Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Sci
ence
10U
nit
1E
xam
Rev
iew
-B
iolo
gyR
evie
wB
ookl
et
Chap
ter
1:B
iom
esan
dec
osys
tem
sar
edi
visi
ons
ofth
ebi
osph
ere.
Ch.
1.1:
Bio
mes
-Pr
actic
eQ
uest
ions
0-
00
000
JOb
Moo
4,r
Moo
oo,
J.d
MM
Sop
anM
oo
4)In
whi
chbi
onic
isT
aber
,Alb
erta
,loc
ated
?A
)te
mpe
rate
deci
duou
sfo
rest
B)
bore
alfo
rest
C)
gras
slan
dD
)de
sert
5)W
hich
feat
ure
belo
wis
not
abi
otic
com
pone
ntof
abo
real
fore
stbi
onic
?A
)m
amm
als
with
thic
k,in
sula
ting
coat
sB
)m
any
mar
shes
,sh
allo
wla
kes,
and
wet
land
sC
)co
nife
rous
tree
sw
ithw
axy
need
les
tore
sist
wat
erlo
ssD
)sm
allm
amm
als
that
burr
owin
the
grou
ndto
stay
war
m
6)W
hich
com
bina
tion
ofab
iotic
fact
ors
best
expl
ains
why
the
regi
ons
alon
gth
eeq
uato
rrec
eive
the
grea
test
amou
ntof
prec
ipita
tion?
A)
sunl
ight
and
latit
ude
B)
sunl
ight
and
elev
atio
nC
)la
titud
ean
doc
ean
curr
ents
D)
ocea
ncu
rren
tsan
del
evat
ion
Use
the
follo
win
ggr
aph
toid
enti
fyth
ebi
ome
desc
ribe
din
ques
tion
7.D
tom
eC
tmete
Det
a
::..
bU
ft
a
-.-
- “:-•.-
--w
v)b!..}
.MM
--I’
n—
fri
if
.‘t
a
20
8)W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
anim
alan
dpl
ant
adap
tatio
nsis
aph
ysio
logi
cala
dapt
atio
n?A
)C
arib
ouof
the
tund
rabi
ome
mig
rate
tofo
odso
urce
sus
win
ter.
B)
Arc
ticfo
xes
ofth
etu
ndra
bion
icha
veco
mpa
ctbo
dies
and
shor
terl
egs
and
ears
, whi
chre
duce
heat
loss
.C
)G
rass
esof
the
gras
slan
dbi
ome
have
deep
root
sth
atfo
rmde
nse
mat
sto
colle
ctw
ater
whe
nit
isav
aila
ble.
D)
Plan
tsin
the
dese
rtbi
ome
prod
uce
chem
ical
sth
atpr
otec
tthe
mfr
ombe
ing
eate
nby
anim
als.
Sum
mar
yof
Key
Poin
ts•B
iom
esar
eth
ela
rges
tdiv
isio
nsof
the
bios
pher
e.•T
hela
rge
regi
ons
with
inbi
omes
have
sim
ilarb
jotic
and
abio
ticco
mpo
nent
s.•T
hein
tera
ctio
nof
thes
eco
mpo
nent
sde
term
ines
the
char
acte
rist
ics
ofbi
onic
s.•T
empe
ratu
rean
dpr
ecip
itatio
nar
eth
em
ain
abio
ticfa
ctor
sth
atin
flue
nce
the
dist
ribu
tion
ofbi
omes
and
the
orga
nism
sw
ithin
them
.•O
rgan
ism
sha
vead
apta
tions
fors
urvi
val i
nth
esp
ecif
icen
viro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
ofth
eirb
iom
e.
Stu
dy
Not
esW
hat
Isa
Bio
me?
1.T
hebi
osph
ere
isth
eth
inla
yero
f air,
land
,and
wat
erat
Ear
th’s
surf
ace
whe
reliv
ing
thin
gsex
ist
2.A
bion
icis
ala
rge
area
ofth
ebi
osph
ere
that
has
char
acte
rist
iccl
imat
e(l
ong-
term
wea
ther
cond
ition
sin
anar
ea,
incl
udin
gra
infa
llan
dte
mpe
ratu
re),
plan
ts, a
nim
als,
and
soil.
3.E
xam
ples
ofbi
onic
sin
clud
eaq
uati
c(r
elat
edto
wat
er)b
ioni
cs,
such
asth
etr
opic
aloc
ean,
and
terr
estr
ial
(rel
ated
tola
nd)b
ioni
cs, s
uch
asde
sert,
tropi
calr
ainf
ores
t,an
dpe
rman
enti
ce.
4.B
iom
esar
ecl
assi
fied
base
don
man
yqu
aliti
es,s
uch
asw
ater
avai
labi
lity,
tem
pera
ture
,and
inte
ract
ions
betw
een
biot
ican
dah
iotic
fact
ors.
—B
iotic
fact
ors
are
allo
rgan
ism
sin
the
envi
ronm
ent,
incl
udin
gba
cter
ia,p
lant
s,an
dan
imal
s.—
Abi
otic
fact
ors
are
alln
on-l
ivin
gpa
rts
ofth
een
viro
nmen
t,su
chas
air,
wat
er,s
oil,
light
,and
tem
pera
ture
.5.
The
inte
ract
ions
betw
een
biot
ican
dab
iotic
fact
ors
dete
rmin
ew
hatc
hara
cter
istic
sa
biom
ew
illha
ve.
Qui
ckC
heck
1
Inti
fyea
choft
hefo
IIow
ingase
Jero
ticIr
QIa
bi%
g
1.(a
)cra
b,o-,,
(b)
ocea
nte
mpe
ratu
re-
-..‘
-,
-.--.
—
(C)
lalc
ewat
er
_______________
;
(ci)
diss
olve
dox
ygen
-:-w
(e)
tide
s.
•(1
)se
awee
d,
.‘
•..
••
Bloc
k:__
____
_D
ate:
____
____
____
__
I)W
hich
biom
eis
notf
ound
inC
anad
a?A
)bo
real
fore
stB
)te
mpe
rate
deci
duou
sfo
rest
C)
tem
pera
tera
info
rest
D)
trop
ical
rain
fore
st
2)St
uden
tsm
ade
lists
ofth
ebi
otic
and
abio
ticco
mpo
nent
sof
thei
rnei
ghbo
urho
od.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
lists
desc
ribe
son
lyab
iotic
com
pone
nts
ofth
eirn
eigh
bout
hood
?A
)fu
ngi,
flow
er,w
ater
B)
tem
pera
ture
,lat
itude
,soi
lC
)su
nlig
ht,m
oist
ure,
bact
eria
D)
gras
s,pr
ecip
itatio
n,la
titud
e
3)Sn
owsh
oeha
res
ofth
ebo
real
fore
stha
vefu
rtha
tch
ange
sfr
omsu
mm
erbr
onis
tow
inte
rwhi
teto
cam
oufl
age
them
from
pred
ator
s.W
hatk
ind
ofad
apta
tion
isth
isan
exam
ple
of?
A)
chem
ical
adap
tatio
nB
)si
nict
ural
adap
tatio
nC
)be
havi
oura
lad
apta
tion
D)
phys
iolo
gica
lada
ptat
ion
Use
the
follo
win
gcl
imat
ogra
phof
Tab
er,A
lber
ta,
toan
swer
ques
tion
4.C
t,,J
Ora
pJo
ofT
r.M
,.rt
a
9)N
otr
ees
grow
abov
eth
etre
elin
ein
the
tund
rabi
onic
ofno
rthe
rnC
anad
a.W
hich
com
bina
tion
ofab
iotic
fact
ors
ofth
etu
ndra
biom
eca
nbe
stex
plai
nth
eab
senc
eof
trees
?A
)so
il,su
nlig
ht, t
empe
ratu
reB
)so
il,m
oist
ure,
ocea
ncu
rren
tsC
)ro
otgr
owth
, sun
light
,tem
pera
ture
D)
prec
ipita
tion,
elev
atio
n,te
mpe
ratu
re
10)
Whi
chki
ndof
biom
ew
ould
you
expe
ctto
fmd
inan
area
with
the
char
acte
rist
ics
liste
dbe
low
?ve
ryta
lltr
ees,
alon
gth
eco
astli
ne,b
orde
red
bym
ount
ains
onon
esi
de,a
vera
gete
mpe
ratu
rera
nge
from
5°C
to2S
°CA
)tr
opic
algr
assl
and
B)
trop
ical
rain
fore
stC
)te
mpe
rate
rain
fore
stD
)te
mpe
rate
deci
duou
sfo
rest
C C .5 a
s I5
2040
Ao
e,a
aA
enu
aST
em
pera
ture
(°C
)
A—
tisr
en
faro
ot
0005
010F
f
5T
bope’
ato
seo
soo
cs
lore
ofp.
rrepta
raq
rfo
rat
C-
Des
se,Z
=P
oror
uoS
at10
0
0—
rem
pers
urS
bt(
Oo
tH
oT
’re
7)W
hich
regi
onha
shi
ghav
erag
ean
nual
prec
ipita
tion
and
anav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
rebe
twee
n15
°Can
d30
°C?
A)
tem
pera
tede
cidu
ous
fore
stB
)te
mpe
rate
rain
fore
stC
)tr
opic
alra
info
rest
D)
dese
rt
Asn
iani
annu
altn
nrpn
natn
rean
dange
annu
alp
ipin
ulo
efit
om
er
Intr
oduc
ing
the
Bio
mes
ofth
eW
orld
I.O
new
ayof
clas
sify
ing
the
biom
esof
the
wor
ldis
show
non
page
6of
your
Dat
aPa
ges,
whi
chsh
ows
the
follo
win
gte
lTes
tral
(rel
ated
toth
ela
nd)
biom
es:b
orea
lfo
rest
,des
ert,
gras
slan
d,pe
rman
enti
ce,t
empe
rate
deci
duou
sfo
rest
,te
mpe
rate
railt
fore
st,
trop
ical
rain
fore
st,
and
tund
ra.
2.Si
mila
rbi
omes
can
exis
tfa
rap
art.
3.T
ropi
calr
ainf
ores
tsar
efo
und
near
the
equa
tora
ndha
vete
mpe
ratu
res
of20
°Cto
25°C
year
-moo
d,re
ceiv
eab
out2
50cm
ofra
infa
llpe
ryea
r,ha
vea
dark
fore
stfl
oort
hatl
imits
plan
tgro
wth
ther
e,an
dha
vepl
ants
and
anim
als
that
surv
ive
inw
arm
,wet
envi
ronm
ents
.4.
Hot
dese
rts
are
foun
don
ever
yco
ntin
enta
tabo
ut30
°no
rth
and
aout
hla
titud
ean
dha
veho
tday
sw
ithco
ldni
ghts
;re
ceiv
ele
ssth
an25
cmof
prec
ipita
tion
per
year
,hav
eso
ilth
atis
salty
,and
have
plan
tsan
dan
imal
sth
atar
eab
leto
live
ther
ebe
caus
eth
eyca
npr
even
twat
erlo
ssth
roug
hth
eirl
eave
sor
skin
.5.
Perm
anen
tice
biom
esar
efo
und
near
the
pole
san
dha
veve
ryst
rong
win
ds,r
ecei
vele
ssth
an50
cmof
prec
ipita
tion
aye
ar,h
ave
very
cold
win
tert
empe
ratu
res,
and
have
plan
tsth
atca
nto
lera
tedr
ough
tand
anim
als
that
have
thic
kco
ats
and
fat l
ayer
sfo
rwar
mth
.
Fact
ors
that
Infl
uenc
eth
eC
hara
cter
isti
csan
dD
istr
ibut
ion
ofB
iom
es1.
Ann
ual
(yea
rly)
tem
pera
ture
and
pred
pita
tion
(rai
nfal
l,sn
ow,m
ist,
and
fog)
are
two
ofth
em
osti
mpo
rtan
tab
iotic
fact
ors
that
infl
uenc
ew
hich
biom
ew
illbe
inan
area
.2.
Oth
erim
port
anta
biot
icfa
ctor
sin
clud
e:L
atitu
de—
the
dist
ance
nort
han
dso
uth
from
the
equa
tor.
Lat
itude
infl
uenc
esbo
thte
mpe
ratu
rean
dpr
ecip
itatio
n.T
hetr
opic
alzo
neha
sve
ryw
arm
tem
pera
ture
san
dhi
ghpr
ecip
itatio
n.•
Ele
vatio
n—th
ehe
ight
abov
ese
ale
vel.
Hig
her
elev
atio
nsha
vele
ssai
r,so
reta
inle
sshe
at.W
indw
ard
side
sof
mou
ntai
nsar
ew
et,l
eew
ard
side
sar
eve
rydr
y.•O
cean
curr
ents
carr
yw
arm
than
dm
oist
ure
toco
asta
lare
as.T
empe
rate
biom
esar
efo
und
whe
rew
arm
curr
ents
mee
tla
ni
Qui
ckC
hecK
2-
U5e
tlseP
mdp
ltado
fland
Tem
pera
tlire
Gh
loan
we,
ttref
oflo
win
gque
sfio
ns.
.!:L
:j;
L• j
EE.]s
rsnt
arl
•
tt
sri
Ave
eAnv
uaiT
.mpv
rstu
rel°C
i
1(a
)W
hatls
tire
hIgh
esta
vera
ge.a
nnua
l tem
pera
ture
that
wou
ldbe
foun
dIn
agr
assl
and
bion
ic?
-•
..-.•
•.-
...
(b)
Wha
tlat
hera
nge
(low
est a
ndhi
ghes
t)of
annu
alav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
resf
orat
empe
rate
dedd
uous
thre
stbl
ome7
Hig
hest
.L
owes
t___
____
_
Ic)
Wha
tlst
helo
wes
tave
rage
annu
alpr
ecip
itatio
nIn
atro
pIca
lral
nfor
estb
lom
e?
__
__
__
__
_
(dTW
hat
Ishe
rang
e(l
owes
tadh
lghe
st,l
oI’a
nnua
lave
rage
recl
pita
tton
Ina
bare
st
fore
stbi
onic
?H
ighe
st••
Low
est_
____
___
•.
Ic)
Wha
tlat
hehi
ghes
tave
rage
annu
alpr
ecip
itatio
nan
dte
mpe
ratu
reIn
ade
sert
blom
e?
Prec
ipita
tion
Tem
pera
ture
It)W
hich
bion
icsc
anha
vebo
than
annu
alav
erag
era
infa
llof
less
than
25cm
prpc
lplta
tion
apd
a
tem
pera
ture
beió
w.O
°C?
••.-•
...
..
••-.
•.•
.
tlret
heB
iom
esof
ttseW
oitd
mop
onpa
geto
tyou
rDts
raPa
gest
oan
swer
qses
.ttom
2ond
32.
Whi
chfa
ctor
latit
ude
orel
evat
ion
islik
ely
mor
ere
spon
sIbl
eIt
sth
elo
catio
nsof
the
pem
ssne
titic
ebi
oma
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
3W
hIch
fact
orla
tltud
eorp
reci
pita
tion
Islik
eiy
mor
ere
spon
slbl
ella
rthe
loca
tions
otth
ade
sert
biom
e?.
..
••
.
Clim
atog
raph
sI.
You
can
com
pare
biom
esus
ing
the
info
rmat
ion
show
nin
clim
atog
raph
s.2.
Aci
mat
ogra
phsh
ows
the
aver
age
tem
pera
ture
and
prec
ipita
tion
for
alo
catio
nov
era
peri
odof
3Oye
ars
orm
ore.
3.T
heba
rson
the
grap
hsh
owth
eav
erag
epr
ecip
itatio
n.4.
The
line
onth
egr
aph
show
sth
eav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
re.
Qui
ckC
heck
•.:
.
Exa
min
eth
e&
ffer
ence
sbet
wee
nth
eci
lmat
ogra
phs
farr
ohoo
and
Oso
yoos
•cl
outo
grap
hct
nit
asp
hTO
fer e
rttis
hCe
itnni
da.4
9’14
Ctns
’oen
tsitt
thCo
loet
sa,4
t’tl
ever
-—
g/i
:hd
5-n
•.
IF
UC
SS
JI
AO
i4l)
rssa
vaj
Mer
itsM
eets
The
eeIs
ilcs
idrt
hitg
iaph
cam
e•-
koniT
otn
ottf
tlshc
elum
bls,
whi
ch•,
river
Ose
s,5,i
ltaC
olu
cvbis
,is
leth
eroa
rrpo
sato
raln
fors
stlr
iom
n.•.;
‘dik
hini
rithe
dnsn
rfbin
mn.
1(a
)W
hat
does
the
hori
zont
alax
isof
acl
imat
ogra
phsh
ow?
________________
(b)
Doe
sthe
line
conn
ectI
ngth
edo
tssh
owte
mpe
ratu
reor
pred
plta
tlon
’—
-
(c)
Wha
tdoe
sth
eri
ghtv
ertic
alax
ison
aci
lmat
ogra
phsh
ow?
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
(ci)
Wha
tIst
heav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
reof
Tofin
oIn
Oct
ober
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
(e)
Wha
tis t
heav
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
reof
Oso
yoos
inJu
ly
(fJin
whi
chm
onth
does
Tof
ino
have
the
low
esta
vera
gete
mpe
ratu
re?
—
(g)
Wha
tdoe
sth
ele
ttver
tlcal
axis
ona
clim
atog
raph
show
5
__
__
__
__
__
(h)
Wha
tis
the
aver
age
prec
ipita
tion
InT
ofin
oIn
Pria
gust
?
(I)H
owm
uch
pred
plta
hon
Isre
ceiv
edIn
Oso
yoos
duri
ngit
sdr
iest
mor
(J):
.Fi9
WdP
the
ayer
aget
empe
ratu
res
conp
are,
fort
he.t
wo.
ioca
tion
sJnO
ct
Adapta
tions
an
dB
iom
es
1.B
iom
esar
eoft
enid
enti
fied
wit
hch
arac
teri
stic
biot
icfa
ctor
s,su
chas
cact
usin
the
dese
rto
rca
ribo
uo
nth
etu
ndra
.
2.M
an
ych
arac
teri
stic
bio
tic
fact
ors
have
spec
ial
adap
tati
ons
for
that
bion
se.A
nad
ap
tati
on
isa
char
acte
rist
icth
atal
low
san
orga
nism
tob
ett
er
surv
ive
and
repr
oduc
e.3.
The
reas
sth
ree
types
of
adap
tatio
ns:
•Str
uctu
rala
dapt
atio
n—a
phys
ical
feat
ure
that
help
san
orga
nism
surv
ive.
For
exam
ple
,a
wo
lfh
asla
rge
paw
sto
hel
p
itru
nin
snow
.•
Physi
olo
gic
al
adap
tatio
n—a
physi
cal
or
chem
ical
event
insi
de
the
body
of
anorg
anis
mth
atal
low
sit
tosu
rviv
e.F
or
exam
ple
,a
wo
lfm
aint
ains
aco
nst
antb
od
yte
mpe
ratu
re.
•B
ehavio
ura
lad
apta
tion—
abehavio
ur
that
hel
ps
anorg
anis
mto
surv
ive.
For
exam
ple
,w
olv
esh
un
tin
pac
ks
toca
ptu
re
larg
ep
rey
. Qui
ckC
heck
41.
Wha
tism
eont
byth
ete
rmad
opto
Von
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
2.W
enth
reac
hof
the
follo
win
gdi
arac
tesl
stks
ofth
eco
mm
onsp
otte
dow
aasf
ruct
urai
phys
tolo
gko4
orbe
iiav
loor
alad
apta
tion
.
(a)
Itsfe
ath
ers
hav
ew
hIte
spot
son
abro
wn
back
gro
un
d.
-
(b)
Itm
aint
aIns
cons
tant
bloo
dsu
gar
leve
ls._
__________________
(c)
ItE
lne
Itsne
stw
ithgr
ass.
(ci)
Itsey
esface
fron
tto
give
dept
hpe
rcep
tion.
__
__
__
__
__
______
(e)
Itpl
aces
cow
dung
atth
efr
ont o
fIts
nest
tohI
deIr
ons
pred
ator
s.
colo
urin
gto
ble
nd
inw
ithsu
rrou
ndin
gs;b
irds
mig
rate
her
ein
sum
mer
toeat
the
man
yin
sect
s;ca
ribo
um
igra
teaw
ayin
win
tert
ofi
ndfo
odso
urce
s
2.B
orea
l Fore
st(F
igur
e1.
