1 Chapter Six Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving and Problem Solving Professor Charles M. Smith

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Chapter SixChapter Six

Community-Oriented PolicingCommunity-Oriented Policing

and Problem Solvingand Problem Solving

Professor Charles M. SmithProfessor Charles M. Smith

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General InformationGeneral Information

Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact have about the class. Feel free to contact me via email me via email [email protected]@kaplan.edu, or via , or via aim aim SirCharles8244 SirCharles8244 during office during office hours Thursdayhours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference. phone conference.

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WelcomeWelcome

Class will start shortly until then hold an open Class will start shortly until then hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates.discussion and get to know your classmates.

During the seminar if I do not answer your During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did not see the question.very fast and I did not see the question.

I assure you I will always be available to answer I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions. your questions.

My Aim is on 24 hours a day.My Aim is on 24 hours a day. Any Questions before we begin?Any Questions before we begin?

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Basic Principles of Basic Principles of Community PolicingCommunity Policing

Redefined roleRedefined rolePublic must be engaged in the fight Public must be engaged in the fight

against crime and disorderagainst crime and disorderPeel emphasized this in the 1820sPeel emphasized this in the 1820s In the early 1980s, COP emerged as In the early 1980s, COP emerged as

the dominant modelthe dominant modelWorking partnership with communityWorking partnership with community

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Long-term process that involves Long-term process that involves fundamental institutional changefundamental institutional change

Role from crime fighter to problem solverRole from crime fighter to problem solverDecentralized organizational structure and Decentralized organizational structure and

changes in recruiting, training, evaluations, changes in recruiting, training, evaluations, promotionspromotions

Break away from incident-driven policingBreak away from incident-driven policing

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Police station houses are being changed Police station houses are being changed in terms of design and amenitiesin terms of design and amenities

Was seen as unfriendly placesWas seen as unfriendly placesSome jurisdictions now have police Some jurisdictions now have police

stations with ATMs, kitchen-equipped stations with ATMs, kitchen-equipped meeting rooms for public use and more meeting rooms for public use and more areas open to the publicareas open to the public

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Major Step Forward: Major Step Forward: Problem-Oriented PolicingProblem-Oriented Policing

Problem solving is not newProblem solving is not newRoutine application of problem-solving Routine application of problem-solving

techniques are newtechniques are newProblem solving can be applied by officers Problem solving can be applied by officers

throughout the agencythroughout the agencyRoutine problem-solving efforts can be Routine problem-solving efforts can be

effective in reducing or resolving problemseffective in reducing or resolving problems

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Problem-orienting policing (POP) was Problem-orienting policing (POP) was grounded on different principles than COP, grounded on different principles than COP, but they are complimentarybut they are complimentary

POP advocates that police examine POP advocates that police examine underlying causes of recurring crimeunderlying causes of recurring crime

Herman Goldstein is the principal architect Herman Goldstein is the principal architect of POPof POP

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SSARAARA

Four-stage problem-solving processFour-stage problem-solving process

1.1. ScanningScanning BehaviorsBehaviors LocationsLocations PeoplePeople TimeTime EventsEvents Primary purpose of scanning is to conduct a Primary purpose of scanning is to conduct a

preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem does preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem does existexist

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SARASARA

2.2. AnalysisAnalysis The heart of the problem-solving processThe heart of the problem-solving process Learn as much as possible about the problem to Learn as much as possible about the problem to

identify causesidentify causes Identifying seriousness of the problemIdentifying seriousness of the problem Knowing all the individuals involved and affectedKnowing all the individuals involved and affected Listing all the causes of the problemListing all the causes of the problem Assessing current responses and their effectivenessAssessing current responses and their effectiveness

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SSAARARA

Several methods developed for analyzingSeveral methods developed for analyzingProblem-analysis triangleProblem-analysis triangleThe use of crime-mapping and offense The use of crime-mapping and offense reportsreportsThe analysis of CFSThe analysis of CFSThe use of community surveysThe use of community surveys

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SSAARARA

Some factors known to affect volume and type Some factors known to affect volume and type of crimeof crimePopulation densityPopulation densityVariations in composition of populationVariations in composition of populationStability of populationStability of populationModes of transportationModes of transportationClimateClimateCitizens’ attitudes toward crimeCitizens’ attitudes toward crime

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SSAARARA

Types of crime analysisTypes of crime analysis

1.1. TacticalTactical Provides information used to assist Provides information used to assist

operations personneloperations personnel Includes associating criminal activity by Includes associating criminal activity by

method, crime, time, date, locationmethod, crime, time, date, location

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SSAARARA

2.2. StrategicStrategic Concerned with long-range problems and Concerned with long-range problems and

projections of long-term increases or projections of long-term increases or decreases in crimedecreases in crime

