Ohio” dash case number:

• Jill v. Deb, 106 Ohio St.3d 88, 2002-Ohio-2118, 213 N.E.2d 456

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Citing Case Law

• Unpublished (aka “unreported”) Opinions

• All cases decided before May 1, 2002:

• State v. Jones (Jan. 1, 2002), Franklin App. No. 99APE01-1234, unreported

• All cases decided after May 1, 2002:

• Brown v. McClain, 3d Dist. No. 16-01-19, 2002-Ohio-2834

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Citing Case Law

• Pinpoint citations:• Joe v. Abe (1995), 16 Ohio St.2d 44, 47,

23 N.E.2d 345• Ohio cases published after May 1, 2002:• Jill v. Deb, 106 Ohio St.3d 88, 2002-

Ohio-2118, 213 N.E.2d 456, at ¶30-31• Brown v. McClain, 3d Dist. No. 16-01-19,

2002-Ohio-2834, at ¶61

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Citing a State Statute• Statutory citations:

– See Ohio Manual, top of p. 22

• Memorize the punctuation, order, & spacing for each type of citation

• R.C. Title 29

• R.C. Chapter 2947

• R.C. 2947.33

• R.C. 2947.33(B)

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Citing Atty Gen Opinions

• Ohio Attorney General Opinions format– See Ohio Manual, at 18-19

• Ohio Manual uses this format:

• 1971 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 71-079

• 1971 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 71-079, at 47

• Ohio Attorney General’s office uses:

• 1981 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 81‑039

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Citing Administrative Rules

• Ohio Administrative Rules– See Ohio Manual at 19

• Memorize Ohio Manual format:

• Ohio Adm.Code 5324-2-5(B)

• Ohio Adm.Code 109:4-3-09

• Ohio Adm.Code 104:1-7-04 et seq.

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Citing Legal Encyclopedias

• Ohio Jurisprudence– See Ohio Manual at 17

• Memorize Ohio Manual format:

• 39 Ohio Jurisprudence 2d (1989) 343, Juries, Section 27

• 19 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d (1988, Supp.1999), Criminal Law, Sections 1202-1214

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Citing Court Rules

• Ohio Court Rules– See Ohio Manual at 20-21

• Memorize Ohio Manual format:

• App.R. 9

• Civ.R. 60(B)

• Crim.R. 44

• Evid.R. 601

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Citing Lexis & Westlaw Cases

• Lexis and Westlaw cites are NOT part of official citation format

• When case is published only on Lexis or Westlaw, follow this format:

• White v. C.J. Coakley Co., 1999 Va. App. LEXIS 261 (May 4, 1999)

• Young v. Apfel, 1999 WL 325026 (N.D. Ind. May 19, 1999)

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4th Thing: In Class Activity

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Citations

Concluded Thank You

Mike Brigner, J.D.