3)•
Locati
on:
45°
to65
°no
rthla
titud
e•C
limat
e:pr
ecip
itatio
n,m
ostly
500%
is30
ens
to85
cman
nual
ly;
tem
pera
ture
sar
ebelo
wfr
eezin
gha
lfth
eyea
r
•Phy
sica
lFe
atur
es:
shor
tsum
mer
grow
ing
seas
on;
terr
ain
isro
ugh,
soil
isw
etm
any
mar
shes
,sha
llow
lake
s,an
dw
etla
nds
•Pla
ntA
dapt
atio
ns:
trees
are
mos
tlyco
nif
ero
us,
incl
ud
ing
spru
ce,a
ndth
eirw
axy
need
les
resi
stw
ater
loss
and
allo
wsn
owto
slid
eo
fllit
tlelig
htre
ache
sfo
rest
floo
r•A
nim
alA
dapt
atio
ns:
inse
ct-e
atin
gbi
rds
mig
rate
sout
hin
fall,
aeed
eate
rsst
ayye
ar.
roun
d;m
amm
als
have
thic
kin
sula
ting
coat
s;in
sect
sm
ultip
lyra
pidl
y;re
ptile
san
dam
phib
ians
are
rare
;sn
owsh
oeha
res
chan
gefu
rfro
msu
mm
erbr
ows
tow
inte
r
3.T
empe
rate
Dec
iduo
usF
ores
t (Fi
gure
1.4)
•Loc
atio
n:ea
ster
nC
anad
a,ab
ove
23.5
°no
rth
latit
ude
Clim
ate:
annu
alpr
ecip
itatio
nis
75cm
to18
0cr
nte
mpe
ratu
res
rang
efr
om-3
0°C
win
tert
o30
°Csu
mm
er•P
hysi
cal
Feat
ures
:fo
urdi
stin
ctse
ason
s;lo
ng, w
arm
grow
ing
seas
on;
soil
isen
rich
edby
falle
nle
aves
;la
rge
seas
onal
chan
ges
betw
een
sum
mer
and
win
ter
Pla
ntA
dapt
atio
ns:
plan
tsgr
owin
four
tofi
vela
yers
, with
tall
tree
s(m
aple
,oak
,and
birc
h)in
cano
pyla
yes
shor
tert
rees
inse
cond
laye
r,sh
rubs
inth
ird
laye
r,be
rrie
sin
four
thla
yer,
and
fern
s,he
rbs,
and
mos
ses
onfo
rest
floor
;dec
iduo
ustr
ees
shed
leav
esin
win
tert
opr
even
twat
erlo
ssan
dre
duce
brea
kage
oflim
bsw
ithhe
avy
snow
•Ani
mal
Ada
ptat
ions
;man
yan
imal
sliv
ein
the
diff
eren
tlay
ers
offo
rest
;som
em
amm
als
hibe
rnat
e;m
any
bird
sm
igra
teaw
ayin
win
ter;
chip
mun
ksan
dbl
ueja
ysst
ore
nuts
and
seed
sin
tree
hollo
ws
4.T
empe
rate
Rai
nfor
est (
Figu
re1.
5)•L
ocat
ion:
38°
to61
°no
rth
latit
ude,
alon
gco
ast o
fBri
tish
Col
umbi
a•C
limat
e:m
ore
than
200
cmpr
ecip
itatio
npe
ryea
r;av
erag
ete
mpe
ratu
res
5°C
to25
°C•P
hysi
cal
Feat
ures
:bi
ome
occu
rsin
narr
owst
ops
alon
gco
astli
nes
back
edby
mou
ntai
nsw
here
ocea
nw
inds
drop
larg
eam
ount
sof
moi
stur
eon
win
dwar
dsi
deof
mou
ntai
ns•P
lant
Ada
ptat
ions
:tre
es,
such
asSi
tka
spru
cean
dD
ougl
asfI
r,gr
owve
ryta
ll;m
osse
son
trees
;fe
rns,
mos
ses,
and
fung
ion
fore
stfl
oor
•Ani
mal
Ad
ap
tati
on
s:m
osta
nim
als
live
onor
near
fore
stflo
or;
man
ybi
rds
and
smal
lmam
mal
sea
tsee
dsth
atfa
llon
fore
stflo
or;m
any
inse
cts
live
intre
eba
rk,a
ndbi
rds
with
long
beak
san
dam
phib
ians
with
stic
kyto
ngue
sea
ttho
sein
sect
s
5.G
rass
land
s(F
igur
e1.
6)•A
lso
calle
dte
mpe
rate
gras
slan
dsor
prai
ries
.•L
ocat
ion:
abov
e23
.5°
nort
hla
titud
e•C
limat
e:25
cmto
100
cmp
reci
pit
atio
nan
nual
ly; h
otsu
mm
ers
of30
°Can
dco
ldw
inte
rsbe
low
—10
°C•P
hysi
calF
eatu
res:
land
ism
ainl
yfl
atan
dso
ilis
very
rich
and
ferti
le;
stro
ngw
inds
may
caus
eso
iler
osio
n;pr
ecip
itatio
nus
ually
occu
rsin
late
sprin
gan
dea
rlysu
mm
erfo
llow
edby
anex
tend
eddr
ype
riod
•Pla
ntA
dapt
atio
ns:
tree
sar
esc
arce
due
tolim
ited
rain
fall;
graz
ing
anim
als
(ani
mal
sth
atea
t pla
nts,
such
asgr
asse
s)an
dfi
rem
ayki
llse
edlin
gs;
som
egr
asse
sha
vesh
arp
edge
sor
are
too
bitte
r for
graz
ing;
gras
ses
are
adap
ted
fort
houg
htan
dfir
eby
havi
ngde
epro
otr;
gras
ses
can
bend
with
outb
reak
ing
inw
ind;
man
y
ASu
rvey
ofIl
ioIl
lL’s
ufC
anad
iw—
——
—--
—-—
---
ii
!140
/“°\-
IM
AM
Sic
Mon
Ir
raro
os1.
3Fo
rtN
elso
n.Br
itish
us,
--
is
an
,
T’
\14
jin.
/\,
‘4\
I,
Mo°
th
0011
551.
4To
ront
o,O
ntar
io.4
4°N
is
us.
4in
j::F/N
hail
f
so
/\
:-ts
4o[
/\
iI
0*
1.1
1.1
AS
OS
OM
onth
,.nA
lert
Nun
avut
82S°
N
1.T
un
dra
(Fig
ure
1.2)
•Loc
atio
n:60
°to
70°
nort
hla
titud
e•
Cli
mat
e:le
ssth
an25
cmpr
ecip
itatio
nan
nual
lySu
mm
erte
mpe
ratu
res:
3°C
to12
°CW
inte
rte
mpe
ratu
res:
—20
°Cto
—30
°C•P
hysi
calF
eatu
res:
flat
laye
rofp
erm
aflo
ster
nsan
ent1
yfr
ozen
soil)
;po
or
drai
nage
; mar
shy
insu
mm
er;2
4h
dayl
ight
inbr
iefs
unun
er;
cold
and
dark
inlo
ngw
inte
r•P
lant
Ada
ptat
ions
:no
tree
sdu
eto
perm
afro
st;p
lant
sgr
owcl
ose
togr
ound
soth
eyca
nab
sorb
wam
ithan
dbe
shel
tere
d;so
me
plan
tsha
vefu
zzy
cove
ring
sto
prot
ectt
hem
from
win
d;sh
rubs
flow
erqu
ickl
y;sa
me
plan
tske
epol
dle
aves
for
prot
ectio
nan
dto
cons
erve
nutr
ient
s•A
nim
alA
dapt
atio
ns:
anim
als
may
grow
mor
esl
owly
and
repr
oduc
ele
ssof
ten;
Arc
ticfo
xes
and
hare
sha
veco
mpa
ctbo
dies
and
shor
terl
egs
and
ears
tore
duce
heat
loss
;th
esn
owy
owlh
asw
hite
i.
Pach
ana
Poin
t.B
east
Col
umbi
a,48
’N
P101
155.
1,6
Man
yber
ries,
Alb
erta
,49’
N
Ch.
1.2:
Eco
syst
ems
-P
ract
ice
Que
stio
ns
1.W
hati
sth
ebe
stre
ason
toex
plai
nw
hyfe
wer
plan
tsca
ngr
owin
deep
wat
erth
anca
ngr
owin
shal
low
wat
erin
am
arin
eec
osys
tem
?A
.The
rear
em
ore
pred
ator
sin
deep
wat
er.
B.T
hete
mpe
ratu
reof
the
wat
eris
cold
erat
deep
leve
ls.
C.W
ater
pollu
tion
ism
ore
conc
entr
ated
atde
eple
vels
than
atsh
allo
ww
ater
leve
ls.
D.T
heam
ount
oflig
htav
aila
ble
forp
hoto
synt
hesi
sis
less
inde
epw
ater
than
insh
allo
ww
ater
.
2.W
hati
sth
ela
rges
tdiv
isio
nof
the
bios
pher
e?A
.bio
me
B.h
abita
tC
.eco
syst
emD
.pop
ulat
ion
3.B
arna
cles
atta
chto
wha
les
and
are
tran
spor
ted
tone
wlo
catio
nsin
the
ocea
nto
find
new
food
sour
ces.
Wha
les
are
noth
anne
din
this
proc
ess.
Wha
ttyp
eof
sym
biot
icre
latio
nshi
pis
this
anex
ampl
eof
?A
.par
asiti
smB
.mut
ualis
mC.
inte
ract
ion
D.c
omm
ensa
lism
4.W
hati
sth
eco
rrec
t ord
erof
the
ecol
ogic
alhi
erar
chy,
thor
nsm
alle
stto
larg
est?
A.e
cosy
stem
,pop
ulat
ion,
com
mun
ity,o
rgan
ism
B.o
rgan
ism
,com
mun
ity,p
opul
atio
n,ec
osys
tem
C.o
rgan
ism
,pop
ulat
ion,
com
mun
ity,e
cosy
stem
D.p
opul
atio
n,ec
osys
tem
,org
anis
m,c
osnr
nuni
ty
5.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outm
utua
lism
isfa
lse?
A.M
utua
lism
isa
sym
biot
icre
latio
nshi
pin
whi
chbo
thor
gani
sms
bene
fit.
B.I
nso
me
mut
ualis
ticre
latio
nshi
ps, t
wo
spec
ies
are
unab
leto
surv
ive
with
oute
acho
ther
.C
.In
one
type
ofm
utua
lism
,one
spec
ies
defe
nds
anot
hers
peci
esag
ains
tatta
cks
inre
turn
for f
ood
and
shel
ter.
D.O
nesp
ecie
spr
otec
tsan
othe
r spe
cies
from
pred
ator
sby
cam
oufl
age.
The
host
spec
ies
isno
t har
med
inth
ere
latio
nshi
p.
Use
thia
grap
hof
the
popu
lati
onof
moo
sean
dw
olf
toan
awer
the
ques
tion
belo
w.
ModW
lfpo,
Ikroyl
.
..
f.,
—Jr iii
I
6.Is
leR
oyal
ein
Lake
Supe
rior
has
been
desi
gnat
edan
Inte
rnat
iona
l Bio
sphe
reR
eser
ve.T
hew
olve
sof
Isle
Roy
ale
have
nona
tura
lpre
dato
rsan
dpr
imar
ilyhu
ntan
dea
tmoo
se.I
nw
haty
ears
did
the
prey
popu
latio
nin
crea
selik
ely
due
toa
decl
ine
inth
epr
edat
orpo
pula
tion?
A.
1963
-196
6B
.19
85-1
988
C.
1978
-198
1D
.200
3-20
06
7.A
crab
lives
ona
beac
h,w
hich
isw
here
the
crab
find
sfo
od,
shel
tera
nda
spac
eto
live.
Fort
hecr
ab, t
hebe
ach
isan
exam
ple
ofw
hat d
ivis
ion
ofth
ebi
osph
ere?
A.n
iche
B.h
abita
tC
.eco
syst
emD
.com
mun
ity
8.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
out w
ater
isno
ttru
e?A
.Wat
eran
chor
spl
ants
inpl
ace.
B.W
ithou
twat
er, n
oor
gani
smw
ould
surv
ive.
C.W
ater
carr
ies
nutr
ient
sfr
omon
epl
ace
toan
othe
rin
anec
osys
tem
.D
.The
cells
ofm
ostl
ivin
gor
gani
sms
cont
ain
betw
een
50an
d90
perc
entW
ater
.
9.A
biol
ogis
twan
tsto
intr
oduc
ea
new
spec
ies
(spe
cies
A)
into
anec
osys
tem
.Sp
ecie
sB
alre
ady
lives
inth
eec
osys
tem
and
occu
pies
the
sam
eni
che
assp
ecie
sA
.W
hatw
illbe
the
likel
you
tcom
eif
spec
ies
Ais
intr
oduc
edin
toth
eec
osys
tem
?A
.mut
ualis
mbe
twee
nth
etw
osp
ecie
sB
.par
asiti
smof
spec
ies
Bby
spec
ies
AC.
com
men
salis
mbe
twee
nth
etw
osp
ecie
sD
.com
petit
ion
betw
een
spec
ies
Aan
dsp
ecie
sB
10.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
char
acte
rist
ics
are
com
mon
adap
tatio
nsof
pred
ator
s?Ig
ood
eyes
ight
IIm
imic
ryif
isha
rp,p
oint
edte
eth
A.I
only
B.I
and
fflo
nly
C.I
,U,a
nd
lll
D.f
lan
dll
lon
ly
wild
flow
ers
polli
nate
dby
inse
cts
Ani
mal
Ada
ptat
ions
:la
rge
graz
ing
mam
mal
s,su
chas
ante
lope
,hav
efl
atte
eth
that
grin
dpl
antm
ater
ial;
anim
als
such
asni
ce,r
abbi
ts,g
ophe
rs,a
ndsn
akes
buito
wto
esca
pefi
re,p
reda
tors
, ore
xtre
me
wea
ther
Quk
kC
heck
5.
.
..
..
1U
eth
edi
mcr
togr
aphs
,(so
me
map
,and
rnfo
rmat
ron
abov
eto
answ
erth
eM
lopq
ngqu
estio
ns
(a)
Whi
ch(s
ome
has
the
mos
tcon
stan
ttem
pera
ture
over
the
cour
seof
aye
ar?
(b)
Whi
chbr
ome
has
the
grea
test
rang
ein
mon
thly
tem
pera
ture
sov
erth
eco
urse
ofa
year
?
(ç)
Wht
chbi
omeh
asth
egs
eate
stra
nge
inm
ontN
ypre
dplt
atio
oov
erth
eco
urse
ofa
year
?
(d)
Inw
hich
(som
edo
espr
ecip
Itat
ion
exce
ed10
0mm
ina
sIng
lem
onth
?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
(eFo
rhow
,man
ym
onth
sof
they
earI
sthe
aver
age
tem
pera
ture
belo
wfr
eezi
ng(O
’C)i
na
gras
slan
dbi
ome?
-
2.U
seth
e.ab
dr’e
data
toco
mpa
rean
imal
.ada
ptat
lori
s..
..
(a)
Whl
chbi
orne
has
larg
egr
azhg
anim
als
asw
ell a
spr
edat
ors
ofth
egr
azer
s?:
(b)
Inw
hich
hiom
edo
man
yan
imal
sliv
ein
diff
eren
tlay
ers
ofth
efo
rest
?
_________________
(c)
Inw
hich
biom
edo
inse
ctea
ting
bird
sm
igra
teso
uth
inth
efa
lLw
hIle
seed
eatin
gbi
rds
stay
year
-ràu
nd?
...
..
..
3.U
seth
eab
ove
data
toco
mpo
tepl
anta
dapt
atio
ns.
(a)
Inw
hich
biom
edot
hetr
eesg
row
very
tall
?
(b)
Inw
hich
(som
ear
etr
ees
pres
entb
utsc
arce
due
tolim
ited
rain
fall?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
(c)
Whi
chbl
ome
Isba
rren
oftr
ees?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
:$
Sum
mar
yo
fK
eyP
oin
ts•T
heab
iotic
com
pone
nts
ofan
ecos
yste
msu
ppor
tthe
life
func
tions
ofth
ebi
otic
com
pone
nts
ofth
eec
osys
tem
.•O
rgan
ism
sw
ithin
com
mun
ities
cons
tant
lyin
tera
ctto
obta
inre
sour
ces
such
asfo
od, w
ater
,su
nlig
ht,o
r hab
itat
•Exa
mpl
esof
thes
ein
tera
ctio
nsin
ecos
yste
ms
incl
ude
com
men
salis
m,m
utua
lism
,par
asiti
sm,c
ompe
titio
n,an
dpr
edat
ion.
•Eve
ryor
gani
smha
sa
spec
ialr
ole,
orni
che,
with
inan
ecos
yste
m.
Stu
dy
Not
esP
arts
ofan
Eco
syst
em1.
With
inbi
omes
are
diff
eren
t eco
syst
ems.
2.A
nec
osys
tem
isa
netw
ork
ofin
tera
ctio
nslin
king
biot
icfa
ctor
s(o
rgan
ism
s)an
dab
iotic
fact
ora(
air,
wat
er,
soil,
etc.
).3.
Eco
syst
ems
can
take
ispm
any
hect
ares
ofla
nd,s
uch
asth
ean
telo
pebr
ush
gras
slan
dsof
Sout
hO
kana
gan
Val
ley,
orca
nbe
smal
l,su
chas
aro
tting
log.
4.W
ithin
ecos
yste
ms
are
diff
eren
t hab
itats
.5.
Aha
bita
t is
whe
rean
orga
nism
lives
,suc
has
betw
een
the
rock
sat
the
botto
mof
atid
epoo
lor
inth
eba
rkof
aro
tting
log.
Abi
otic
Inte
ract
ions
inE
cosy
stem
s1.
Abi
otic
com
pone
nts
ofec
osys
tem
sin
clud
eth
efo
llow
ing.
•Oxy
gen
ispr
oduc
edby
the
gree
npl
ants
and
cert
ain
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
san
dis
used
byan
imal
san
dm
osto
ther
mic
roor
gani
sms.
•With
outw
ater
,no
orga
nism
wou
ldsu
rviv
e.Th
ece
llsof
mos
t liv
ing
thin
gsco
ntai
nbe
twee
n50
and
90pe
rcen
twat
er.
Wat
erca
rrie
snu
trie
nts
from
one
plac
eto
anot
her
inan
ecos
yste
m.
•Nut
rien
ts,s
uch
asca
rbon
,nitr
ogen
,an
dph
osph
ows,
are
mat
eria
lsth
ator
gani
sms
need
toliv
ean
dgr
ow.
•Lig
htis
requ
ired
forp
hoto
synt
hesi
s,a
chem
ical
reac
tion
that
conv
erts
sola
ren
ergy
into
chem
ical
ener
gyus
able
bypl
ants
.Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
prov
ides
ener
gyto
the
ecos
yste
m.T
hcfo
rest
cano
pyre
ceiv
esm
ore
light
than
the
fore
stfI
nor;
deep
wat
erre
ceiv
esle
sslig
htth
ansu
rfac
ew
ater
.•S
oiln
oton
lyco
ntai
nsw
ater
and
nutr
ient
sbu
tals
ois
hom
eto
man
ypl
ants
and
anim
als.
Eco
logi
cal
Hie
rarc
hy1.
Eco
logy
isth
est
udy
ofth
ere
latio
nof
orga
nism
sto
thei
renv
iron
men
tand
toea
chot
her.
2.A
spec
ies
isa
grou
pof
clos
ely
rela
ted
orga
nism
sth
atca
nre
prod
uce
with
one
anot
her.
3.T
hebi
otic
inte
ract
ions
inan
ecos
yste
mca
nbe
arra
nged
into
anec
olog
ical
hier
arch
y.(F
igur
e1.
7•A
nec
olog
ical
hier
arch
yis
the
orde
rofr
elat
ions
hips
inan
ecos
yste
ntor
gani
sm,p
opul
atio
n,co
mm
unity
,and
ecos
yste
m.
Qui
ck::,
.Che
ck.7
:..
.•..
IW
hatI
seco
logy
?
2.W
hati
sthe
term
forth
eor
der
ofre
lati
onsh
ips
that
gofr
omor
gani
smto
popu
lati
onto
com
niu
nit
yto
Bio
ticIn
tera
ctio
nsin
Eco
syst
ems
and
Sym
biot
icR
elat
ions
hips
I.Sy
mbi
osis
isa
rela
tions
hip
inw
hich
twa
diff
eren
t org
anis
ms
live
toge
ther
ina
clos
eas
soci
atio
n.2.
Exa
mpl
esof
sym
biot
icre
latio
nshi
psin
clud
eth
efo
llow
ing.
•Com
men
salis
m—
one
orga
nism
bone
dts
and
the
othe
ror
gani
smis
nota
ffec
ted,
such
asth
eba
rnac
les
ona
wha
le
•Mut
ualia
m—
both
orga
nism
sbe
nefi
t,su
chas
abe
ega
ther
ing
nect
arfr
oma
flow
er•P
aras
itism
—on
eor
gani
smbe
nefi
tsan
dth
eot
hero
rgan
ism
isha
rmed
, suc
has
mou
ntai
npi
nebe
etle
sde
stro
ying
alo
dgep
ole
pine
fore
st—
Aho
stis
the
orga
nism
that
apa
rasi
teliv
esin
oron
.
Nic
hes,
Com
petit
ion,
and
Pre
dati
onl.
Ani
che
refe
rsto
the
role
anor
gani
smha
sw
ithin
anec
osys
tem
,whi
chm
eans
how
anor
gani
smft
tsin
toan
dco
ntri
bute
sto
itsen
viro
sune
ntph
ysic
ally
,ch
emic
ally
,an
dbi
olog
ical
ly.
2.C
ompe
titio
nis
anin
tera
ctio
nth
atoc
curs
betw
een
two
orm
ore
orga
nism
sw
hen
they
need
the
sam
ere
sour
ce(s
uch
asfo
od)
inth
esa
me
loca
tion
atth
esa
me
time.
•For
exam
ple,
coyo
tes
will
com
pete
with
each
othe
rin
area
sw
here
only
smal
ler a
nim
als,
such
asm
ice,
are
avai
labl
efo
rfoo
d.H
owev
er,t
hey
will
coop
erat
ew
ithea
chan
dhu
ntin
pack
sif
larg
eran
imal
s,su
chas
deer
, are
avai
labl
e.•C
ompe
titio
nca
nlim
itth
esi
zeof
apo
pula
tion
beca
use
orga
nism
sne
eden
ergy
toco
mpe
te, t
ogr
owan
dto
repr
oduc
e.3.
Pre
dati
onis
the
rela
tions
hip
whe
reon
eor
gani
sm(t
hepr
edat
or)
kills
and
cons
umes
anot
hero
rgan
ism
(the
prey
).•P
reda
tors
have
adap
tatio
nsto
help
them
catc
hth
eirp
rey,
such
assh
arp
teet
hor
good
eyes
ight
.•P
rey
have
adap
tatio
ns,s
uch
assp
ines
,she
lls, c
amou
flag
e,an
dm
imic
ry, t
ohe
lpav
oid
pred
ator
s.O
The
num
bers
ofpr
edat
ors
and
prey
infl
uenc
eea
chot
her.