Also includes the preparation of crime Also includes the preparation of crime statistical summaries, resource acquisition, statistical summaries, resource acquisition, and allocation studiesand allocation studies

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SSAARARA

3.3. AdministrativeAdministrative Focuses on provision of economic, Focuses on provision of economic,

geographic, or social information to geographic, or social information to administrationadministration

Problem solvers should review their Problem solvers should review their findings about the three sides of the findings about the three sides of the crime triangle – victims, offenders, and crime triangle – victims, offenders, and locationslocations

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SASARRAA

3.3. ResponseResponse The ultimate challenge in POPThe ultimate challenge in POP The search for the most effective way of The search for the most effective way of

dealing with the problemdealing with the problem Focuses on developing and implementing Focuses on developing and implementing

responses to problemresponses to problem

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SARSARAA

4.4. AssessmentAssessment Officers evaluate the effectiveness of their Officers evaluate the effectiveness of their

responsesresponses Reduced instances of repeat victimizationReduced instances of repeat victimization Decreases in related crime or incidentsDecreases in related crime or incidents Neighborhood indicatorsNeighborhood indicators Reduced citizen fear related to the problemReduced citizen fear related to the problem

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Basic Principles of COPPSBasic Principles of COPPS

Both COP and POP share characteristicsBoth COP and POP share characteristics

1.1. DecentralizationDecentralization

2.2. Geographically rather than functionally Geographically rather than functionally defined subordinate unitsdefined subordinate units

3.3. Close interactions with local communitiesClose interactions with local communities

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For COPPS to succeed, the following For COPPS to succeed, the following measures are requiredmeasures are required

1.1. Conducting accurate community needs Conducting accurate community needs assessmentsassessments

2.2. Mobilizing all appropriate players to Mobilizing all appropriate players to collect data and brainstorm strategiescollect data and brainstorm strategies

3.3. Determine appropriate resource Determine appropriate resource allocationsallocations

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4.4. Developing and implementing innovative, Developing and implementing innovative, collaborative, comprehensive programs collaborative, comprehensive programs to address underlying causes and causal to address underlying causes and causal factorsfactors

5.5. Evaluating programs and modifying Evaluating programs and modifying approaches as neededapproaches as needed

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Implementation of COPPSImplementation of COPPS

Strongly argued that a department wide of Strongly argued that a department wide of COPPS be usedCOPPS be used

No golden rule or any universal methods No golden rule or any universal methods to ensure the successful adoptionto ensure the successful adoption

The role of the rank-and-file officerThe role of the rank-and-file officerThe role of the environment where The role of the environment where

COPPS is implementedCOPPS is implemented

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Leadership and AdministrationLeadership and AdministrationCommunicate to all department Communicate to all department members members

the vital role of COPPSthe vital role of COPPSProvide incentives to engage in COPPSProvide incentives to engage in COPPSReduce the barriers to COPPS that can occurReduce the barriers to COPPS that can occurShow officers how to address problemsShow officers how to address problems

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Human ResourcesHuman ResourcesMiddle managers and first-line supervisors Middle managers and first-line supervisors

play a crucial roleplay a crucial roleFirst-line supervisors and senior patrol officers First-line supervisors and senior patrol officers

seem to generate the seem to generate the greatest resistance to greatest resistance to COPPSCOPPS

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Field OperationsField OperationsRecruiting, selection, training, performance Recruiting, selection, training, performance

evaluation, promotion, honors and awards, evaluation, promotion, honors and awards, disciplinediscipline

Recruiting literature should reflect the Recruiting literature should reflect the principles of COPPSprinciples of COPPS

Integrated into academy trainingIntegrated into academy training

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External RelationsExternal RelationsCollaborative responses to neighborhood Collaborative responses to neighborhood

crime and disorder are essential to the crime and disorder are essential to the success of COPPSsuccess of COPPS

New relationships and sharing of New relationships and sharing of information between the police and the information between the police and the communitycommunity

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Media provides means to educate the Media provides means to educate the community about COPPScommunity about COPPS

Political supportPolitical supportBroader role of the street officerBroader role of the street officer

““Thinking” officersThinking” officersDo more than handle callsDo more than handle callsDesign effective ways of respondingDesign effective ways of responding

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Community Policing in JapanCommunity Policing in Japan

Possesses the oldest and best-Possesses the oldest and best-established community policing system in established community policing system in the worldthe world

Four elements at the coreFour elements at the core1.1. Community-based crime preventionCommunity-based crime prevention

2.2. Reorientation of patrol activitiesReorientation of patrol activities

3.3. Increased accountability to the publicIncreased accountability to the public

4.4. Decentralization of commandDecentralization of command

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Community Policing in JapanCommunity Policing in Japan