—T
hepr
eypo
pula
tion
grow
sw
hen
ther
ear
efe
wpr
edat
ors.
—Th
epr
eypo
pula
tion
shrin
ksw
hen
ther
ear
em
any
pred
ator
s.
Qui
ckC
heck
8Sp
anis
hm
ossg
row
son
ceda
rtre
esIn
the
tem
pera
tera
lnfo
rest
s’of
Brit
ish
Col
umbi
aJhe
mos
s
bene
flts
fror
nthe
phys
ical
supp
ortih
ata
ceda
rtre
epr
ovld
es.T
hece
dartr
eekn
otbe
nefi
ted
by
the
mos
s,bu
t nor
isIt
harm
ed.W
hatr
elat
ions
hip
exis
tsbe
twee
nth
eSp
anIs
hm
oss
and
tie
ceda
r
tree
?,:
Qui
ckC
heck
6
1Pu
tthe
foll
owin
gdi
visi
ons
of
life
onE
arth
inor
derf
rom
the
smal
lest
toth
ela
rges
t
bo
me,
bios
pher
e,ec
osys
tem
, hab
itat
ecos
yste
m
com
munit
yA
.om
m.r
eym
ck,d
n,II
po,d
nofdW
f,,,,pc,
pops
iatlo
nA
pw
4,t
on
orga
nism
ecos
yste
m?
.;.
..
..
..
3W
hatt
erm
refe
rsto
how
man
yor
gani
sms
ofa
part
icul
arsp
ecie
sliv
eIn
anec
osys
tem
?
4W
hatt
erm
refe
rsto
allt
he
diff
eren
tkin
dsof
spec
ies
pres
enti
nan
eco
syst
em7
2.Th
eho
okw
orm
uses
itste
eth
toat
tach
toth
ew
allo
fado
g’s
inte
stin
eso
.tfla
tItc
anfe
edon
the.
dog’
sbl
ood.
Expl
ain
why
the
hook
wor
mis
cons
Ider
eda
para
site
.,.
3.T
hegr
eatb
lue
hero
nfe
eds
onfis
hw
hile
stan
ding
inw
ater
. Its
spec
ialr
ole
isto
stan
dan
d.fl
shIn
deep
wat
erw
here
othe
rspe
cies
orhe
icsn
s with
shor
ter
legs
cann
otfis
h.W
hatt
erm
best
desc
ribes
.
the
grea
tblu
eh
cron
spec
ial
plac
ew
Ithi
nits
ecos
yste
m?
____________________________
4.A
plan
tcal
led
spot
ted
knap
wee
dgr
owsw
ildac
ross
the
rang
elan
dsof
rItl
shC
olum
bia.
ltls
able
tore
leas
ech
emIc
alsI
ntot
heso
iltha
tpre
vent
the
grow
thof
othe
rtyp
esof
plan
ts.D
oest
hisk
ind
ofIn
tera
ctio
nde
mon
stra
teco
mpe
titIo
n,m
utua
lism
, pre
dato
iYpr
eyIn
tera
ctIo
n,or
sym
blos
ls?
.•
1I,
J0C
3
ret
id
Year
s
jTt
tely
nxis
apr
edat
oran
dth
esn
owsh
oeha
reis
apr
eyin
whI
chye
ars
did
the
pred
ator
popu
latio
n
decr
ease
,lik
ely
due
toa
decr
ease
inth
epr
eypo
pula
tion’
Bio
dive
rsity
inE
cosy
stem
s1.
Bio
dive
rsity
isth
eva
riet
yof
alll
ivin
gsp
ecie
sof
plan
ts,a
nim
als,
and
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
s.2.
Eac
hec
osys
tem
,suc
has
afo
rest
ora
wet
land
,has
uniq
uebi
otic
and
abio
ticco
mpo
nent
sth
atco
ntri
bute
toth
eav
aila
bilit
yof
food
,wat
er,a
ndnu
trie
nts
fora
llor
gani
sms.
Fore
xam
ple,
fore
stec
osys
tem
spr
even
tsoi
lero
sion
,sto
renu
trie
nts,
cont
rol
clim
ate,
and
prov
ide
habi
tats
form
anun
als,
bird
s,fis
h,an
dam
phib
ians
,and
prov
ide
timbe
r and
med
icin
es.
3.H
ealth
yec
osys
tem
sge
nera
llyha
vehi
ghbi
odiv
ersi
ty.
4.M
ostb
iodi
vers
itylo
sses
occu
rfro
mth
elo
ssof
habi
tat.
5.H
uman
sof
ten
have
ane
gativ
eim
pact
onbi
odiv
ersi
ty,
such
asby
cutti
ngfo
rest
san
dbu
ildin
gci
ties.
6.M
any
effo
rts
are
now
mad
eto
less
enhu
man
impa
ctin
orde
r to
mai
ntai
nbi
odiv
eisi
ty.
7.E
colo
gica
lman
agem
entp
rogr
ams
tryto
bala
nce
hum
anpr
ogre
ssw
ithm
aint
aini
ngbi
odiv
ersi
ty.
Chapte
r2:
Ene
rgy
flow
and
nutr
ient
cycl
essu
ppor
tlif
ein
ecos
yste
ms.
Ch.
2.1:
Ener
gy
Flow
inE
cosy
stem
s-
Prac
tice
Que
stio
ns
1.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outb
iom
ass
istr
ue?
A.F
ood
web
sar
eus
edto
show
the
avai
labl
ebi
omas
sin
anec
osys
tem
.B
.Bio
mas
sis
usua
llyex
pres
sed
inun
itsof
m’g
orrn
/kg.
C.B
iom
ass
isth
eto
talm
ass
ofliv
ing
plan
ts,
anim
als,
fung
i,an
dba
cter
iain
apa
rtic
ular
area
.D
.The
biom
ass
ofan
imal
son
Ear
this
over
lOO
times
grea
tert
han
the
biom
asa
ofpl
ants
.
2.A
fiel
dof
whe
atis
anex
ampl
eof
whi
chm
embe
rof
afo
odch
ain?
A.d
ecom
pose
rB
.bio
degr
ader
C.co
nsum
erD
.pro
duce
r
Use
this
pict
ure
ofa
food
web
toan
swer
ques
tion
3.4.
Whi
chor
gani
sms
inth
isfo
odw
ebar
eth
epr
imar
yco
nsum
ers?
A.o
wla
ndfo
xB
.rab
bita
ndfo
xC.
acor
nsan
dgr
ass
D.r
abbi
tand
mou
se
5.A
twhi
chtr
ophi
cle
vel i
sth
efo
xin
this
food
web
?A
.fir
stB
.se
cond
C.t
hird
D.f
ourt
h
6.W
hati
sth
ebe
stex
ampl
eof
ade
tiivo
refr
omth
elis
tbe
low
?A
.ear
thw
orm
B.g
reen
alga
eC
.gra
ssho
pper
D.s
potte
dfr
og
7.Y
ourt
each
eras
ksyo
uto
desi
gna
diag
ram
tosh
owth
em
odel
sof
fend
ing
rela
tions
hips
with
inan
ecos
yste
m.
Whi
chty
peof
mod
elsh
ould
you
choo
se?
A.
food
web
B.
food
chai
nC.
food
pyra
mid
D.e
colo
gica
lpyr
amid
8.W
hich
isth
ebe
stde
scri
ptio
nfo
rthe
role
ofth
ew
olfi
nth
isfo
odw
eb?
A.h
erbi
vore
B.o
mni
vore
C.ca
rniv
ore
D. t
opca
rniv
ore
9.W
hati
sth
ebe
stre
ason
forw
hyan
ecos
yste
msu
ppor
tsfe
wer
orga
nism
sat
high
ertr
opbi
cle
vels
than
atlo
wer
tmph
icle
vels
?A
.Com
petit
ion
amon
gor
gani
sms
ism
ore
inte
nse
athi
gher
trop
hic
leve
ls.
B.M
osto
fthe
food
ener
gyco
nsum
edis
used
for
grow
than
dto
incr
ease
biom
ass.
C.A
nim
als
are
part
ofm
ore
than
one
food
chai
nan
dea
tm
ore
than
one
kind
offo
od.
B.T
here
isa
huge
decr
ease
inen
ergy
from
low
ertro
phic
leve
lsto
high
ertro
phic
leve
ls.
10.A
tthe
prod
ucer
leve
l ofa
food
pyra
mid
,th
ere
is45
500
0kc
al/n
nof
ener
gyav
aila
ble.
ifth
ere
isa
90pe
suen
t ene
rgy
loss
atea
chle
vel,
how
man
yki
loea
lori
esw
illbe
inco
rpor
ated
into
the
bodi
esof
the
seco
ndar
yco
nsum
ers?
A.4
55kc
al/n
uB
.455
0kc
al/m
sC.
4550
0kc
al/r
mB
.500
500
kcal
/sro
Sum
mar
yof
Key
Poi
nts
inan
ecos
yste
m,
ener
gyflo
ws
from
prod
ucer
s(p
lant
s)to
pco
nsum
ers
(her
bivo
res)
tose
cond
ary
and
tert
iary
cons
umer
s(c
arni
vore
s).
-Foo
dch
ains
and
food
web
sm
odel
this
ener
gyfl
owan
dth
ese
feed
ing
rela
tions
hips
.-E
ach
step
ona
food
chai
nis
calle
dat
roph
icle
vel.
-Foo
dpy
ram
ids
mod
elho
wen
ergy
islo
stat
each
trop
hic
leve
lin
anec
osys
tem
.
Stu
dyN
otes
How
Ene
rgy
Flow
sin
Eco
syst
ems
1.W
ithin
anor
gani
sm’s
nich
e,th
eor
gani
smin
tera
cts
with
the
ecos
yste
mby
:-
obta
inin
gfo
odfr
omth
eec
osys
tem
-co
ntri
butin
gen
ergy
toth
eec
osys
tem
2.T
hefl
owof
ener
gyfr
oman
ecos
yste
mto
anor
gani
sman
dfr
omon
eor
gani
smto
anot
her
isca
lled
ener
gyflo
w.
3.Pl
ants
are
calle
dpr
oduc
ers
beca
use
they
prod
uce
food
inth
efo
rmof
carb
ohyd
rate
sdu
ring
phot
osyn
thes
is.
4.O
rgan
ism
sth
atfe
edon
othe
rorg
anis
ms
are
caU
edco
nsum
ers.
Aco
nsum
erm
ayal
sobe
anen
ergy
sour
ceif
itis
eate
nby
anot
her
cons
umer
.5.
Org
anis
ms
cont
ribu
teto
ener
gyfl
owev
enaf
tert
hey
die.
Bio
degr
adat
ion
isth
epr
oces
sby
whi
chde
ador
gani
cm
atte
ris
brok
endo
wn
natu
rally
bybi
olog
ical
agen
ts,
espe
cial
lyba
cter
ia.
Dec
ompo
sers
are
orga
nism
s,su
chas
bact
eria
and
fung
i,th
atch
ange
was
tes
and
dead
orga
nism
sin
tous
able
nutri
ents
foro
ther
orga
nism
sin
soil
and
wat
er.
Use
this
pict
ure
ofa
food
web
toan
swer
ques
tion
8.
Use
this
pict
ure
ofa
food
web
toan
swer
ques
tions
4an
d5. ;c
—4
L 4,
3.W
hich
isth
ebe
stde
scri
ptio
nfu
rthe
role
ofth
egr
izzl
ybe
arin
this
food
web
?A
.det
rivo
reB
.om
nivo
reC
.car
nivo
reB
.her
bivo
re
Qui
ck.C
heck
9.‘
•,
1P
lan
tsuse
su
nli
gh
tand
nutr
ients
toproduce
carbohydrate
sW
hatit
the
term
that
desc
ribe
s
the
robot
plan
tsIn
an
ecos
yste
m?
2W
hatd
oes
the
term
ener
gyflo
wde
scnb
eab
outa
rtec
osys
tem
?
3W
hat
isth
ero
leof
ad
eco
mp
oser
inan
ecos
yste
m?
4D
escn
beea
cho
fth
efo
Iio
win
gasa
producer
consum
er
ordeconip
osercnio
reth
anone
rnay
aply
).
(a)
break
sdo
wn
falle
nle
aves
(b)
does
notn
eed
toconsum
eo
ther
orga
nism
sto
fiv
e
(c)
assis
tsw
ithb
iod
eg
rad
ati
on
(d)
Isth
efi
rsts
tep
Inen
ergy
tlow
thro
ugh
anec
osys
tem
.___
____
____
____
____
____
____
.(a
)m
ayco
nsu
me
anoth
er.c
onsum
er
Ene
rgy
Flow
and
Ene
rgy
Los
sin
Eco
syst
ems
1.Fo
odch
ains
show
the
flow
ofen
ergy
inan
ecos
yste
mfr
ompr
oduc
erto
cons
umer
and
from
cons
umer
toco
nsum
er.
2.C
onsu
mer
sin
afo
odch
ain
can
becl
assi
fied
as:
red
haw
tan
otte
r
-D
etri
vore
s—co
nsum
ers
that
eatd
ead
orga
nism
san
dw
aste
mat
ter.
Exa
mpl
es:b
eetle
,ear
thw
orm
‘b
—D
etri
vore
sar
ean
impo
rtan
t ene
rgy
sour
cefo
rco
nsum
ers
suoh
asbi
rds.
spot
tedfre
t4,
Her
bivo
res—
cons
umer
sth
atea
tonl
ypl
ants
.E
xam
ples
:dee
r,gr
assh
oppe
rC
arni
vore
s—co
nsum
ers
that
eata
nim
als.
Exa
mpl
es:
frog
,haw
kO
mni
vore
s—co
nsum
ers
that
eatb
oth
plan
tsan
dan
imal
s.E
xam
ples
:hu
man
,bla
ckbe
ar4,
3.A
trop
hic
leve
lis
the
num
bero
fene
rgy
tran
sfer
san
orga
nism
isfr
omth
eor
igin
also
lare
nerg
yen
teri
ngth
efo
odch
ain.
4.E
ach
step
ins
food
chai
nis
atro
phic
leve
l(F
igur
e
42.
1)..
Figu
re2.
1A
terre
stria
lfoo
dch
ain
and
anaq
uatic
food
Idta
nril
gee
chai
nsh
owth
efl
owofe
nerg
yup
the
troph
iele
vels.
Ten
stri
slfo
odch
ain
Aqu
atic
food
chai
n
Q*id
Che
ck•.
b•.
...
:f•..
ID
raw
afo
odch
ain
that
cont
ains
the
follo
win
g‘fi
veor
gani
sms’
gras
sbl
ack
bear
eart
hwor
mco
ugar
rabb
it.l..
abel
the
gras
sas
prod
ucer
andl
abel
each
oft
heo
ther
orga
nism
sac
cord
ing
toth
eki
ndofco
nsu
mer
that
they
are
.
2.A
foxdie
t can
cont
embee
I1e
eggs
berr
ies
fish
and
mic
eW
hatk
ind
ofco
nsum
eris
afo
x?
3W
hic
his
most
likel
yto
occupy
the
second
trophic
lev
el
ina
food
ch
ain
apota
toa
wo
rm
that
eats
the
pota
toa
bird
that
eats
the
wor
mora
fox
that
eats
the
bird
?
Food
Web
s1.
Mos
torg
anis
ms
are
part
ofm
any
food
chai
ns.
2.Y
ouca
nsh
owth
ein
terc
onne
ctio
nsof
food
chai
nsby
usin
ga
food
web
(Fig
ure
2.2)
.3.
Afo
odw
ebis
am
odel
ofth
efe
edin
gre
latio
nshi
pin
anec
osys
tem
.4.
Arr
ows
ins
food
web
repr
esen
tthe
flow
ofen
ergy
and
nutr
ient
s.5.
Follo
win
gth
ear
row
sin
afo
odw
eble
ads
toth
eto
pca
miv
ore(
s).
Qtti
ckC
heck
11.
..
1.W
hich
two
mem
bers
ofth
efo
odw
ebab
o1e
are
omni
vore
s?
2.’
Whi
chtw
om
embe
rsof
the.
food
web
abov
eare
tert
iary
on
sum
ers.
.
.,..
...
Food
Pyr
anud
s
1.Fo
odpy
ram
ids,
also
calle
dec
olog
ical
pyra
mid
s,sh
owth
ech
ange
sin
avai
labl
een
ergy
from
one
trop
hic
leve
lto
anot
heri
na
food
chai
n.2.
Ene
rgy
ente
rsat
the
firs
ttro
pic
leve
l(pr
oduc
ers)
,whe
reth
ere
isa
larg
eam
ount
ofbi
omas
s.3.
Bio
mas
sis
the
tota
lmas
sof
alll
ivin
gth
ings
ina
give
nar
ea.
4.L
ower
trop
hic
leve
lsha
vem
uch
larg
erpo
pula
tions
than
uppe
rlev
els.
5.It
take
sla
rge
quan
titie
sof
orga
nism
sin
one
trop
icle
velt
om
eett
heen
ergy
need
sof
the
next
trop
hic
leve
l.
Ene
rgy
Los
sin
Eco
logi
cal
Pyr
amid
s1.
Eac
htr
ophi
cle
vel o
fan
ecol
ogic
alpy
ram
idlo
ses
larg
eam
ount
sof
the
ener
gyit
gath
ers
thro
ugh
basi
cpr
oces
ses
ofliv
ing.
2.A
ppro
xim
atel
y90
perc
ento
fene
rgy
take
nin
byco
nsum
ers
isus
edin
chem
ical
reac
tions
inth
ebo
dyan
dis
lost
ashe
aten
ergy
.llT
here
isve
jylit
tleen
ergy
left
over
forg
row
thor
incr
ease
inbi
omas
s.T
ypes
ofE
colo
gica
lPy
ram
ids
1.T
ypes
ofec
olog
ical
pyra
mid
sin
clud
eth
efo
llow
ing.
ilA
pyra
mid
ofnu
mbe
rssh
ows
the
num
bero
forg
anis
ms
atea
chtr
ophi
cle
vel.
QA
pyra
mid
ofbi
omas
ssh
ows
the
num
ber o
forg
anis
ms
atea
chtr
ophi
cle
velm
ultip
lied
byth
eirm
ass,
whi
chco
mpe
nsat
esfo
rdif
fere
nces
insi
zeam
ong
orga
nism
s.{7
Apy
ram
idof
ener
gysh
ows
the
amou
ntof
ener
gyth
atis
avai
labl
eat
each
trop
hic
leve
l.2.
The
amou
ntof
life
anec
osys
tem
can
cont
ain
isba
sed
onth
ebo
ttom
leve
loft
heec
olog
ical
pyra
mid
,w
here
prod
ucer
sca
ptur
een
ergy
from
the
Sun.
3.It
isve
ryim
port
antt
om
aint
ain
biod
iver
aity
and
larg
epo
pula
tions
atth
elo
wes
tlev
els
ofth
eec
olog
ical
pyra
mid
.
Qui
ckC
heck
12
tti%
tert
iaiy
cons
umar
siq au
cond
wy
celis
iuna
islt
%jsf
lniar
yto
180%
ptin
isiy
pa 4
Ener
gyis
løt
..
se’.
ashea
tS
1.W
hatt
ype
ofec
olog
ical
pyra
mid
issh
own
here
?
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
2,A
ppro
dmat
ely
how
muc
hen
ergy
islo
stfr
ompr
oduc
erst
ose
cond
ary
cons
umer
s?
Ch.
2.2:
Nutr
ient
Cycl
esin
Eco
syst
ems
-P
ract
ice
Que
stio
ns
1.T
heef
fect
ive
cycl
ing
ofnu
trie
nts
inan
ecos
yste
mpr
imar
ilyde
pend
son
whi
chof
the
follo
win
gco
nditi
ons?
A.r
apid
retu
rnof
nutr
ient
sto
deep
stor
esB
.rap
idra
tes
ofde
com
posi
tion
ofor
gani
cm
atte
rC
.abu
ndan
tres
ourc
esof
nutr
ient
sin
the
atm
osph
ere
D.b
alan
ced
rate
sof
prod
uctio
n,co
nsum
ptio
n,an
dde
com
posi
tion
8.H
owdo
carn
ivor
ous
anim
als
obta
inth
eph
osph
orus
that
they
need
for g
row
than
dde
velo
pmen
t?A
.Pla
nts
prod
uce
phos
phor
usth
roug
hce
llula
rre
spir
atio
nan
dm
ake
itav
aila
ble
toan
imal
s.B
.Bac
teri
abr
eak
dow
nth
eph
osph
orus
inth
eso
ilan
dm
ake
itav
aila
ble
toan
imal
s.C
.The
anim
als
eato
ther
cons
umer
sth
atha
veob
tain
edph
osph
orus
from
plan
ts.
D.T
hean
imal
sea
tpla
nts,
whi
chha
veab
sorb
edph
osph
orus
thro
ugh
the
soil.
9.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
rela
tions
hips
betw
een
hum
anac
tiviti
esan
dnu
trie
ntcy
cles
isno
ttru
e?A
.The
clea
ring
and
burn
ing
offo
rest
sin
crea
aes
the
amou
ntof
phos
phat
e(P
O4
3)av
aila
ble
toor
gani
sms.
B. T
hebu
rnin
gof
foss
ilfu
els
fori
ndus
try
incr
ease
sth
eam
ount
ofni
trog
enox
ide
(NO
)in
the
atm
osph
ere.
C.Th
eus
eof
fert
ilize
rsfo
rag
ricu
lture
incr
ease
sth
eam
ount
sof
nitr
ate
(NO
s)an
dph
osph
ate
(P04
5)in
wat
ersy
stem
s.ID
.The
use
ofm
otor
ized
vehi
cles
incr
ease
sth
eam
ount
ofca
rbon
diox
ide
(C02
)in
the
atm
osph
ere.
10.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
proc
esse
sm
akes
nitr
ogen
avai
labl
eto
plan
tsan
dan
imal
s?IN
itrog
en-f
ixin
gba
cter
iain
the
soil
IIN
itrog
en-f
ixin
gcy
anob
acte
ria
inth
ew
ater
ifiD
eeom
pose
rbac
teri
aan
dfu
ngii
nth
eso
il1V
Nitr
ifyi
ngba
cter
iain
the
soil
A.t
and
lVo
nly
B.I
,ll,
andll
lonly
C.I
,Ill
,an
dW
on
lyD
.I,l
l,Il
l,an
dtV
Su
mm
ary
of
Key
Po
ints
-Ea
rth’s
bios
pher
eis
like
aae
aled
terr
ariu
min
whi
chal
lnut
rien
tsth
atsu
ppor
tlif
ean
dal
lwas
tes
that
are
prod
uced
are
cons
tant
lyre
cycl
edw
ithin
itsbo
unda
ries
.-T
heca
rbon
cycl
e,ni
trog
ency
cle,
and
phos
phor
uscy
cle
mov
enu
trie
nts
into
and
outo
fter
rest
rial
and
aqua
ticec
osys
tem
s.-
Hum
anac
tiviti
essu
chas
land
clea
ring,
agri
cultu
re,
indu
stry
, and
mot
oriz
edtr
ansp
orta
tion
can
affe
ctnu
trie
ntcy
cles
.
Stu
dy
Not
esT
heC
yclin
gof
Nut
rien
tsin
the
Bio
sphe
rean
dth
eC
arbo
n,N
itrog
en,a
ndP
hosp
horu
sC
ydea
1.N
utri
ents
are
chem
ical
sth
atar
ere
quir
edfo
rpla
ntan
dan
imal
grow
than
dot
herl
ifepr
oces
ses.
-A
llth
enu
trie
nts
that
supp
ortl
ifean
dal
lthe
was
tes
that
are
prod
uced
recy
cle
thro
ugh
the
bios
pher
e.2.
Nut
rien
tsm
ove
thro
ugh
the
bios
pher
ein
nutr
ient
cycl
es,o
rexc
hang
es.
3.N
utri
ents
are
accu
mul
ated
in“s
tore
s”fo
rsho
rtor
long
peri
ods
inE
arth
’sat
mos
pher
e,oc
eans
, and
land
mas
ses.
4.W
ithou
tint
erfe
renc
e,th
eam
ount
ofnu
trie
nts
flow
ing
into
ast
ore
gene
rally
equa
lsth
eam
ount
ofnu
trie
nts
flow
ing
out.
5.H
uman
activ
ities
can
upse
t the
natu
ralb
alan
ceof
nutr
ient
cycl
es.
Exam
ple:
Cle
arin
gfo
rest
land
fora
gric
ultu
re,r
oads
,and
Citi
esre
duce
sth
eto
tala
mou
ntof
carb
on(in
the
form
ofca
rbon
diox
ide)
take
nfr
omth
eat
mos
pher
eby
plan
ts.
6.La
ndcl
earin
g,ag
ricu
lture
,urb
anex
pans
ion,
min
ing,
indu
stry
,and
mot
oriz
edtr
ansp
orta
tion
can
alli
ncre
ase
the
leve
lsof
nutri
ents
mor
equ
ickl
yth
anth
est
ores
can
abso
rbth
em.
4.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
proc
esse
sdo
esno
tinc
reas
eth
eam
ount
ofca
rbon
diox
ide
(CO
s)in
the
atm
osph
ere?
A.f
ores
tfire
sB
.pho
tosy
nthe
sis
C.c
ellu
larr
espi
ratio
nID
.dec
ompo
sing
tree
s
5.Li
sted
belo
war
ech
emic
alco
mpo
unds
mat
ched
with
alo
catio
nw
here
they
can
befo
und
onE
arth
.Whi
chof
the
pair
sof
chem
ical
com
poun
dsan
dlo
catio
nsis
inco
rrec
t?A
.nitr
ate
(NO
s:w
ater
B.n
itrog
en(N
2):
atm
osph
ere
C.c
arbo
nate
(CC
)?):
atm
osph
ere
D.p
hosp
hate
(P0
45)
:sed
imen
tary
rock
6.W
hich
term
desc
ribe
sth
epr
oces
sof
conv
ertin
gni
trog
enga
s(N
2)in
toni
trat
e(N
03)
oran
unon
ium
A.u
ptak
eB
.nitr
ific
atio
nC
.den
itrif
icat
ion
B.n
itrog
enfi
xatio
n
7.B
iolo
gist
sdo
ing
aye
arly
fish
coun
tin
asm
alll
ake
notic
eth
atth
enu
mbe
roff
ish
inth
ela
keis
dram
atic
ally
less
than
the
year
befo
re. T
hey
obse
rve
the
bodi
esof
dead
fish
near
the
shor
elin
e.A
fter
test
ing
asa
mpl
eof
the
wat
er,t
hebi
olog
ists
real
ize
that
the
leve
l ofd
isso
lved
nitr
ogen
has
incr
ease
ddr
amat
ical
ly.
Wha
tels
em
ight
the
biol
ogis
tsno
tice
abou
tthe
lake
?A
.inc
reas
edox
ygen
B.i
ncre
ased
alga
epr
oduc
tion
C.de
crea
sed
lake
tem
pera
ture
ID.d
ecre
ased
alga
epr
oduc
tion
2.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
chem
ical
nutr
ient
sis
not
cycl
edbe
twee
nliv
ing
orga
nism
san
dth
eat
mos
pher
e?A
.pho
spho
rus
B.n
itrog
enC
.car
bon
ID.o
xyge
n
3.W
here
isth
ela
rges
tsto
reof
carb
onfo
und
onE
arth
?A
.in
coal
depo
sits
B.i
nte
rres
tria
lve
geta
tion
C.i
nso
ilan
dor
gani
cm
atte
rD
.in
mar
ine
sedi
men
tsan
dse
dim
enta
ryro
ck
7.Fo
ures
sent
ialc
hem
ical
nutr
ient
sar
e:ca
rbon
,oxy
gen,
and
nitr
ogen
,whi
chcy
cle
betw
een
orga
nism
san
dth
eat
mos
pher
e,an
dar
efo
und
inpr
otei
nsan
dD
NA
inev
ery
livin
gor
gani
smph
osph
orus
,whi
chcy
cles
infr
omse
dim
enta
ryro
ck
Qui
ckC
heck
13
Wha
tdoe
snL
stne
ntm
ean?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
2W
hati
san
exam
ple
ofhu
man
acti
vity
that
can
decr
ease
the
amou
ntof
carb
onta
ken
from
the
atm
osph
ere
bypl
ants
?
3LI
stfo
urch
emic
alel
emen
tsth
atm
ove
thro
ugh
the
bios
pher
eas
part
ofnu
trie
ntcy
cles
How
Car
bon
IsSt
ored
1.A
carb
onst
ore,
also
calle
da
carb
onsi
nk,i
sa
shor
t-or
long
-ter
mac
cum
ulat
ion
ofca
rbon
.2.
Car
bon
isan
esse
ntia
lpar
toft
hech
emic
alre
actio
nsth
atsu
stai
nlif
e.A
llliv
ing
thin
gsco
ntai
nbi
llion
sof
carb
onat
oms
inth
eirc
ells
.3.
Shor
t-te
rmsh
orta
geof
carb
onis
foun
din
aqua
tican
dte
rres
tria
lorg
anis
ms,
and
inca
rbon
diox
ide
(C02
)in
the
atm
osph
ere
and
top
laye
rsof
the
ocea
n.4.
Lon
ger-
term
stor
age
isfo
und
inm
iddl
ean
dlo
wer
ocea
nla
yers
asdi
ssol
ved
C02
,and
inco
al,o
il,an
dga
sde
posi
tsin
land
and
ocea
nse
dim
ents
.5.
The
mai
nca
rbon
stor
esar
esh
ixan
iin
the
data
book
let
Qw
ckC
heck
141
Wha
tIsa
noth
erte
rmth
atm
eans
aca
rbon
stor
e?
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
2R
efer
toT
able
2.1
toan
swer
the
Itill
owin
gqu
esti
ons
(a)
Ism
ore
carb
onst
ored
Inth
eat
mos
pher
eor
inoi
land
gas
depo
sits
?
(b)
Isth
ese
cond
-lar
gest
stor
eof
carb
ona
shor
tte
rmor
alo
ngte
rmst
ore?
_______________
(c)
Ism
ore
carb
onst
ored
Inpl
ants
orin
the
soil
that
they
grow
in?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
(d)
Whi
chca
rbon
stor
eis
larg
erth
anal
lthe
othe
rca
rbon
stor
esco
mbi
ned?
______________
How
Car
bon
IsC
ycle
dth
roug
hE
cosy
stem
sI.
Car
bon
exch
ange
orth
eca
rbon
cycl
ede
scri
bes
how
carb
onis
mov
edth
roug
hte
rres
tria
land
aqua
ticec
osys
tem
s.Fi
ndea
chof
the
proc
esse
sbe
low
inT
heC
arbo
nC
ycle
,pag
esof
your
Dat
aPa
ges.
2.Ph
otos
ynth
esis
Dur
ing
phot
osyn
thes
is,c
arbo
n,in
the
form
ofca
rbon
diox
ide,
ente
rsth
ele
aves
ofpl
ants
and
reac
tsw
ithw
ater
inth
epr
esen
ceof
sunl
ight
topr
oduc
een
ergy
-ric
hca
rboh
ydra
tes
and
oxyg
en.
6CO
a+61
1s0
+en
ergy
(sun
light
)-C
6H
i2O
6+
60z
-Ph
otos
ynth
esis
also
occu
rsin
cysn
obac
teri
aQ
,lue-
gree
nun
icel
lula
rorg
anis
ms)
and
alga
e(s
impl
eun
icel
lula
rorm
ultic
ellu
lar
orga
nism
s)in
ocea
ns.
3.C
ellu
lar
resp
irati
on
isth
epr
oces
sin
whi
chbo
thpl
ants
and
anim
als
rele
ase
carb
ondi
oxid
eba
ckin
toth
eat
mos
pher
eby
conv
ertin
gca
rboh
ydra
tes
and
oxyg
enin
toca
rbon
diox
ide
and
wat
er.
C6H
1206
+60
2-+
6C02
+6H
sO+
ener
gy•T
heen
ergy
rele
ased
isus
edfo
rgro
wth
,rep
air,
and
othe
rlif
epr
oces
ses.
4.D
ecom
pose
rs,s
uch
asba
cter
iaan
dfu
ngi,
conv
ertc
ellu
lose
(car
bohy
drat
esin
plan
ts)
back
into
carb
ondi
oxid
e,w
hich
isre
leas
edin
toth
eat
mos
pher
e.5.
Car
bona
tefo
rmat
ion
Car
bon
and
oxyg
endi
ssol
ved
inoc
ean
wat
erco
mbi
neto
form
carb
onat
e(C
Os’
).•C
arbo
nate
isfo
und
inth
esh
ells
ofm
arin
eor
gani
sms.
•Whe
nth
ese
orga
nism
sdi
e,th
eirs
hells
can
accu
mul
ate
and
grad
ually
beco
me
limes
tone
,whi
chis
ase
dim
enta
ryso
ck.
6.V
olca
nic
activ
itySe
dim
enta
ryro
ckca
nbe
subd
ucte
dan
dm
elte
d,an
dits
carb
ondi
oxid
eca
nbe
rele
ased
invo
lcan
icer
uptio
ns.
7.O
cean
mix
ing
invo
lves
the
circ
ulat
ion
ofin
term
edia
tean
dde
epw
ater
sin
the
ocea
n.•O
cean
mix
ing
abso
rbs
C02
from
the
atm
osph
ere
athi
ghla
titud
esan
dre
leas
esC
Ch
toth
eat
mos
pher
eat
trop
ical
latit
udes
.
Hum
anA
ctiv
ities
and
the
Car
bon
Cyc
leI.
The
amou
ntof
carb
ondi
oxid
ega
sin
the
atm
osph
ere
has
incr
ease
dby
abou
t30
perc
ent o
vert
hela
st16
0ye
ars.
Thi
sin
crea
seis
due
tohu
man
activ
ities
that
invo
lve
burn
ing
foss
ilfu
els,
such
asoi
l,ga
s,an
dco
al,
whi
chre
leas
esca
rbon
that
was
stor
edde
epin
Ear
tha
long
time
ago.
Qui
ckC
heck
15
Ref
erto
The
Car
bon
Cyd
e,,p
ages
ofyo
urD
ata
Page
sto
answ
ertli
ese
ques
tions
1H
owm
any
giga
tonn
esof
carb
onar
est
ored
inea
chof
the
follo
win
glo
catio
ns?
(a)
the
atm
osph
ere
—
(b)
diss
olve
das
orga
nIc
carb
onin
the
uppe
rlev
els
ofth
eoc
ean
___________
(c)
orga
nic
mat
ter
Inth
eso
il
__
__
__
__
__
__
2Ex
amin
eth
eca
rbon
exch
ange
valu
esto
anaw
erth
efol
low
lng
ques
tions
(a)
isca
rbon
mov
ing
fest
erin
toth
eoc
eans
orou
tof t
heoc
eans
?
____________
(b)
Ooe
s agr
icul
ture
mov
em
ore
carb
onin
toth
eai
roro
utof
the
air?
__
__
__
__
__
__
(c)
Why
does
the
exch
ange
data
fort
hefb
ssll
fuel
com
bust
ion
show
carb
onm
ovin
gin
toth
e
atm
osph
ere
butn
one
mov
ing
outo
f the
atm
osph
ere?
3H
owdo
volc
anoe
saf
fect
thea
mou
ntof
carb
onIn
the
atm
osph
ere
7
Nitr
ogen
1.N
itrog
enis
used
tost
ruct
ure
DN
Aan
dpr
otei
ns,
whi
char
evi
talf
orm
uscl
efi
mct
ion
inan
imal
s.In
plan
ts,n
itrog
enis
impo
rtan
t for
grow
th.
2.T
hela
rges
tsto
reof
nitr
ogen
isin
the
atm
osph
ere,
whe
reit
exis
tsin
the
form
Nz.
3.A
ppro
xim
atel
y78
perc
ent o
fEar
th’s
atm
osph
ere
isN
zga
s,bu
tmoa
torg
anis
ms
cann
otus
eth
isfo
rmof
nitro
gen.
4.N
itrog
enis
also
stor
edin
ocea
nsan
das
orga
nic
mat
teri
nso
il.5.
Smal
lern
itrog
enst
ores
are
foun
din
terr
estr
iale
cosy
stem
san
dw
ater
way
s.
The
Nitr
ogen
Cyc
leF
ind
each
ofth
epro
cess
esbe
low
inth
eN
itrog
enC
yde
illus
trat
ion,
page
9of
your
Dat
aPa
ges.
1.N
itrog
enfi
xatio
nis
the
conv
ersi
onof
Nig
asin
toco
mpo
unds
cont
aini
ngni
trat
e(N
Or)
and
anim
oniu
m(N
H4)
,w
hich
are
usab
leby
plan
ts.
2.N
itrog
enfi
xatio
noc
curs
:-
Inth
eat
mos
pher
e—lig
htni
ng(a
nat
mos
pher
icdi
scha
rge
ofel
ectri
city
)pr
ovid
esth
een
ergy
forN
2ga
sto
reac
twith
02ga
sto
form
nitr
ate
and
amm
oniu
mio
ns.
—C
ompo
unds
form
edby
thes
eio
nsth
enen
tert
heso
ilvi
apr
ecip
itatio
n.—
Thi
spr
ovid
eson
lya
smal
lam
ount
ofni
trog
enfix
atio
n.In
the
soil—
nitr
ogen
-fix
ing
bact
eria
like
Rhi
zobi
umco
nver
tN2
gas
into
ssnm
oniu
mio
ns.
—T
hese
bact
eria
grow
onth
ero
otno
dule
sof
legu
mes
,whi
char
epl
ants
such
aspe
as,b
eans
,alfa
lfa,a
ndcl
over
that
can
fixat
mos
pher
icni
trog
en.
—T
hepl
ants
prov
ide
suga
rs,w
hile
bact
eria
prov
ide
nitr
ogen
ions
.-
Inth
ew
ater
—so
me
cyan
obac
teri
aco
nver
tN2
into
amm
oniu
mdu
ring
phot
osyn
thes
is.
3.N
itrif
icat
ton
isa
two-
step
proc
ess
that
occu
rsw
hen
certa
inni
trif
ying
bact
eria
conv
erta
mm
oniu
min
toni
trite
(N02
).A
diff
eren
tsp
ecie
sof
nitr
ifyi
ngba
cter
iaco
nver
tsth
eni
trite
(NO
i)in
toni
trat
e(N
Os)
.
4.D
ecm
pose
rbac
teri
aan
dfu
ngic
onve
rtth
eni
trog
entr
appe
din
the
cells
ofde
ador
gani
sms
and
conv
erti
tin
toam
mon
ium
(NW
’).
5.N
itrat
esen
terp
lant
root
sth
roug
hth
epr
oces
sof
upta
ke.
-T
hese
nitz
pgen
com
poun
dsco
mpo
sepl
antp
rote
ins.
Her
bivo
res
eatt
hepl
ants
and
use
nitr
ogen
for
DN
Aan
dpr
otei
nsy
nthe
sis.
Qui
ckC
heck
16
1.T
hrou
ghPr
oces
sA
and
Proc
essB
, nitr
ogen
(N5)m
oves
from
the
atm
osph
ere
and
beco
mes
avai
labl
e
to
plan
ts
as
anu
trie
ntW
tiat
term
iden
tifie
sPr
oces
sA
?
__
__
___
__
__
__
__
__
__
2W
hatt
erm
Iden
tifie
sPr
oces
sB?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
___
How
Nit
roge
nIs
Ret
urne
dto
the
Atm
osph
ere
and
Rem
oved
from
Eco
syst
ems
1.D
enitr
ific
atio
nis
the
proc
ess
thro
ugh
whi
chni
trog
enis
retu
rned
toth
eat
mos
pher
e.2.
Ina
seri
esof
chem
ical
reac
tions
,de
nitr
ifyi
ngba
cter
iaco
nver
t nitr
ate
(NO
s)ba
ckin
toni
trog
enga
s(N
s).
3.N
2is
also
retu
rned
toth
eat
mos
pher
eth
roug
hvo
lcan
icer
uptio
ns.
4.E
xces
sni
trog
endi
ssol
ves
inw
ater
,ent
ers
the
wat
erw
ays,
and
was
hes
into
lake
san
doc
eans
.5.
Nitr
ogen
com
poun
dsev
entu
ally
beco
me
trap
ped
inse
dim
enta
ryro
cks
and
are
notr
elea
sed
until
the
rock
sw
eath
er.
Hum
anA
ctiv
stie
san
dth
eN
itrog
enC
ycle
1.H
uman
activ
ities
have
doub
led
the
amou
ntof
avai
labl
eni
trog
enin
the
bios
pher
ein
the
last
50ye
ars.
Thi
sin
crea
seha
sbe
endu
eto
the
follo
win
g:-
Bur
ning
foss
ilfu
els
and
trea
ting
sew
age
rele
ases
nitr
ogen
oxid
e(N
O)
and
nitr
ogen
diox
ide
(N02
).B
urni
ngal
sore
leas
esni
trog
enco
mpo
unds
that
incr
ease
acid
prec
ipita
tion
inth
efo
rmof
nitr
icac
id(H
NO
s).
—A
cid
prec
ipit
atio
nha
sa
low
erpH
(hig
her
acid
ity)
than
prec
ipita
tion
that
does
notc
onta
inpo
lluta
nts.
—pH
isa
mea
sure
ofho
wac
idic
orba
sic
aso
lutio
nis
.—
Aci
dpr
ecip
itatio
nha
sne
gativ
eef
fect
son
fore
sts,
soils
,and
fres
hwat
eran
dth
eor
gani
sms
livin
gin
thos
eec
osys
tem
s.A
gric
ultu
ralp
ract
ices
ofte
nus
ela
rge
amou
nts
ofni
trog
en-c
onta
inin
gfe
rtili
zers
.2.
Exc
ess
nitr
ogen
isw
ashe
daw
ayor
leac
hes
into
the
wat
erw
ays.
Exc
ess
nitr
ogen
prom
otes
lasg
egr
owth
calle
d‘b
boom
s’in
aqua
tical
gae.
Alg
albl
oom
sus
eup
CO
san
d02
and
bloc
ksu
nlig
ht,k
illin
gm
any
aqua
ticor
gani
sms.
Alg
albl
oom
sca
nal
sopr
oduc
ene
urot
oxin
sth
atpo
ison
anim
als.
Qui
ckC
heck
..
:..
.:
:.
1H
owis
the
pro
cess
ofde
mtn
flca
tion
diff
eren
t fro
mni
troge
nfi
xatio
nan
dni
trif
icat
ion?
____
____
2Li
stth
ree
hum
anac
tiv,
tie
that
incr
ease
the
amou
ntof
avai
labl
eni
trog
enin
the
bios
pher
e.
3Ex
cess
nltro
gen
inth
eeco
syst
emin
crea
sest
heam
ount
ofal
gal b
loom
sLi
sttw
one
gativ
e
efIc
tsof
alga
lblo
oms
The
Phos
phor
usC
ycle
Find
each
ofth
epro
ce.s
ses
men
tione
dbe
low
inth
ePh
osph
orus
Cyc
leill
ustr
atio
n,pa
ged
ofyo
urD
ata
Page
s.I.
Phos
phor
usis
ach
emic
alel
emen
t tha
tis
esse
ntia
l for
life
proc
esse
sin
plan
tsan
dan
imal
s.Ph
osph
orus
isa
part
ofth
em
olec
ule
that
cani
cseo
ergy
inliv
ing
cells
.Ph
osph
orus
prom
otes
root
grow
th,s
tem
stre
ngth
, and
seed
prod
uctio
n.In
anim
als,
phos
phor
usis
impo
rtan
t for
stro
ogbo
nes.
2.Ph
osph
orus
isno
tsto
red
inth
eat
mos
pher
e.3.
Phos
phor
usis
trap
ped
inph
osph
ates
(PO
43)
foun
din
rock
san
din
the
sedi
men
tson
the
ocea
nflo
or.
4.W
eath
erin
gre
leas
esth
ese
phos
phat
esw
hen
geol
ogic
uplif
texp
oses
the
rock
s.G
eolo
gic
uplif
t ref
ers
toth
epr
oces
sof
mou
ntai
nbu
ildin
gin
whi
chE
arth
’scr
ustf
olds
and
deep
lybu
ried
rock
laye
rsri
sean
dar
eex
pose
d.C
hem
ical
wea
ther
ing
rele
ases
phos
phat
esvi
aac
idpr
ecip
itatio
nor
liche
ns.
Phys
ical
wea
ther
ing
rele
ases
phos
phat
esth
roug
hw
ind,
wat
er, a
ndfr
eezi
ng.
5.Ph
osph
ates
are
abao
rbed
bypl
ants
,w
hich
are
then
eate
nby
anim
als.
Hum
anA
ctiv
ities
and
the
Phos
phor
usC
ycle
I.H
uman
sad
dex
cess
phos
phor
usto
the
envi
ronm
entt
hrou
ghco
mm
erci
alfe
rtili
zers
,de
terg
ents
,liv
esto
ckfa
rmin
g,an
din
dust
riala
ndhu
man
was
tes.
2.H
uman
sca
nal
sore
duce
phos
phor
ussu
pplie
s.Sl
ash-
and-
burn
ing
offo
rest
sre
mov
esph
osph
orus
from
trees
,and
the
phos
phor
usis
then
depo
site
das
ash
inw
ater
way
s.
Qui
ckC
heck
181
Unl
ike
carb
onan
dni
trog
enp
ho
sph
ori
sno
t sto
red
Inth
eat
mos
pher
e.W
here
isit
stor
ed?
2.G
eolo
gic
upli
ftis
the
proc
ess
inw
hich
mou
ntai
nsfo
rmas
they
are
push
edup
from
belo
w
How
does
geo1
ogic
upli
ftre
late
toth
eph
osph
orus
t:yd
e?
______________________
3H
owdo
phosp
hat
esth
atar
epr
esen
tin
rock
sev
entu
ally
mak
eth
eirw
ayin
toan
imal
s?
_______
4.H
owdo
hum
ans
add
exce
ssph
osph
orus
Into
the
envi
ronm
ent?
________________________
How
Cha
nges
inN
utri
entC
ycle
sA
ffec
tBio
dive
rsity
I.A
nysi
gnif
ican
t cha
nges
toca
rbon
,hyd
roge
n,ox
ygen
,nitr
ogen
,or p
hosp
horu
sca
ngr
eatly
affe
ctbi
odiv
ersi
ty.
-C
arbo
ncy
cle
chan
ges
are
linke
dto
clim
ate
chan
gean
dgl
obal
war
min
g.
Use
the
follo
win
gi(
lust
ratlo
nto
answ
erth
enex
tque
sbon
,.
Thep
rore
ssel
sitiif
icat
isn
-In
crea
sed
leve
lsof
nitr
ogen
can
allo
wce
rtai
npl
ants
peci
esto
outc
ompe
teot
hers
peci
es,d
ecre
asin
gth
ere
sour
ces
for
ever
ysp
ecie
sin
thos
efo
odw
ebs.
Dec
reas
edle
vels
ofph
osph
orus
can
inhi
bitt
hegr
owth
ofal
gals
peci
es,
whi
char
eve
ryim
port
antp
rodu
cers
inm
any
food
chai
ns.
2.Sl
ight
tem
pera
ture
fluc
tuat
ions
and
chan
ges
inw
ater
leve
lsca
ndr
astic
ally
chan
geec
osys
tem
s.3.
Cha
nges
infl
uenc
eev
ery
othe
ror
gani
smin
thos
efo
odw
ebs.
Ch.
2.3
:E
ffec
tso
fB
ioac
cum
ula
tion
on
Eco
syst
ems
-P
ract
ice
Que
stio
ns
2.In
whi
chpa
rtof
anan
imal
wou
ldyo
uex
pect
tofin
dth
ehi
ghes
tlev
elof
asy
nthe
ticch
emic
allik
ePC
B?
A.b
rain
B.f
atst
orag
eC
.lun
gtis
sue
0.
bloo
dsy
stem
3.A
biol
ogis
tstu
died
asa
mpl
eta
ken
from
asq
uid
ina
mar
ine
food
web
.She
foun
dth
atth
eco
ncen
trat
ion
ofD
OT
inth
issa
mpl
ew
as2.
0pp
m.
Wha
tdoe
sa
conc
entr
atio
nof
2.0
ppm
mea
n?A
.The
rear
e20
part
icle
sof
DD
Tm
ixed
with
999
980
othe
rpar
ticle
s.B
.The
rear
etw
opa
rtic
les
ofD
OT
mix
edw
ith99
999
9ot
herp
artic
les.
C.T
here
are
two
part
icle
sof
DD
Tm
ixed
with
999
998
othe
rpar
ticle
s.0
.T
here
are
two
part
icle
sof
DO
Tm
ixed
with
100
000
0ot
herp
artic
les.
4.Se
aot
ters
that
live
offt
hew
estc
oast
ofC
anad
apr
imar
ilyea
tsea
urch
ins.
The
sea
urch
ins
are
one
ofth
em
ain
cons
umer
sofa
lgae
such
aske
lp.T
oxic
leve
lsof
synt
hetic
chem
ical
sin
the
sea
otte
rpop
ulat
ion
prev
ente
dth
ese
aot
ters
from
repr
oduc
ing,
and
the
popu
latio
nof
sea
otte
rsbe
gan
tode
crea
sesi
gnif
ican
tly.
As
are
sult,
the
sea
urch
ins
and
othe
rher
bivo
res
quic
kly
seve
rely
redu
ced
the
kelp
,allo
win
gba
rnac
les
and
mus
sels
tofl
ouri
shat
the
cost
ofot
her
spec
ies
inth
eec
osys
tem
.Whi
chis
the
best
desc
ript
ion
fort
hero
leof
the
sea
otte
rin
this
mar
ine
ecos
yste
m?
A.k
eyst
one
spec
ies
B.i
ndic
ator
spec
ies
C.t
opca
rniv
ore
0.
nich
esp
ecie
s
7.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
cont
amin
ants
have
thes
efo
urch
arac
teri
stic
sin
com
mon
?-
pote
ntia
lto
bioa
ccum
ulat
ew
ithin
orga
nism
sna
tura
llypr
esen
t on
Earth
-bi
nds
toso
ilpa
rtic
les
toxi
cto
anim
als
A.l
ead
andP
CB
sB
.DO
Tan
dPC
B5
C.le
ad,c
adm
ium
,and
mer
cury
D. c
adm
ium
,mer
cury
,and
DD
T
8.A
fter
anoi
lspi
llne
arV
anco
uver
Isla
nd,t
heoi
lco
mpa
nyde
cide
dto
use
bact
eria
tocl
ean
upth
epo
llutio
ncr
eate
dby
the
spill
.Wha
t typ
eof
proc
ess
isth
isan
exam
ple
of?
A.b
iocl
eani
ngB
. bio
rem
edia
tion
C.bi
nacc
umnl
atio
n0.
biom
agni
fica
tion
Su
mm
ary
of
Key
Poin
ts-
Synt
hetic
chem
ical
sen
tert
heen
viro
nmen
t in
air,
wat
er,a
ndso
il.Pl
ants
take
upso
me
ofth
ese
chem
ical
san
dth
ech
emic
als
bioa
ccum
ulat
ein
the
fatt
issu
esof
herb
ivor
esan
dca
rniv
ores
.Sy
nthe
ticch
emic
als
beco
me
biom
sgni
fled
info
odpy
ram
ids
and
harm
orga
nism
s.H
eavy
met
als
such
asle
ad, c
adm
ium
,an
dm
ercu
ryal
sobi
oacc
umul
ate
inth
een
viro
nmen
t and
nega
tivel
yaf
fect
orga
nism
s.Sc
ient
ists
are
wor
king
tofi
ndw
ays
tore
mov
eha
rmfu
l env
irosu
nent
alch
emic
als.
Inbi
orem
edia
tion,
ogan
ism
sar
eus
edto
help
clea
nup
chem
ical
pollu
tion.
Stu
dy
Not
es
Bio
aceu
mul
atio
nI.
One
ofth
ebi
gges
tcha
nges
hum
ans
have
mad
eto
the
envi
ronm
ent i
sth
ein
trod
uctio
nof
synt
hetic
(hum
an-m
ade)
chem
ical
s.2.
Bio
accu
mul
atio
nis
the
accu
mul
atio
nof
asu
bsta
nce,
such
asa
toxi
c(p
oiso
nous
)ch
emic
al,i
nva
rious
tissu
esof
aliv
ing
orga
nism
.-
Man
yha
rmfu
lche
mic
als
cann
otbe
deco
mpo
sed
natu
rally
.T
hese
chem
ical
sca
nbe
eate
nor
abso
rbed
and
som
etim
esca
nnot
bere
mov
edfr
omth
ebo
dyof
the
orga
nism
effe
ctiv
ely.
3.K
eyst
one
spec
ies
are
spec
ies
that
can
grea
tlyaf
fect
popu
latio
nnu
mbe
rsan
dth
ehe
alth
ofan
ecos
yste
m.
Bxs
snpl
e:Sa
lmon
are
ake
ysto
nesp
ecie
sin
man
yB
ritis
hC
olum
bia
fore
stec
osys
tem
s.Sa
lmon
are
anim
port
antf
ood
sour
cefo
rman
yan
imal
s,an
dth
eird
ecay
ing
bodi
esar
ea
rich
sour
ceof
nitr
ogen
for
tree
-Sa
lmon
reta
inha
rmfu
lche
mic
als
inth
eirb
ody
fata
ndtr
ansf
erth
ese
chem
ical
sto
the
othe
rorg
anis
ms.
4.B
iom
agni
fica
tion
isth
epr
oces
sin
whi
chch
emic
als
noto
nly
accu
mul
ate
butb
ecom
em
ore
conc
entr
ated
atea
chtr
ophi
cle
vel.
Ate
ach
leve
loft
hefo
odpy
ram
id,c
hem
ical
sth
atdo
notg
etbr
oken
dow
nbu
ildup
inor
gani
sms.
Whe
nth
eco
nsum
erin
the
next
trop
hic
leve
leat
sor
gani
sms
with
ach
emic
alac
cum
ulat
ion,
they
rece
ive
ahu
gedo
seof
the
chem
ical
(s).
1.W
hich
isth
ebe
stre
ason
toex
plai
nw
hyso
me
synt
hetic
and
orga
nic
chem
ical
sac
cum
ulat
ein
the
envi
ronm
ent?
A.S
ynth
etic
chem
ical
sar
em
etab
oliz
edby
orga
nism
s.B
.Org
anis
ms
secr
ete
synt
hetic
chem
ical
sas
aw
aste
prod
uct.
C.T
hein
crea
sein
ultr
avio
letr
adia
tion
caus
esch
emic
als
toac
cum
ulat
ein
orga
nism
s.0.
Synt
hetic
chem
ical
sth
atca
nnot
bebr
oken
dow
nby
deco
mpo
sers
will
build
upin
livin
gor
gani
sms.
5.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outP
CB
cont
amin
atio
nan
dor
cas
isno
ttru
e?A
.Orc
asre
tain
high
leve
lsof
PCB
sin
thei
rbod
ies
beca
use
PCB
5ha
vea
long
half-
life.
B.T
hepr
esen
ceof
high
amou
nts
ofPC
Bs
inor
cas
isan
exam
ple
ofbi
omag
nifI
cstio
n.C.
PCB
-con
tam
inat
edor
cas
usua
llygi
vebi
rth
toca
lves
that
have
noPC
Bco
ntam
inat
ion.
D.P
CB
sar
esy
nthe
ticch
emic
als
that
wer
ew
idel
yus
edin
indu
stri
alpr
oduc
ts.
Use
the
follo
win
gpi
ctur
eof
am
arin
efo
odw
ebto
answ
erqu
estio
n6.
9.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isno
tan
exam
ple
ofho
whu
man
sca
nbe
expo
sed
tohe
avy
met
alpo
ison
ing?
A.s
mok
ing
ciga
rette
sB
.ing
estio
nof
met
hylin
ercu
ryC.
skin
abso
rptio
ndu
eto
dire
ctco
ntac
tD
.ea
ting
shel
lfis
hco
ntam
inat
edby
are
dtid
e
10. W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
are
natu
rals
ourc
esof
heav
ym
etal
son
Ear
th?
Ivol
cani
cer
uptio
nsII
geot
herm
alsp
ring
slf
lbat
tery
man
ufac
turi
ngIV
rock
wea
ther
ing
A.I
and
IVon
lyB
.II
and
lBon
lyC
.I,l
l,an
dlV
on
lyD
.I,l
l,ff
l,an
dW
/6.
The
squi
din
this
food
web
was
test
edan
dfo
und
toha
vea
DD
Tco
ncen
trat
ion
of2.
0pp
m.
Whi
chor
gani
smw
ould
you
expe
ctto
have
aco
ncen
trat
ion
of16
.0pp
m?
A.c
odB
.lof
ilC
.zoo
plan
kton
D.o
sca
PCB
san
dth
eO
rca
1.A
nex
ampl
eof
bioa
ccum
ulat
ion
inB
ritis
hC
olum
bia
isth
eef
fect
ofPC
Bs
onth
eor
es.
PCB
sar
eco
mpo
unds
that
are
prod
uced
byre
plac
ing
hydr
ogen
atom
sin
biph
enyl
with
chlo
rine.
-PC
Bs
are
pois
onou
sen
viro
nmen
talp
ollu
tant
sth
atte
ndto
accu
mul
ate
inan
imal
tissu
es.
PCB
sw
ere
used
form
any
indu
stri
alan
del
ectr
ical
appl
icat
ions
butw
ere
bann
edin
1977
beca
use
ofth
eir
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
.PC
Bs
stay
inor
gani
sms
and
the
envi
ronm
entf
ora
veiy
long
time,
supp
ress
ing
the
imm
une
syst
em,p
roba
bly
caus
ing
canc
erin
hum
ans,
and
inte
rter
ing
with
the
repr
oduc
tive
succ
ess
ofth
eor
es.
-Th
ePC
Blo
adof
omen
sis
muc
hhi
gher
than
that
ofan
yot
hera
nim
alin
the
wor
ld.
Qui
ckC
heck
20
/c sa
lmon
/()
/sm
all f
ish
/It
/V
....
/sm
alli
reer
tebm
tse
:.
V
/It
/..
V..
/m
tcm
osco
ptcp
lant
aand
alga
e
1.T
heM
ustr
atlo
nab
ove
show
sbl
omag
nlfl
catlo
ris
thro
ugh
ari.a
quat
icec
osys
tem
from
prod
ucer
s
thm
ough
prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
yco
nsum
ers
and
final
lyto
the
orca
, whk
his
the
tert
iary
cons
umer
.
.Ex
plai
nw
t.ln
the
entf
re1o
dcha
ln,t
hati
tIst
heor
caIs
atgr
eate
strl
skfr
omPC
Bpo
lson
hig.
Pers
iste
ntO
rgan
icPo
lluta
nts
1.D
DT
isa
pest
icid
ein
trod
uced
in19
41to
cont
ml m
osqu
itopo
pula
tions
and
isst
illus
edin
som
epl
aces
.-
Ape
stic
ide
isa
subs
tanc
eus
edto
cont
rol p
opul
atio
nsof
plan
tand
anim
alpe
sts.
2.D
DT
bind
sst
rong
lyto
soil,
bios
ccum
ulat
esin
plan
ts,
and
then
bioa
ccum
isla
tes
inth
efa
ttytis
sue
ofth
efis
h,bi
rds,
and
mam
mal
sth
atea
tthe
plan
ts.
3.C
hem
ical
accu
mul
atio
nis
mea
sure
din
part
spe
r mill
ion
(ppm
).O
nepp
mm
eans
one
part
icle
ofa
give
nsu
bsta
nce
mix
edw
ith99
999
9ot
herp
artic
les.
4.Ev
enat
low
leve
lsof
5pp
m,D
DT
can
caus
ene
rvou
s,im
mun
e,an
dre
prod
uctiv
esy
stem
diso
rder
s.Q
uick
Che
ck21
Vre
thi5
fobl
et00
0rw
erqu
e.st
ions
1and
2,
TA
BL
SS
.2B
ioac
cum
ulat
ion
ofD
DTI
naFo
odC
hain
-
Blo
accu
naul
istio
n(p
pm)
Plan
kton
0.04
..
..
Min
now
0.94
Adu
ltfi
sh2.
07.
Her
oes
.
Osp
rey..
.13
80
Cor
mor
ant
.26
A0
1A
ppro
xim
atel
yho
wm
anyb
mes
mor
eco
ncen
trat
edis
DD
Tin
hero
nsth
anit
isin
min
now
s?
2Ex
plaI
nw
hyth
eco
ncen
trat
ion
ofth
epe
stic
ide
D[3
11s
less
Inpl
ankt
onth
anWi
corm
oran
ts
Hea
vyM
etal
s:L
ead,
Cad
miu
m,
and
Mer
cury
Hea
vym
etal
sar
em
etal
ssu
chas
lead
,cad
miu
m, a
ndm
ercu
ry,
whi
chha
veno
know
nvi
tal o
rben
efic
iale
ffec
ton
orga
nism
s,an
dth
eir a
ccum
ulat
ion
over
tisne
inth
ebo
dies
ofm
amm
als
can
caus
ese
riou
sill
ness
.2.
Lead
isno
tcon
side
red
safe
atan
yle
veL
-M
any
elec
tron
ics
cont
ain
lead
and
mus
tbe
recy
cled
care
fully
.L
ead
can
caus
ean
emia
(abl
ood
cond
ition
)an
dne
rvou
san
dre
prod
uctiv
esy
stem
dam
age.
Lea
dis
hann
fuli
fiti
sab
sorb
edth
roug
hth
esk
in, i
nhal
ed,o
ring
este
d(e
aten
);3.
Cad
miu
mis
used
inth
em
anuf
actu
reof
plas
tics
and
nick
el-c
adm
ium
batte
ries
.C
adm
ium
isto
xic
toea
rthw
orm
san
dca
uses
man
yhe
alth
prob
lem
sin
fish.
-In
hum
ans,
the
mai
nso
urce
ofca
dmiu
mis
expo
sure
toci
gare
ttesm
oke.
Cad
miu
mca
uses
lung
dise
ases
, can
cer,
and
nerv
ous
and
imm
une
syst
emda
mag
e.4.
Mer
cury
has
ente
red
ecos
yste
ms
thro
ugh
the
burn
ing
offo
ssil
fuel
s,w
aste
inci
nera
tion,
min
ing,
and
the
man
ufac
ture
ofite
ms
like
batte
ries
.C
oalb
urni
ngad
ds40
perm
ento
fthe
mer
cury
rele
ased
into
the
atm
osph
ere.
-M
ercu
rybi
oaec
umul
ates
inth
ebr
ain,
hear
t,an
dki
dney
sof
man
yan
imal
s.Fi
shbi
oscc
umul
ate
met
hylm
ercm
yco
mpo
unds
,ad
ding
risk
for
any
orga
nism
sth
atea
tthe
fish,
incl
udin
ghu
man
s.
Red
ucin
gth
eE
ffec
tsof
Che
mic
alPo
llutio
n1.
Ifch
emic
als
are
trap
ped
inth
eso
il,th
eyca
nnot
ente
rth
efo
odch
ains
asea
sily
.2.
Bio
rem
edia
tion
isth
eus
eof
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
sor
plan
tsto
help
clea
nup
chem
ical
pollu
tion.
Exam
ple:
The
oili
ndus
try
som
etim
esus
esba
cter
iato
“eat
”oi
lspi
lls.
Qui
ckC
heck
19
1.W
hatI
sblo
accu
mul
atio
n?
2.(a
)H
owca
nth
elo
wle
velp
rese
rice
ofa
harm
ful
chem
ical
stor
edIn
the
body
fat o
fsal
mon
s
resu
ltin
dang
erou
sly
high
leve
lsai
that
sam
ech
emic
alin
bear
s?
____________________
(b)
Wha
tist
hisp
ipce
ssca
lled
?..
..
..
..
3.B
ears
prey
onsa
lrno
n.T
hebe
ars
taks
talm
onou
toft
he
wat
eran
dIn
toth
efo
rest
. It h
asbe
en
esti
rria
ted.
that
bear
s.Ie
aveh
alfo
fthe
salm
onth
atth
eyca
tch
onth
efo
rest
floor
. Exp
laiti
.why
bear
sar
eake
ysto
nesp
eclè
sIn
Brit
ish
Col
umbi
a.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
1.M
arsu
pial
sar
em
amm
als
that
have
apo
uch
inw
hich
fem
ales
rais
eth
eir
youn
gth
roug
hea
rly
infa
ncy.
Man
ym
arsu
pial
s,su
chas
kang
aroo
san
dko
ala
bear
s,liv
ein
Aus
tral
ia,
whe
reit
isbe
lieve
dth
atth
eyal
lelv
ed
from
aco
mm
onan
cest
or.E
ach
spec
ies
occu
pies
itsow
nec
olog
ical
nich
ew
ithin
Aus
tral
ia.T
his
anex
ampl
eof
whi
chty
peof
proc
ess?
A.a
rtif
icia
lse
lect
ion
B.a
dapt
ive
radi
atio
nC.
prim
ary
succ
essi
onD
.eco
logi
cals
ucce
ssio
n
2.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outn
atur
alse
lect
ion
isno
ttru
e?A
.The
finc
hes
ofth
eG
alap
agos
Isla
nds
are
anex
ampl
eof
natu
rals
elec
tion.
B.T
hede
velo
pmen
tofa
ntib
iotic
-res
ista
ntba
cter
iais
anex
ampl
eof
natu
ral
sele
ctio
n.C.
Nat
ural
sele
ctio
noc
curs
whe
nan
orga
nism
trie
sto
chan
gean
dad
aptt
one
wsu
noun
ding
s.D
.In
natu
rals
elec
tion,
mem
bers
ofa
spec
ies
who
have
afa
vour
able
trai
twill
bem
ore
likel
yto
repr
oduc
e.
3.W
hatd
oth
efo
llow
ing
even
tsha
vein
com
mon
?•f
lood
ing
tsun
ami
•dr
ough
tin
sect
infe
stat
ion
A.T
hey
occu
ronl
yin
coas
tala
reas
.B
.The
yre
sult
inpr
imar
ysu
cces
sion
.C.
The
yaf
fect
biot
ican
dab
iotic
fact
ors
ofm
atur
eco
mm
uniti
es.
D.T
hey
have
alli
ncre
ased
infr
eque
ncy
beca
use
ofcl
imat
ech
ange
.
4.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsre
gard
ing
pion
eer
spec
ies
isno
ttru
e?A
.Gal
apag
osfm
ches
are
anex
ampl
eof
api
onee
rsp
ecie
s.B
.Pio
neer
spec
ies
chan
geth
ebi
otic
and
sbio
ticen
viro
nmen
tin
ava
riet
yof
way
s.C.
Pion
eers
peci
esar
eth
efi
rsto
rgan
ism
sth
atsu
rviv
ean
dre
prod
uce
inan
area
.D
.Lic
hens
that
grow
onro
ckin
area
sw
here
glac
iers
have
retr
eate
dar
ean
exam
ple
ofa
pion
eers
peci
es.
5.A
nex
ampl
eof
natu
rals
elec
tion
isth
ein
crea
sein
the
popu
latio
nof
dark
-col
oure
dm
oths
duri
ngth
eIn
dust
rial
Rev
olut
ion
inE
ngla
nd.D
urin
gth
istim
e,la
rge
amou
nts
ofas
han
dso
otre
leas
edin
toth
eat
mos
pher
ebl
acke
ned
the
tree
san
dve
geta
tion
near
indu
stri
alar
eas,
whi
chw
asth
eha
bita
toft
hem
oth.
Bef
ore
the
Indu
stri
alR
evol
utio
nal
tere
dth
een
viro
nmen
t,th
elig
htco
lour
edm
oth
popu
latio
nw
asm
uch
high
erth
anth
eda
rk-c
olou
red
mot
hpo
pula
tion.
Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gre
ason
sbe
stex
plai
nsth
ein
crea
sein
the
dark
-col
oure
dm
oth
popu
latio
n?A
.The
colo
urof
the
mot
hsal
tern
ates
ever
yfe
wye
ars
betw
een
light
and
dark
B.T
heda
rk-c
olou
red
mot
hsw
ere
bette
rabl
eto
avoi
dpr
edat
ors
thro
ugh
cam
oufl
age
agai
nstt
heda
rk-c
olou
red
trees
.C.
The
dark
-col
oure
dm
oths
wer
eth
em
oths
that
wer
em
ore.
expo
sed
topo
llutio
n,w
hich
chan
ged
thei
rpi
gmen
tatio
n.D
.The
light
-col
oure
dm
oths
wer
em
ore
susc
eptib
leto
the
envi
ronm
enta
lim
pact
ofth
eas
han
dso
otin
thei
ren
viro
nmen
t
6.V
eget
atio
ngr
adua
llyta
kes
hold
onba
rero
ckfo
rmed
byco
olin
gla
va.W
hatk
ind
ofec
olog
ical
proc
ess
isha
ppen
ing?
A.s
econ
dary
succ
essi
onB
.pri
mar
ysu
cces
sion
C.a
dapt
ive
radi
atio
nD
.nat
ural
sele
ctio
n
7.In
whi
chof
the
follo
win
glo
catio
nsw
ould
you
expe
ctth
epr
oces
sof
seco
ndar
ysu
cces
sion
tooc
cur?
A.o
nla
vaaf
tera
volc
anic
erup
tion
B.i
ns
rock
yla
ndsc
ape
inth
eA
rctic
C.i
nan
area
left
from
are
trea
ting
glac
ier
D.i
nan
empt
yfi
eld
whe
recr
ops
wer
eon
cegr
own
8.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isno
ttru
eab
outf
lood
ing?
A. F
lood
ing
can
caus
ets
unam
is.
B.F
lood
ing
can
caus
ew
ides
prea
ddi
seas
e:C.
Floo
ding
can
bepa
rtof
the
norm
alcy
cle
ofan
ecos
yste
m.
D.C
limat
ech
ange
may
have
caus
edan
incr
ease
inflo
odin
g.
9.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsre
gard
ing
the
mou
ntai
npi
nebe
etle
are
true
?IP
ine
beet
les
have
asy
mbi
otic
rela
tions
hip
with
afu
ngus
.II
Pine
beet
les
only
atta
ckol
der,
wea
ker p
ine
trees
.II
IThe
spre
adof
the
pine
beet
lein
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
aha
sde
crea
sed
spru
ce, f
ir,an
dyo
unge
rpi
nepo
pula
tions
.IV
Tre
ere
sin
can
trap
beet
les.
A.I
andl
losi
lyB
.lll
and
lVo
nly
C.I
,IIl
,andlv
only
D.I
,U,f
fl,a
nd
IV
10.W
hat i
sth
eco
srec
t ord
erfo
r the
follo
win
gst
ages
ofpr
imar
ysu
cces
sion
, fro
mea
rlie
stto
late
st?
IAm
atur
eco
mm
unity
deve
lops
.II
The
deca
yof
pion
eer
spec
ies
crea
tes
soil.
Ill
Lic
hens
begi
nbr
eaki
ngdo
wn
rock
san
dfo
rmin
gso
il.IV
Mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
san
din
sect
sbe
gin
tooc
cupy
the
area
.V
Sun-
tole
rant
tree
sbe
gin
togr
ow.
A.l
l,ll
I,V
,IV
,IB
.tll
,ll,
IV,V
,IC
.lII
,II,
V,I
,IV
D.I
V,I
I,Il
l,I,
V
Qui
ck.C
hck
22..
‘ILi
stth
ree
heav
ym
etal
skn
own
tobe
dang
erou
sw
hen
rele
ased
into
the
envi
ronm
ent
2P
opia
rtre
esar
eso
met
imes
plan
ted
rnso
ilco
ntam
inat
edw
ithch
emic
als.
The
popl
artr
ees
are
noth
arm
edby
the
chem
ical
san
das
they
grow
thay
rem
ove
the
chem
ical
sfr
omth
eso
ilan
dch
ange
them
Into
othe
r non
toxi
cche
mic
als.
Wha
tist
hete
rmth
tdes
crlb
esth
ispr
oces
s?
..
.
Chapte
r3:
Eco
syst
ems
cont
inua
lly
chan
geov
ertim
e.C
h.
3.1
:H
owC
hang
esO
ccur
Nat
ural
lyin
Eco
syst
ems
-P
ract
ice
Que
stio
ns
Su
mm
ary
of
Key
Poin
ts•O
ver t
ime,
livin
gor
gani
sms
have
chan
ged
asth
eab
iotic
and
biot
icfa
ctor
sin
thei
renv
iron
men
tsha
vech
ange
d.•T
hepr
oces
sth
atsn
akes
chan
gein
livin
gth
ings
poss
ible
isca
lled
natu
rals
elec
tion.
•In
natu
rals
elec
tion,
the
best
-ada
pted
mem
bers
ofa
spec
ies
will
surv
ive
and
repr
oduc
e.•C
hang
esal
sota
kepl
ace
inec
osys
tem
s.•E
colo
gica
lsuc
cess
ion
refe
rsto
chan
ges
that
take
plac
eov
ertim
ein
the
type
sof
orga
nism
sin
habi
ting
anar
ea.
The
rear
etw
oty
pes
ofec
olog
ical
succ
essi
on:p
risna
rysu
cces
sion
and
seco
ndar
ysu
cces
sion
.
Stu
dy
Not
esH
owO
rgan
iam
sA
dapt
toC
hang
eI.
Nat
ural
sele
ctio
nis
the
proc
ess,
prop
osed
byD
arw
in, w
here
envi
ronm
enta
lfac
tors
favo
urth
ese
lect
ion
offi
tin
divi
dual
s.2.
Som
etim
es,o
rgan
ism
sar
ebo
rnw
ithun
ique
char
acte
rist
ics
that
give
them
anad
vant
age
with
inth
eirn
iche
.A
salm
onw
itha
slig
htly
larg
erta
ilm
aybe
able
tosw
imfa
ster
orfa
rthe
r in
ariv
er.
3.In
divi
dual
sw
ithad
vant
ages
are
bette
rabl
eto
repr
oduc
ean
dpa
ssal
ong
thei
rtra
its.
4.In
divi
dual
sw
ithun
favo
urab
lech
arac
teri
stic
sha
vele
ssch
ance
tore
prod
uce
and
pass
alon
gth
eirt
raits
.•A
ashn
onw
itha
smal
lert
ailm
ayne
verh
ave
ach
ance
tosp
awn
beca
use
itca
nnot
swim
toth
eco
irec
tlo
catio
n.5.
An
exam
ple
ofna
tura
lse
lect
ion
isth
eG
alap
agos
finch
.•T
here
are
thir
teen
spec
ies
offm
ches
onth
eG
alap
agos
Isla
nds
that
deve
lope
dfr
oma
sing
lesp
ecie
son
the
mai
nlan
d.Fo
ursp
ecie
sar
esh
own
inFi
gure
3.1.
•Eac
hsp
ecie
sha
sun
ique
char
acte
rist
ics,
such
asdi
ffer
ently
size
dbe
aks,
whi
chal
low
itto
thri
vein
itsow
nni
che
and
notc
ompe
tew
ithot
her
fmch
esfo
rre
aour
ces.
6.A
dapt
ive
radi
atio
nis
the
proc
ess
byw
hich
mem
bers
ofa
spec
ies
adap
tto
ava
riet
yof
habi
tats
.FI
GU
RE
3.1
Illus
tratio
nof
beak
diff
eren
ces
isfo
urG
alap
agos
finch
es
Q2
3.
.:•
.:.
•...
:.:1
Wh
at
isnatu
ral
sele
cti
on?
2H
owm
ight
ran
dom
varia
tions
inth
esiz
eofsalm
on
tail
scau
se
natu
ral
sele
cti
on
tooc
cur?
—
3W
hat
Isad
ap
tiv
eradia
tion?
4H
ow
does
ad
ap
tive
radia
tion
make
itpossib
lefo
rse
vera
ldif
fere
ntspecie
soffi
nch
toli
ve
tog
eth
er
ittt
he
sam
elo
catio
nw
itho
uthavin
gto
com
pete
with
each
oth
erfor
food
?
_________
fore
st.
Qtd
ckC
heck
24..
....
•..
.:.
..
.
1W
hati
sec
olog
ical
succ
essI
on?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
2In
pnm
ary
successio
norg
anIs
ms
such
as
Ilch
en,w
hlch
can
grow
dir
ectl
yo
nro
ck
1form
thef
irst
po
pu
lati
on
sIn
an
are
aW
hat i
sthe
generalt
erm
forth
eseflr
sto
rganls
ms?
3W
hat i
sth
edif
fere
nce
betw
een
pri
mary
and
seco
nd
ary
succ
essi
on?
____________________
4W
hatI
s the
term
give
nto
allt
hep
op
ula
tio
ns
that
inha
bita
nare
aIi
the
fin
alsta
geof
succ
essi
on?
5W
hata
refo
ur
exam
ple
soffa
cto
rsth
atcan
cau
se
acin
iax
co
mm
un
ity
toch
an
ge?
Ch.
3.2
:H
ow
Hu
man
sIn
fluen
ceE
cosy
stem
s-
Pra
ctic
eQ
uest
ions
Use
the
follo
win
gin
form
atio
nto
answ
erqu
estio
ns1
and
2.A
larg
em
oss-
cove
red
rock
prov
ides
aha
bita
tfor
aco
nanu
nity
ofor
gani
ssns
. Alg
ae,b
acte
ria,
fung
i,an
din
sect
sliv
eon
the
rock
.In
anex
peri
men
t,re
sear
cher
ssc
rape
dm
osto
fthe
mos
sof
foft
hero
ck. T
hey
left
one
larg
epa
tch
ofm
oss
inon
ere
gion
ofth
ero
ck.T
hey
also
left
six
muc
hsm
alle
rpat
ches
clos
eto
geth
erin
anot
herr
egio
nof
the
rock
.The
yre
peat
edth
esa
me
proc
edur
eon
six
diff
eren
troc
ks.A
fter
six
mon
ths,
the
patc
hes
wer
ean
alyz
edan
dre
sear
cher
sco
unte
dth
enu
mbe
rofd
istin
ctsp
ecie
sliv
ing
inea
chre
gion
.
•Clim
ate
chan
gean
dgl
obal
war
min
gm
aybe
incr
easi
ngin
cide
nts
offl
oodi
ng.
‘Whe
na
tsun
ami o
ccur
s,hu
gew
aves
,fro
mla
rge
eart
hqua
kes
orvo
lcan
icer
uptio
ns, c
anfl
ood
coas
tala
reas
.3.
Dro
ught
occu
rsw
hen
anar
eare
ceiv
esa
low
erth
anav
erag
eam
ount
ofra
infa
llov
era
long
peri
odof
time.
•Pro
long
eddr
ough
t can
dest
roy
habi
tats
and
kill
orga
nism
s.4.
Inse
ctin
fest
atio
ns‘M
any
inse
cts
play
impo
rtan
t rol
esin
thei
reco
syst
ems.
‘Eve
nin
sect
sth
atap
pear
dest
ruct
ive,
such
asth
em
ount
ain
pine
beet
le, a
ctua
llypl
aya
role
inth
ere
new
alof
the
fore
st.
—Th
em
ount
ain
pine
beet
les
have
asy
mbi
otic
rela
tions
hip
with
asp
ecie
sof
fung
usth
atin
hibi
tsth
etre
es’
abili
tyto
use
resi
nfo
rpro
tect
ion.
—W
hen
norm
alco
nditi
ons
are
chan
ged,
infe
stat
ions
can
occu
r.—
Old
er,w
eake
r tre
esan
dtr
ees
stre
ssed
from
over
crow
ding
,dro
ught
, ora
nim
algr
azin
gdo
notp
rodu
ceen
ough
resi
nto
trap
and
resi
stth
ein
sect
sas
effe
ctiv
ely.
—A
war
mer
clim
ate
and
lack
offo
rest
fires
allo
wth
ein
sect
sto
spre
adm
ore
effe
ctiv
ely.
‘Not
only
are
the
tree
saf
fect
ed, b
utso
isth
een
tire
fore
stec
osys
tem
, as
wel
las
any
hum
anin
dust
ries
rely
ing
onth
e
How
Eco
syst
ems
Cha
nge
Ove
rT
ime
1.E
colo
gica
lsuc
cess
ion
isth
epr
oces
sof
grad
ualc
hang
eth
atoc
curs
whe
nor
gani
sms
colo
nize
aha
bita
t,m
odit
’it,
and
are
forc
edou
t by
ane
wsp
ecie
sbe
tter
adap
ted
toth
eno
wal
tere
den
viro
nmen
t.2.
The
rear
etw
oty
pes
ofec
olog
ical
succ
essi
on:p
rim
aiy
succ
essi
onan
dse
cond
ary
succ
essi
on.
3.P
rim
ary
succ
essi
onoc
curs
inan
area
whe
reno
soil
exis
ts,s
uch
ason
bare
rock
expo
sed
afte
ra
glac
ier r
etre
ats
orfo
rmed
whe
nla
vaco
ols.
4.T
hefi
rsto
rgan
ism
sto
surv
ive
and
repr
oduc
ear
eca
lled
pion
eer
spec
ies.
5.Pi
onee
rspe
cies
alte
rthe
abio
tican
dbi
otic
envi
ronm
ents
oth
atot
hero
rgan
ism
sca
nsu
rviv
eth
ere.
‘Win
dca
rrie
ssp
ores
oflic
hens
and
orga
nism
sth
atca
nsu
rviv
ean
dev
entu
ally
,com
bine
dw
ithth
ew
eath
erin
gof
rock
,th
eyhe
lpfo
rmso
il.-L
iche
nsar
eex
ampl
esof
am
utua
listic
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
fung
usan
dal
gae
orcy
anob
acte
ria.
The
fung
uspr
ovid
esm
inera
ls,
wat
er,a
ndpr
otec
tion,
and
the
alga
eor
cyan
obac
teri
apr
ovid
esu
gars
thro
ogh
phot
osyn
thes
is.
6.T
heso
ilim
prov
es,p
lant
sar
eab
leto
grow
,and
anim
alsb
egin
toap
pear
.7.
Eve
ntua
lly,s
eeds
oftr
ees
germ
inat
ean
dth
efir
sttre
es,
such
asde
cidu
ous
tree
s,cr
eate
shad
e,fu
rthe
rch
angi
ngth
eab
iotic
cond
ition
s.g
As
mor
eni
ches
are
crea
ted,
ther
eis
grea
terd
iver
sity
ofan
imal
san
dm
ore
com
plex
food
web
s.9.
The
proc
ess
ofpr
imar
ysu
cces
sion
can
last
forh
undr
eds
ofye
ars.
10.S
econ
dary
succ
essi
onoc
curs
afte
ram
ajor
dist
urba
nce,
such
asa
fore
stfir
e,in
anar
eath
atal
read
yha
sso
ilan
don
ceha
dliv
ing
orga
nism
s.T
heso
ilco
ntai
nsse
eds,
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
s,ea
rthw
orm
s,an
din
sect
s.Se
cond
ary
succ
essi
onis
muc
hm
ore
rapi
dth
anpr
imar
ysu
cces
sion
.11
.Eve
ntua
lly,c
onif
erou
sfo
rest
sfo
rmin
nort
hern
latit
udes
,dec
iduo
usfo
rest
sfo
rmin
tem
pera
tezo
nes,
and
trop
ical
fore
sts
form
intr
opic
alzo
nes.
12.T
hefi
nals
tage
ofsu
cces
sion
isa
clim
axco
mm
unity
(als
oca
lled
mat
ure
cosn
mun
ity),
whe
rea
stab
legr
oup
oftw
oor
mor
esp
ecie
sis
able
tosu
rviv
ean
dre
prod
uce
inde
fini
tely
inth
esa
me
habi
tat.
‘Eco
logi
cals
tabi
lity
ina
conm
mni
tym
eans
that
popu
latio
nsar
eab
leto
retu
rnto
thei
rpre
viou
sst
ate
whe
ndi
stur
bed.
How
Nat
ural
Eve
nts
Aff
ectE
cosy
stem
s1.
Ter
rest
rial
clim
axco
mm
uniti
esco
ntin
ueto
chan
gew
ithch
ange
sin
clim
ate
orot
herf
acto
rs,s
uch
asflo
odin
g,dr
ough
t,an
din
sect
infe
stat
ions
.•M
arin
ecl
imax
com
mun
ities
can
beaf
fect
edby
chan
ges
inoc
ean
curr
entp
atte
rns
and
extr
eme
wea
ther
.2.
Floo
ding
occu
rsin
loca
tions
whe
rew
ater
leve
lsca
nch
ange
rapi
dly.
•Flo
odin
gca
nre
sult
inso
iler
osio
n,as
wel
las
the
spre
adof
pollu
tant
san
dha
rmfu
lbac
teri
aas
soci
ated
with
was
tes.
1.W
hat d
oth
etw
ore
gion
sre
pres
enti
nth
eex
peri
men
t?A
.Lar
gerp
atch
:co
ntro
l Six
smal
lerp
atch
es:h
abita
tlos
sB
.Lar
gerp
atch
:co
ntro
l Six
smal
lerp
atch
es:h
abita
tfr
agm
enta
tion
C.L
arge
r pat
ch:h
abita
tfra
gmen
tatio
nSi
xsm
alle
rpa
tche
s:co
ntro
lD
.Lar
gerp
atch
:ha
bita
t los
sSi
xsm
alle
rpat
ches
:con
trol
2.A
cros
sal
lsix
rock
s,an
aver
age
of40
perc
ent o
fthe
spec
ies
beca
me
extin
ctin
the
snia
llerp
atch
es.W
hat
coul
dth
ere
sear
cher
sco
nclu
defr
omth
isex
peri
men
t?A
.Thi
sex
peri
men
tsho
ws
how
tocr
eate
asu
stai
nabl
eec
osys
tem
.B
.Hab
itatl
oss
does
nota
ffec
tthe
biod
iver
sity
ofth
ero
ckec
osys
tem
.C.
Man
yof
the
spec
ies
livin
gon
the
rock
wer
eaf
fect
edby
habi
tatf
ragm
enta
tion.
D.T
hesp
ecie
sw
ere
able
tom
ove
amon
gth
esm
alle
rpa
tche
sto
obta
inth
enu
trie
nts
they
need
ed.
3.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isno
tach
arac
teri
stic
ofa
sust
aina
ble
ecos
yste
m?
A.b
iodi
vers
ityB
.no
reso
urce
use
C.re
spon
sibl
ela
ndns
eD
.abi
lity
tosu
stai
nec
olog
ical
proc
ess
4.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isan
exam
ple
ofa
sust
aina
ble
land
use
appr
oach
inB
ritis
hC
olum
bia?
A.
gras
slan
dm
snsg
emen
tpla
nsB
.urb
anex
pans
ion
into
fsrm
lsnd
sC.
cutti
ngla
rge
area
sof
fore
stD
.dra
inin
gan
dds
ying
outw
etla
nds
5.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
out
defo
rest
atio
nar
etr
ue?
IDef
ores
tatio
nis
apr
obte
mon
lyin
trop
icat
rain
fore
sts.
IID
efor
esta
tion
redu
ces
the
num
bero
fpla
nts
and
anim
als
livin
gin
anec
osys
tem
.U
IDef
ores
tatio
nca
nca
use
soil
eros
ion.
A.I
andll
only
B.I
,U,a
ndU
IC
.llo
nly
D.l
landff
lonly
10.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outf
ores
tfir
esis
nott
rue?
A.S
econ
dary
succ
essi
onca
noc
cura
fter
afo
rest
fire.
B.F
ores
t fir
esar
ean
exam
ple
ofre
sour
ceex
ploi
tatio
n.C
.Con
trol
led
burn
sof
fore
stfir
esca
nim
prov
eth
edi
vers
ityof
the
fore
stD
.For
estf
ire
supp
ress
ion
prac
tices
have
resu
lted
inla
rge
num
bers
ofde
ador
dise
ased
trees
.
Sum
mar
yof
Key
Poi
nts
•Asu
stai
nabl
eec
osys
tem
prov
ides
econ
omic
oppo
rtun
ities
toda
yw
hile
mai
ntai
ning
biod
iver
sity
and
ecoa
yatc
mhe
alth
fort
hefu
ture
.•E
cono
mic
suat
aina
biity
isth
reat
ened
byha
bita
tlos
sth
atre
sults
from
hum
anac
tiviti
es,s
uch
asur
ban
deve
lopm
ent
and
defo
rest
atio
n.•O
ther
hum
anac
tiviti
es,s
uch
asce
rtai
nag
ricu
ltura
lpra
ctic
esan
dov
erfi
shin
g,al
soch
ange
ecos
yste
ms,
decr
ease
biod
iver
sity
,and
affe
ctec
osys
tem
heal
th.
•Bet
terr
esou
rce
man
agem
entp
ract
ices
inac
tiviti
essu
chas
fore
stry
,agr
icul
ture
, and
min
ing
can
hclp
sust
ain
ecos
yste
ms.
Stu
dyN
otes
Und
erst
andi
ngSu
stai
nabi
lity
1.A
sust
aina
ble
ecos
yste
mpr
ovid
eaec
onom
icop
port
uniti
esto
day
whi
lem
aint
aini
ngbi
odiv
emity
and
ecos
yste
mhe
alth
fort
hefu
ture
.2.
Hum
anex
pans
inn
into
ecos
yste
ms
has
resu
lted
inth
ede
stru
ctio
nor
frag
men
tatio
nof
habi
tats
.3.
Aqu
atic
ecos
yste
ms,
such
asw
etla
nds
and
estu
arie
s,in
clud
eun
ique
popu
latio
nsof
plan
ts,
anim
als,
and
mic
roor
gani
sms
that
are
thre
aten
edby
hum
anex
pans
ion
and
the
rele
ase
ofto
xins
(poi
anna
)far
upst
ream
.•E
stua
ries
are
coas
talb
odie
sof
wat
erw
here
rive
rsor
stre
ams
(fre
shw
ater
)m
eet t
heoc
ean
(sal
twat
er).
•Mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
saf
fect
edby
husn
anex
pans
ion
incl
ude
phyt
opla
nkto
n(p
lant
-lik
em
icro
-org
anis
ms)
and
zoop
lank
ton
(ani
mal
-lik
em
icro
-org
anis
ms)
,whi
char
cth
eba
sis
ofm
any
aqua
ticec
osys
tem
food
chai
ns.
The
Eff
ects
ofL
and
and
Res
ourc
eU
se,H
abit
atL
oss,
and
the
Eff
ects
ofD
efor
esta
tion
1.D
efor
esta
tion
isth
epr
actic
ein
whi
chfo
rest
sar
elo
gged
orcl
eare
dfo
rhum
anus
ean
dsr
eno
trep
lant
ed.
‘Def
ores
tatio
nof
trop
ical
rain
fore
sts
cont
inue
sat
anal
anni
ngra
te.
‘Def
ores
tatio
nre
duce
sth
enu
mbe
rof
plan
tsan
dan
imal
sin
anec
osys
tem
and
resu
ltsin
soil
degr
adat
ion.
2.So
ilde
grad
atio
n,w
hich
mea
nsth
eso
ilbe
com
esle
sshe
alth
yan
dle
ssab
leto
supp
ortl
ife,o
ccur
sw
hen
wat
eran
dw
ind
eros
ion
rem
oves
tops
oil f
rom
bare
land
.‘T
opso
il,th
eup
perl
ayer
ofso
il,is
whe
rem
osto
ftie
nutr
ient
s,w
ater
, and
sir
are
foun
dfo
rpla
ntgr
owth
.
Qui
ckC
heck
25
1.
Wh
atd
oes”su
stain
ab
le
eco
sy
stem
”m
ean?
________________________________________
2.D
efor
esta
tion
oftr
opic
alra
info
rest
sco
ntin
ues
taoc
cur,
Cve
two
neg?
tive
effe
ctso
f
defo
rest
atio
n4
3W
hat
is
soil
degradatio
n?
_____________________________________________________
The
Eff
ects
ofA
gric
ultu
re1.
Iffie
lds
arc
left
expo
sed
duri
ngno
n-pl
antin
gse
ason
s,w
ater
and
win
des
usin
nca
noc
cur.
2.Fa
rmve
hicl
esan
dgr
azin
gan
imal
sca
nca
use
soil
com
pact
ion,
whi
chm
eans
that
soil
part
icle
sar
esq
ueez
edto
geth
er.
•Com
pact
ion
redu
ces
the
mov
emen
t ofa
ir,w
ater
, and
soil
orga
nism
sbe
twee
nth
epa
rticl
es, a
llof
whi
char
ees
sent
ial
fors
oilb
ealti
s.3.
Whe
nso
ilis
com
pact
ed,w
ater
and
airc
anno
tent
er, s
ow
ater
runs
offi
nste
adof
soak
ing
in.
Run
-off
can
add
exce
ssni
trog
enan
dpo
lluta
nts,
such
aspe
stic
ides
,to
the
cnvi
rom
nent
The
Eff
ects
ofR
esou
rce
Exp
loita
tion
1.R
esou
rce
expl
oita
tion,
also
calle
dre
sour
ceus
e,in
clud
essu
chac
tiviti
esas
harv
estin
gfis
han
dta
nbe;
min
ing
coal
and
min
eral
s,an
dex
trac
ting
nila
ndga
s.2.
Hum
ans
depe
ndon
reso
urce
expl
oita
tion
forj
obs,
mat
eria
ls,f
ood,
shel
ter,
and
ener
gy.
3.R
esou
rce
expl
oita
tion
can
lead
toha
bita
tlos
s,so
ilde
grad
atio
n,an
dco
ntas
nina
tion
ofw
ater
supp
lies.
‘Con
tam
inat
ion
isth
ein
trod
uctio
nof
harm
fulc
hem
ical
sor
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
sin
toth
een
viro
nmen
t4.
Man
ym
inin
gan
dre
sour
ceex
ploi
tatio
nsne
edre
clam
atio
nef
fort
sto
rest
ore
the
land
and
mus
tdev
elop
wat
ertr
eatm
entf
kcili
ties
tore
mov
ehe
avy
met
als.
•Rec
lam
atio
nof
ten
invo
lves
use
ofpl
ants
tore
stor
eth
ela
ndan
dde
cont
amin
ate
soil
and
wat
er.
5.O
vere
xplo
itstio
nis
the
use
orex
trac
tion
ofa
reso
urce
until
itis
depl
eted
.
Use
this
pict
ure
ofxi
sop
en-p
itco
pper
min
e,si
mil
arto
ft 71
afte
rthe
min
ecl
oses
?A
.us
cof
plan
tsto
deco
ntam
inat
eso
ilB
.use
ofto
psoi
lto
filli
nth
eop
enpi
tC
.res
ourc
eex
ploi
tatio
nD
.des
truc
tion
ofha
bita
t
S.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isa
likel
you
tcom
eof
over
expl
oita
tion?
A.b
iodi
vcm
ityB
.ext
hsct
ion
C.s
usta
inab
iity
D.e
colo
gica
lsuc
cess
ion
9.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
isan
exam
ple
oftr
aditi
onal
ecol
ogic
alkn
owle
dge?
A.s
oilc
ompa
ctio
nof
agri
cultu
ral
land
sB
.the
intr
oduc
tion
ofno
n-na
tive
plan
tspe
cies
C.t
heov
erex
ploi
tatio
nof
the
salm
onfi
sher
yD
.the
spri
ngbu
rnin
gof
prai
rie
gras
slan
dsin
Alb
erta
6.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsab
outl
and
use
isno
ttn
sc?
A.B
are
fiel
dsca
nca
use
tops
oile
rosi
on.
B.T
heus
eof
trac
tors
can
caus
eso
ilco
mpa
ctio
n.C
.Min
ere
clam
atio
nca
nca
use
wat
erco
ntam
inat
ion.
D.R
oad
cons
truc
tion
can
caus
eha
bita
tfra
gsnc
ntat
ion.
1.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
ehar
acte
rist
ics
accu
rate
lyde
scri
bem
ost i
nvas
ive
spec
ies?
Iagg
ress
ive
coin
petit
oes
IIlo
wre
prod
uctio
nra
tes
UI l
ack
natu
ral p
reda
tors
inne
wha
bita
tsIV
cont
ribu
teto
biod
iver
sity
loss
A.I
and
llo
nly
B.I
,U,l
ll,a
ndlV
C.I
,ffl
,andw
only
D.l
flan
dlV
only
2.A
nin
vasi
vepr
edat
orsp
ecie
sis
intr
oduc
edin
toa
new
envi
ronm
ent.
The
pred
ator
isqu
ickl
yab
leto
find
suita
ble
prey
. In
ash
ort p
erio
dof
time,
the
prey
popu
latio
nha
sbe
endr
amat
ical
lyre
duce
dby
the
new
pred
ator
. Whi
chof
the
follo
win
gbe
stex
plai
n.s
how
the
pred
ator
was
able
todo
this
?A
.T
hepr
eypo
pula
tion
bega
nto
occu
pya
new
nich
e.
B. T
hepr
eypo
pula
tion
had
ahi
ghre
prod
uctio
nra
te.
C.T
hein
vasi
vepr
edat
orbe
cam
ea
para
site
onth
epr
eysp
ecie
s.D
. The
prey
popu
latio
npr
obab
lydi
dno
thav
ead
apta
tions
toes
cape
orfi
ght t
hene
wpr
edat
or.
3.W
hat t
ype
ofim
pact
has
the
Eur
opea
nst
arlin
gha
don
nativ
ebi
rds
inB
ritis
hC
olum
bia?
A. p
reda
tion
B. c
ompe
titio
nC.
habi
tat a
ltera
tion
B.d
isea
sean
dpa
rasi
tes
4.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
spec
ies
have
thes
eth
ree
char
acte
rist
ics
inco
mm
on?
•inv
asiv
esp
ecie
s•o
utco
mpe
tena
tive
spec
ies
•fou
ndin
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
aA
. gyp
sym
oth
and
grey
squi
rrel
sB
. gre
ysq
uirr
els
and
Am
eric
anbu
llfro
gC.
gyps
ym
oth
and
Am
eric
anbu
llfro
gI)
. gre
ysq
uirr
els
and
red
squi
rrel
s
5.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
stat
emen
tsac
cura
tely
desc
ribe
sin
trod
uced
spec
ies?
A. T
hey
natu
rally
inha
bit t
hene
wen
viro
nmen
t.B
. Nat
ive
spec
ies
isan
othe
r nam
efo
r int
rodu
ced
spec
ies.
C.M
any
are
harm
less
orbe
nefi
cial
inth
eirn
ewen
viro
nmen
t.B
.The
yar
eal
way
sin
tent
iona
llyin
trod
uced
into
ane
wen
viro
nmen
t
6.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
are
reas
ons
why
ther
eha
sbe
enan
incr
ease
inin
vasi
vein
trod
uced
spec
ies?
Icre
atio
nof
new
nich
esin
ecos
yste
ms
Uin
crea
sed
inte
rnat
iona
lai
r tra
vel
illi
ncre
ase
inbi
odiv
ersi
tyof
ecos
yste
ms
IVcl
imat
ech
ange
A.I
,II,
andf
flon
lyB
.lla
nd
lVo
nly
C.l
lIan
dIV
only
D.I
,IlJ
II,a
ssd
lV
8.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
exam
ples
ofho
wSc
otch
broo
mal
ters
the
habi
tat i
nth
eG
any
oak
ecos
yste
mis
fals
e?A
.int
erfe
res
with
the
grow
thof
nativ
esp
ecie
sby
alte
ring
the
nutr
ient
sin
the
soil
B.r
uins
habi
tat f
orna
tive
bird
san
dbu
tterf
lies
byre
plac
ing
nativ
esh
rubs
C.m
akes
tree
sm
ore
vuln
erab
leto
infe
ctio
nsB
.fi
xes
nitr
ogen
inth
eso
il
Use
the
follo
win
gin
form
atio
nto
answ
erqu
estio
ns9
and
10.
Rab
bits
wer
ein
trod
uced
toA
ustr
alia
byE
urop
ean
settl
ers.
The
rabb
itsqu
ickl
ym
ultip
lied
and
spre
adth
roug
hout
the
coun
try,
feed
ing
onth
ena
tive
vege
tatio
nan
dde
stro
ying
food
and
habi
tat f
orm
any
nativ
esp
ecie
s.T
heA
ustr
alia
ngo
vern
men
t dec
ided
tous
em
yxom
avi
rus
toer
adic
ate
the
rabb
itpo
pula
tion.
The
myx
oma
viru
sis
from
Uru
guay
, and
itca
uses
the
fata
l dis
ease
myx
onss
tosi
s.It
isus
ually
tran
smitt
edby
mos
quito
esor
fleas
.
•Ove
rexp
loita
tion
can
affe
ctth
ein
tera
ctio
nsin
food
web
sfo
rdec
ades
toco
me.
•Ove
rexp
loita
tion
can
caus
epo
pula
tions
tobe
com
ele
ssre
sist
ant t
odi
seas
ean
dle
ssab
leto
adap
t to
chan
ges
inth
eir
envi
ronm
ent.
•Ove
rexp
loita
tion
can
resu
ltin
extin
ctio
n,th
edy
ing
outo
f asp
ecie
s.
Qui
ck:.
Che
ck:2
6.
.:.
1,N
ame
two
nega
tive
effe
cts
ofpo
orag
ricu
ltura
lpr
actic
eson
soil.
—
Ch.
3.3:
How
Intr
oduc
edS
peci
esA
ffec
t.E
cosy
stem
s-
Pra
ctic
eQ
uest
ions
2.Li
stth
ree
klnd
aof h
uman
activ
ities
that
are
type
sof
reso
urce
expl
oita
tion
________________
3.Li
stfiv
ew
aysh
uman
sde
pend
onre
sour
ceex
ploi
tati
on
Use
6Li
stth
ree
way
sth
atre
sour
ceex
ploi
tatio
nca
nha
rmth
een
viro
nmen
t
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
5.W
hat
do
eso
ver
expio
itat
iônm
ean?_
_____________
6W
hat i
sext
inct
ion?
7.T
hepu
rpos
eof
this
sign
isto
prev
entt
he,
whi
chsp
ecie
s?A
.Eng
lish
ivy
B.
Scot
chbr
oom
C.E
uras
ian
milf
oil
B.p
urpl
elo
oses
trif
e
Res
ourc
eM
anag
emen
tan
dT
radi
tion
alE
colo
gica
lK
now
ledg
e1.
InA
bori
gina
lcul
ture
s,tr
aditi
onal
ecol
ogic
alkn
owle
dge
ispa
ssed
dow
nfr
omge
nera
tion
toge
nera
tion.
2.T
his
know
ledg
ere
veal
sw
hat p
astc
ondi
tions
wer
elik
ean
dho
wth
eec
osys
tem
and
hum
ans
inte
ract
.3.
Kno
wle
dge
isfo
und
inst
orie
s,so
ngs,
cultu
ral b
elie
fs, r
itual
s,co
mm
unity
law
s,an
dtr
aditi
onal
prac
tices
.
4.C
urre
ntec
olog
ical
rest
orat
ion
and
usag
egu
idel
ines
ofte
nin
volv
etr
aditi
onal
know
ledg
efr
omA
bori
gina
lre
pres
enta
tives
.5.
Tra
ditio
nssu
chas
the
“spr
ing
bum
”al
low
for e
colo
gica
lre
new
al.
•Bur
ning
impr
oves
the
grow
thof
beny
plan
ts,
whi
chat
trac
tsm
ore
anim
als.
•Bur
ning
recy
cles
nutr
ient
s,cr
eate
sm
ore
dive
rsity
, red
uces
fore
stlit
ter,
and
open
sth
eca
nopy
toal
low
mor
esu
nlig
ht
tore
ach
the
plan
ts.
•Fir
esu
ppre
ssio
n,en
forc
edin
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
afo
rove
r10
0ye
ars,
has
led
tore
cent
issu
eslik
eth
em
ount
ain
pine
beet
lein
fest
atio
nan
dhu
gew
ildfi
relo
sses
.
QuI
ck:.
Ch1
c:2
7.
:.
:.
1W
hatp
ract
ices
have
Abo
ngin
alpe
ople
sus
edto
pass
ecol
ogIc
alkn
owle
dge
from
gene
ratio
nto
gene
rati
on?
...
..
.
....
2in
som
ear
eas,
atr
aditi
onca
lled
thesp
rbu
mha
sbe
enus
ed. W
hat p
ositi
veec
olog
ical
resu
ltsca
n
occ
trfr
om
asp
ring
burn
?____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
Sum
mar
yof
Key
Poi
nts
•Nat
ive
spec
ies
are
orga
nism
sth
atna
tura
llyin
habi
tan
area
.•I
ntro
duce
dsp
ecie
sar
ein
trod
uced
into
anec
osys
tem
and
are
usua
llybe
nefi
cial
orha
rmle
ss.
•Som
ein
trod
uced
spec
ies
are
inva
sive
and
can
dest
roy
ecos
yste
ms.
•The
sesp
ecie
sre
prod
uce
rapi
dly
and
are
ofte
nag
gres
sive
.•L
acki
ngna
tura
lpre
dato
ra,t
hey
easi
lyou
tcom
pete
nativ
esp
ecie
san
dal
ter
habi
tats
.
Stu
dy
No
tes
Nat
ive
Spec
ies
and
Fore
ign
Spec
ies
1.N
ativ
esp
ecie
sar
epl
ants
and
anim
als
that
natu
rally
inha
bit a
nar
ea.
2.Fo
reig
nsp
ecie
sar
eor
gani
sna
that
peop
lein
tent
iona
llyor
acci
dent
ally
have
intr
oduc
edin
tore
gion
sw
here
they
did
note
xist
prev
ious
ly.
•For
eign
spec
ies
are
also
calle
din
trod
uced
spec
ies.
•Man
yfo
reig
nsp
ecie
sar
eha
rmle
ssor
even
may
bebe
nefi
cial
.3.
Inva
sive
spec
ies
are
orga
nism
sth
atca
nta
keov
erth
eha
bita
tofn
ativ
esp
ecie
sor
inva
deth
eirb
odie
s,w
eake
ning
thei
rim
mun
esy
stem
s.E
xam
ple:
Purp
lelo
oses
trif
ew
asbr
ough
tto
Nor
thA
mer
ica
seve
ralh
undr
edye
ars
ago
and
has
dest
roye
dw
etla
nds
beca
use
itqu
ickl
yre
prod
uces
and
chok
esou
toth
erpl
ants
.•I
ntro
duce
din
vasi
vesp
ecie
sin
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
ain
clud
eE
uras
ian
milf
oil,
Nor
way
rat,
Am
eric
anbu
llfro
g,an
dE
urop
ean
star
ling.
ICk
Che
ck28
1.W
hati
sthe
diff
eren
cebe
twee
na
nati
vesp
ecie
san
da
fore
ign
spec
ies?
2.W
hati
sthe
defi
nitio
nof
anin
vasi
vesp
ecie
s?
•Pre
datio
n:If
the
inva
sive
spec
ies
isa
pred
ator
, itm
ayha
vea
huge
adva
ntag
esi
nce
the
nativ
esp
ecie
sm
ayha
veno
met
hods
tosu
rviv
eag
ains
t it.
The
Nor
way
ratp
reys
onB
ritis
hC
olum
bia’
sgr
ound
nest
ing
bird
s,an
dth
eA
mer
ican
bullf
rog
prey
son
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
a’s
nativ
efr
ogs.
•Dis
ease
and
Para
sitis
m: B
yw
eake
ning
certa
insp
ecie
s,a
mic
ro-o
rgan
ism
inva
ding
anec
osys
tem
can
dras
tical
lyal
ter
the
entir
eec
osys
tem
and
the
nich
esw
ithin
it.•H
abita
tAlte
ratio
n:So
me
inva
sive
spec
ies
can
chan
geth
eph
ysic
alst
ruct
ure
ofth
eec
osys
tem
bydi
ggin
g,bu
rrow
ing,
bloc
king
sunl
ight
,orc
hang
ing
the
ecos
yste
m’s
chem
istr
y.E
uras
ian
milf
oilf
orm
sw
ide,
dens
em
ats
atla
kesu
rfac
es,
cutti
ngof
fsun
light
toor
gani
sms
belo
w.I
tgro
ws
from
plan
tfla
gine
nts,
whi
char
eof
ten
spre
adby
boat
s.
Savi
ngan
Eco
syst
emU
nder
Sieg
eI.
The
Gan
yO
akE
cosy
stem
Rec
over
yT
eam
(GO
ER
T)
isw
orki
ngto
save
one
ofth
em
ostb
iolo
gica
llyri
chec
osys
tem
sin
the
prov
ince
,w
hich
isal
soon
eof
the
mos
tthr
eate
ned.
‘The
team
isa
part
ners
hip
ofgo
vern
men
ts, F
irst
Nat
ions
, con
serv
atio
nist
s,sc
ient
ists
,and
busi
ness
es.
2.N
inet
y-fi
vepe
rcen
toft
heor
igin
alec
osys
tem
has
been
lost
tour
ban
deve
lopm
ent,
and
the
rem
aini
ng5
perc
ent i
sth
reat
ened
byfo
reig
nsp
ecie
s,in
clud
ing
Scot
chbr
oom
, Eng
lish
ivy,
inva
sive
gras
ses,
grey
squi
rrel
s,an
dgy
psy
mot
hs.
•Sco
tch
broo
mis
abu
shy
shru
bth
atre
plac
esna
tive
shru
bs, r
uins
the
habi
tatf
orna
tive
bird
san
dbu
tterf
lies,
and
fixes
nitr
ogen
inth
eso
il,cr
eatin
gan
over
load
ofni
troge
n.•T
hegr
eysq
uirr
els
outc
ompe
teth
ena
tive
red
squi
rrel
fora
corn
san
dar
ela
rger
and
stro
nger
.•T
hegy
psy
mot
hla
rvae
stri
poa
ktr
ees
ofth
eirl
eave
s,m
akin
gth
etr
ees
vuln
erab
leto
infe
ctio
nsan
dun
able
tope
rfor
mph
otos
ynth
esis
.3.
Gar
ryoa
kec
osys
tem
sm
aybe
the
fore
sts
ofth
efu
ture
beca
use
they
are
bette
rab
leto
with
stan
ddr
ough
t tha
nD
ougl
asfi
rfor
ests
.
Qui
ckC
heck
29
1W
hatd
oes
prol
ifer
atio
nm
ean?
-—
2.W
hata
refo
urw
ays
inw
hich
intr
oduc
edsp
edes
can
affe
ctec
osys
tem
s?
3.W
hati
sth
em
ajor
thre
atto
the
Gar
ryoa
kec
osys
tem
toda
y?•.
4.H
owdo
gyps
ym
oths
harm
the
Gar
iyoa
kec
osys
tem
?..
The
Impa
ctof
Intr
oduc
edIn
vasi
veSp
ecie
s1.
The
rapi
dsp
read
ofin
trod
uced
inva
sive
spec
ies
isa
maj
orca
use
ofgl
obal
biod
iver
aity
loss
.2.
Inva
sive
spec
ies
ofte
nha
vehi
ghre
prod
uctio
nra
tes,
are
aggr
essi
veco
mpe
titor
s,an
dla
ckna
tura
lpre
dato
rsin
new
habi
tats
.3.
Inva
sive
spec
ies
ofte
nta
kead
vant
age
ofth
eirn
ewha
bita
t,re
sulti
ngin
thei
rpro
lifer
atio
n.•P
roli
fera
tion
mea
nsto
grow
orm
ultip
lyby
rapi
dly
prod
ucin
gne
wtis
sues
,cel
ls,o
roff
spri
ng.
4.Fo
reig
nsp
ecie
sca
naf
fect
nativ
esp
ecie
sth
roug
h:•C
ompe
titio
n:N
ativ
esp
ecie
sha
vean
esta
blis
hed
bala
nce
inth
eco
mpe
titio
nfo
rfoo
dan
dha
bita
t,an
dth
ein
vasi
vesp
ecie
sdi
stur
bsth
isba
lanc
e.T
heE
urop
ean
star
ling
outc
ompe
tes
Bri
tish
Col
umbi
a’s
wes
tern
blue
bird
forn
estin
gha
bita
t.
Cha
pter
1Q
uick
Che
ckA
nsw
ers
#1 1.(a
)Bio
lic(b
)Abi
otic
(c)
Abi
otic
(d)A
biot
ic(e
)A
biot
ic(fi
Bio
tic#2 1.
(a)3
1°C
(b)
0°C
to22
°C(c
)15
0cr
n(d)
20en
sto
205
cm(e
)20
cman
d32
°C(1
)Per
man
enti
ce,t
undr
a,bo
resi
fore
st,a
ndgr
assl
and
2.L
atitu
de3.
Lat
itude
#3 I.(a
)T
ime
inm
onth
s(b
)T
empe
ratu
re(c
)A
vera
gete
mpe
ratu
rein
degr
ees
Cel
sius
(d)
10°C
(e)
22°C
(1)
Janu
ary
(g)
Ave
rage
prec
ipita
tion
inm
illim
eter
s(h
)lO
Om
m(i
)lO
mm
(j)T
heya
reth
esam
e.#4 I.
An
adap
tatio
nis
ach
arac
teri
stic
that
enab
les
anor
gani
smto
bette
rsur
vive
and
repr
oduc
e.A
dapt
atio
nsca
nbe
stru
ctur
al,p
hysi
olog
ical
,orb
ehav
iour
aL2.
(a)
Stru
ctur
al(b
)Phy
siol
ogic
al(c
)Beh
avio
ural
(d)
Stru
ctur
al(e
)Beh
avio
ural
9.W
hich
ofth
efo
llow
ing
best
sum
mar
izes
the
actio
nsof
the
Aus
tral
ian
gove
rnm
ent?
A.t
heus
eof
anin
trod
uced
spec
ies
toco
ntro
l an
inva
sive
popu
latio
nB
.the
use
ofa
nativ
esp
ecie
sto
cont
rola
nin
vasi
vepo
pula
tion
C.t
heus
eof
anin
vasi
vesp
ecie
sto
cont
rola
nativ
epo
pula
tion
D.
the
use
ofa
fore
ign
spec
ies
toco
ntro
lana
tive
popu
latio
n
10.I
nitia
lly,
the
viru
ski
lled
90pe
rcen
t oft
hera
bbit
popu
latio
n.In
mor
ere
cent
year
s,th
era
bbit
popu
latio
nha
sbe
gun
togr
owag
ain
even
thou
ghth
evi
rus
isst
illpr
esen
tin
the
envi
ronm
enta
ndco
ntin
ues
toki
llup
to50
perc
ento
fthe
rabb
itpo
pula
tion
annu
ally
.Wha
tis
the
best
expl
anat
ion
forw
hyth
evi
rus
curr
ently
kills
only
half
ofth
era
bbit
popu
latio
n?A
.The
rabb
itpo
pula
tion
beca
me
ana
tive
spec
ies.
B.T
hera
bbit
popu
latio
nfo
und
ane
wni
che
tooc
cupy
.C
.The
rabb
itpo
pula
tion
lear
ned
tohi
defr
omth
evi
rus.
D.N
atur
alse
lect
ion
favo
ured
viru
s-re
sist
ant r
abbi
tsth
atw
ere
able
tosu
rviv
ean
dre
prod
uce.
Uni
t1
Rev
iew
Ans
wer
s:
#5 I.(a
)T
empe
rate
rain
fore
st(b
)B
orea
lfor
est(
c)T
empe
rate
rain
fore
st(d
)T
empe
rate
rain
fore
st(e
)5
2.(a
)G
rass
land
(b)
Tem
pera
tede
cidu
ous
fore
st(c
)B
orea
lfor
est
3.(a
)T
empe
rate
rain
fore
st(b
)G
rass
land
(c)
Tun
dra
#6 1.H
abita
t,ec
osys
tem
,bio
me,
bios
pher
e#7 1.
Eco
logy
isth
est
udy
ofth
ere
latio
nof
orga
nism
sto
thei
renv
irom
nent
and
toea
chot
her.
2.E
colo
gica
lhie
rarc
hy3.
Popu
latio
n4.
Com
mun
ity#8 1.
Com
men
salis
rn2.
The
hook
wor
mbe
nefi
tsbu
tthe
dog
isha
rmed
.3.
Nic
he4.
Com
petit
ion
5.A
ppro
xim
atel
y11
—13
, 21—
23,3
2—34
,43—
45
Prac
tice
Que
stio
nsA
nsw
ers
Sect
ion
1.1
I.D
2.B
3.B
4.C
5.B
6.A
7.C
8.D
9.A
10. C
Sect
ion
1.2
1.D
2.A
3.D
4.C
5.D
6.B
7.B
8.A
9.D
lO.B
Chap
ter
2Q
uick
Che
ckA
nsw
ers
#9 1.Pr
oduc
ers
2.E
nerg
yfl
owde
scri
bes
the
flow
ofen
ergy
from
the
ecos
yste
mto
anor
gani
sman
dfr
omon
eor
gani
smto
anot
her.
3.D
ecom
pose
rsar
eor
gani
sms
such
asba
cter
iaan
dfu
ngi
that
chan
gew
aste
san
dde
ador
gani
sms
into
usab
lenu
trie
nts
foro
ther
orga
nism
sin
soil
and
wat
er.
4.(a
)D
ecom
pose
r(b)
Prod
ucer
(c)
Dec
ompo
ser(
d)Pr
oduc
er(e
)C
onsu
mer
,dec
ompo
ser
#10
1.G
rass
(pro
duce
r)—
*ra
bbit
(her
bivo
re)
.-+
coug
ar(c
arni
vore
)—
÷be
ar(o
mni
vore
)—
*ea
rthw
orm
(det
rivo
re)
2.O
mni
vore
3.W
onir
#11
1.G
rizz
lybe
ar,g
rous
e2.
Gri
zzly
bear
,red
-tai
led
haw
k#1
21.
Pyra
mid
ofen
ergy
2.99
perc
enti
slo
st.
#13
I.A
nutx
ient
isa
chem
ical
that
isre
quir
edfo
rpla
ntso
dan
imal
grow
than
dot
herl
ifepr
oces
ses.
2.D
efor
esta
tion
(cle
arin
gof
land
)3.
Car
bon,
nitr
ogen
,oxy
gen,
phos
phor
us#1
4I.
Car
bon
sink
2.(a
)A
tmos
pher
e(b
)L
ong-
term
(int
erm
edia
tean
dde
epw
ater
)(c
)Mor
eis
stor
edin
the
soil
(d)M
arin
ese
dim
ents
and
sedi
men
tary
rock
#15
l.(a
)750
(b)7
00(c
)l60
02.
(a)
Fast
erin
toth
eoc
eans
(b)
into
the
air(
c)B
urni
ngfo
ssil
fuel
spr
oduc
esca
rbon
diox
ide,
whi
chre
mai
nsin
the
air.
3.V
olca
noes
putc
arbo
nin
toth
eat
mos
pher
e.#1
6I.
Nitr
ogen
fixa
tion
2.N
itmifi
catio
n#1
71.
Den
itrif
icat
ion
retu
rns
nitr
ogen
toth
eat
mos
pher
e,w
hile
nitr
ogen
fixa
tion
and
nitr
ific
atio
nta
keni
trog
enfr
omth
eat
mos
pher
ean
dm
ake
itav
aila
ble
topl
ants
foru
se.
2.B
urni
ngfo
ssil
fuel
s,tr
eatin
gse
wag
e,an
dfe
rtili
zing
fora
gric
ultu
re3.
Kill
aqua
ticor
gani
sms
byus
ing
upC
O2
and
oxyg
enan
dbl
ocki
ngsu
nlig
ht;p
rodu
cene
urot
oxin
s#1
81.
Inro
cks
and
sedi
men
tson
the
ocea
nfl
oor i
nco
mpo
unds
that
cont
ain
phos
phat
e(P
O43)
2.G
eolo
gic
uplif
t bri
ngs
phos
phor
us-c
onta
inin
gro
cks
toth
esu
rfac
ean
dex
pose
sth
emto
wea
ther
ing
proc
esse
ssu
chas
chem
ical
(lic
hens
feed
ing
onth
ero
cks)
and
phys
ical
(ero
sion
,fre
ezin
gan
dcr
acki
ng).
3.Pl
ants
grow
inph
osph
ate-
cont
aini
ngro
cks
and
soils
.A
nim
als
obta
inph
osph
ate
byea
ting
the
plan
ts.
4.M
inin
gfo
rfer
tiliz
erco
mpo
nent
s#1
91.
Bio
accu
mul
atio
nis
the
accu
mul
atio
nof
asu
bsta
nce,
such
asa
toxi
c(p
oiso
nous
)ch
emic
al,
inva
riou
stis
sues
ofa
livin
gor
gani
sm.
2.(a
)W
hen
abe
area
tsm
any
salm
on,
the
chem
ical
build
siq
tohi
ghle
vels
inth
ebe
ar.
(b)B
iom
agni
fica
tion
3.K
eyst
one
spec
ies
are
spec
ies
that
can
grea
tlyaf
fect
popu
latio
nnu
mbe
rsan
dth
ehe
alth
ofan
ecos
yste
m.
The
heal
thof
the
fore
stde
pend
son
itre
ceiv
ing
nutr
ient
s.B
ym
ovin
gsa
lmon
from
the
wat
erto
the
fore
st, t
hey
tran
sfer
esse
ntia
l nut
rien
tsto
the
fore
st.
Thi
sm
akes
the
beat
sex
trem
ely
impo
rtan
t for
the
fore
st—
whi
chis
why
they
area
keys
tone
spec
ies.
#20
1.T
heor
esis
atth
eto
pof
the
food
chai
nan
dre
ceiv
esal
lthe
PCB
ath
atw
ere
pres
ent i
n45
50kg
ofm
icro
scop
icpl
ants
and
alga
e.T
his
mea
nsth
atth
ePC
Ble
vels
are
grea
ter i
nth
eor
esth
anat
any
trop
hic
leve
l
bene
ath
it.In
gene
ral,
the
tert
iary
cons
umer
isal
way
sat
grea
terr
isk
than
the
prod
ucer
sor
prim
ary
cons
umer
s.#2
11.
Abo
ut3
to4
times
mor
eco
ncen
trat
ed(3
.8x)
2.B
iom
agni
fica
tion
caus
esth
eco
ncen
trat
ion
ofD
DT
toin
crea
seat
each
trop
hic
leve
l.Pl
ankt
onis
apr
oduc
eran
dta
kes
onth
esa
me
conc
entr
atio
nas
ispr
esen
t in
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Cor
mor
ants
are
seco
ndar
yor
tert
iary
cons
umer
san
dco
ntai
nD
DT
that
was
inm
any
times
thei
r bod
yw
eigh
twor
thof
plan
kton
.#2
21.
Lead
, mer
cury
,ca
dmiu
m2.
Bio
rem
edia
tion
Prac
tice
Que
stio
nsA
nsw
ers
Sect
ion
2.1
l.C
2.D
3.B
4.D
5.C
6.A
7.A
8.D
9.D
10.B
Sect
ion
2.2
l.D
2.A
3.D
4.B
5.C
6.D
7.B
8.C
9.A
l0.D
Sect
ion
2.3
l.D
2.B
3.C
4.A
5.C
6.D
7.C
8.B
9.D
b.C
Ch
apte
r3
Qui
ckC
heck
Ans
wer
s#2
31.
Nat
ural
sele
ctio
nis
the
proc
ess,
prop
osed
byD
arw
in,w
here
the
envi
ronm
ent a
cts
tose
lect
fit
indi
vidu
als.
2.Sa
lmon
that
have
slig
htly
larg
eror
mor
eef
fici
ent
tails
may
beab
leto
catc
hpr
eyor
esca
pefr
ompr
edat
ors
bette
rtha
not
hers
alm
on.T
his
give
sth
ema
bette
rcha
nce
tore
prod
uce.
3.A
dapt
ive
radi
atio
nis
the
proc
ess
byw
hich
mem
bers
ofa
spec
ies
adap
tto
ava
riet
yof
habi
tats
.4.
Eac
hsp
ecie
sof
finc
hha
sa
diff
eren
tlysi
zed
beak
that
allo
ws
itto
eat o
nly
cert
ain
kind
sof
food
.Fin
ches
with
diff
eren
tlysh
aped
beak
sea
tdif
fere
ntfo
od.E
ach
spec
ies
has
itsow
nni
che
with
inth
esa
me
habi
tat.
#24
I.E
colo
gica
lsuc
cess
ion
isth
epr
oces
sof
grad
ual
chan
geth
atoc
curs
whe
nor
gani
sms
colo
nize
aha
bita
t,m
odif
yit,
and
are
forc
edou
t by
ane
wsp
ecie
sbe
tter
adap
ted
toth
eno
wal
tere
den
viro
nmen
t2.
Pion
eers
peci
es3.
Inpr
imar
ysu
cces
sion
,no
soil
exis
ts, s
uch
asaf
ter a
glac
ierr
etre
ats
orw
hen
lava
cool
s.Se
cond
ary
succ
essi
onoc
curs
afte
ra
maj
ordi
stur
banc
e,su
chas
afo
rest
fire
ora
flood
.4.
Clim
axco
mm
unity
(orm
atur
eco
mm
unity
)5.
Cha
nges
incl
imat
e,fl
oodi
ng,d
roug
ht,a
ndin
sect
infe
stat
ions
(als
oco
rrec
t:ch
ange
sin
ocea
npa
ttern
s,ex
trem
ew
eath
er)
#25
I.A
sust
aina
ble
ecos
yste
mpr
ovid
esec
onom
icop
port
uniti
esto
day
whi
lem
aint
aini
ngbi
odiv
ersi
tyan
dec
osys
tem
heal
thfo
rthe
futu
re.
2.D
efor
esta
tion
redu
ces
the
num
bero
fpla
nts
and
anim
als
inan
ecos
yste
man
dre
sults
inso
ilde
grad
atio
n.3.
Soil
degr
adat
ion
occu
rsw
hen
wat
eran
dw
ind
eros
ion
rem
oves
tops
oilf
rom
bare
land
.#2
61.
Soil
eros
ion
and
soil
com
pact
ion
2.H
arve
stin
gfi
shan
dtim
ber,
min
ing
coal
and
min
eral
s,an
dex
tract
ing
oila
ndga
s3.
Jobs
,mat
eria
ls, f
ood,
shel
ter,
and
ener
gy4.
Hab
itat l
oss,
soil
degr
adat
ion,
and
cont
amin
atio
nof
wat
ersu
pplie
s5.
Ove
rexp
loita
tion
isth
eus
eor
extr
actio
nof
are
sour
ceun
tilit
isde
plet
ed.
6.E
xtin
ctio
nis
the
dyin
gou
tofa
spec
ies.
#27
I.St
orie
s,so
ngs,
cultu
ralb
elie
fs, r
itual
s,co
mm
unity
law
s,an
dtr
aditi
onal
prac
tices
2.B
umin
gim
prov
esth
egr
owth
ofbe
rry
plan
ts,
whi
chat
trac
tsm
ore
anim
als.
Bur
ning
recy
cles
nutr
ient
s,cr
eate
sm
ore
dive
rsity
,red
uces
fore
stlit
ter,
and
open
sth
eca
nopy
toal
low
mor
esu
nlig
htto
reac
hth
epl
ants
.#2
81.
Nat
ive
spec
ies
are
plan
tsan
dan
imal
sth
atna
tura
llyin
habi
t an
ares
.For
eign
spec
ies
are
orga
nism
sth
atpe
ople
inte
ntio
nally
orac
cide
ntal
lyha
vein
trod
uced
into
regi
ons
whe
reth
eydi
dno
texi
stpr
evio
usly
.2.
Inva
sive
spec
ies
are
orga
nism
sth
atca
nta
keov
erth
eha
bita
tofn
ativ
esp
ecie
sor
inva
deth
eirb
odie
s,w
eake
ning
thei
rim
mun
esy
stem
s.#3
91.
Prol
ifer
atio
nm
eans
togr
owor
mul
tiply
byra
pidl
ypr
oduc
ing
new
tissu
es,c
ells
,oro
ffsp
ring
.2.
Com
petit
ion,
pred
atio
n,di
seas
ean
dpa
rasi
tism
,ha
bita
talte
ratio
n3.
Fore
ign
spec
ies
(int
rodu
ced
spec
ies)
4.T
hegy
psy
mot
hla
rvae
strip
oak
tree
sof
thei
rlea
ves,
mak
ing
the
tree
svu
lner
able
toin
fect
ions
and
unab
leto
perf
oim
phot
osyn
thes
is.
Pra
ctic
eQ
uest
ions
Ans
wer
sSe
ctio
n3.
1l.
B2.C
3.C
4.A
5.B
6.B
7.D
8.A
9.C
IO.B
Sect
ion
3.2
l.B
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.D
6.C
7.A
8.B
9.D
bO.B
Sect
ion
3.3
b.C
2.D
3.B
4.B
S.C
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.A
10.D