Heavy emphasis on order maintenance Heavy emphasis on order maintenance and preventionand prevention

Counseling servicesCounseling services Trained in dispute resolutionTrained in dispute resolution Urban police visit neighborhood Urban police visit neighborhood

householdshouseholds KobanKoban

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Evaluating COPPSEvaluating COPPS

No clear verdict until rigorous evaluationsNo clear verdict until rigorous evaluationsEvaluation not the same as the SARA Evaluation not the same as the SARA

processprocessOutcome measures might include:Outcome measures might include:

Control of crimeControl of crimeCitizen satisfaction with police servicesCitizen satisfaction with police servicesDecreased fear of crimeDecreased fear of crime

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Crime PreventionCrime Prevention

Better to prevent a crime rather than trying Better to prevent a crime rather than trying to solve a crimeto solve a crime

““Lock it or lose it”Lock it or lose it”Giving advice to citizens about door locksGiving advice to citizens about door locksAt its heart, COPPS is about preventing At its heart, COPPS is about preventing

crimecrime

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Crime prevention through environmental Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)design (CPTED)

““Proper design and effective use of the Proper design and effective use of the environment”environment”

1.1. Natural access controlNatural access control

2.2. Natural surveillanceNatural surveillance

3.3. Territorial reinforcementTerritorial reinforcement

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Five types of information neededFive types of information needed

1.1. Crime-analysis informationCrime-analysis information

2.2. DemographicsDemographics

3.3. Land use informationLand use information

4.4. ObservationsObservations

5.5. Resident informationResident information

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Repeat Victimization (RV)Repeat Victimization (RV)Greater attention given to offenders than Greater attention given to offenders than

to crime victimsto crime victims If police want to know where a crime will If police want to know where a crime will

occur next, they should look at where it occur next, they should look at where it happened lasthappened last

One in three burglaries is a repeat One in three burglaries is a repeat burglary of a householdburglary of a household

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A small number of victims accounts for a A small number of victims accounts for a disproportionate number of victimizationsdisproportionate number of victimizations

Drug Abuse Resistance and EducationDrug Abuse Resistance and EducationDARE programDARE programProgram needs new directionProgram needs new direction

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Scope of Forensic ScienceScope of Forensic Scienceand Criminalisticsand Criminalistics

Forensic science Forensic science The examination, evaluation, and explanation The examination, evaluation, and explanation

of physical evidence in lawof physical evidence in lawCriminalisticsCriminalistics

One branch of forensic scienceOne branch of forensic scienceDeals with the study of physical evidence Deals with the study of physical evidence

related to crimerelated to crime

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Scope of Forensic ScienceScope of Forensic Science and Criminalistics and Criminalistics

Criminalistics is interdisciplinaryCriminalistics is interdisciplinaryTypes of information physical evidence Types of information physical evidence

can providecan provide

1.1. Information on the Information on the corpus delicticorpus delicti

2.2. Information on the Information on the modus operandimodus operandi

3.3. Linking of suspect with a victimLinking of suspect with a victim

4.4. Linking of a person to a crime sceneLinking of a person to a crime scene

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5.5. Disproving or supporting a witness’s Disproving or supporting a witness’s testimonytestimony

6.6. Identification of a suspectIdentification of a suspect

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First on the crime scene are trained to:First on the crime scene are trained to:

1.1. Describe vehicles and individualsDescribe vehicles and individuals

2.2. Assess the scene for officer safetyAssess the scene for officer safety

3.3. Watch for violent persons and attend to Watch for violent persons and attend to emergency medical needsemergency medical needs

4.4. Prevent any unauthorized persons from Prevent any unauthorized persons from entering the sceneentering the scene

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Forensic Science and Forensic Science and the Criminal Justice Systemthe Criminal Justice System

Investigative stagesInvestigative stages

1.1. Preliminary investigationPreliminary investigation

2.2. Continuing investigationContinuing investigation

3.3. Reconstruction of the crimeReconstruction of the crime

4.4. Focus of the investigationFocus of the investigation

Corpus delictiCorpus delicti

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Detectives: Qualities, Myths, Detectives: Qualities, Myths, and Attributesand Attributes

Every city with a population of more than Every city with a population of more than 250,000 and 90% of smaller cities have 250,000 and 90% of smaller cities have detectivesdetectives

RAND research team learned that only about RAND research team learned that only about 20% of their crimes could have been solved by 20% of their crimes could have been solved by detective workdetective work

Fewer than 50% of all reported crimes received Fewer than 50% of all reported crimes received more than a minimal half hour’s investigation by more than a minimal half hour’s investigation by detectives – Kansas City studydetectives – Kansas City study

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Four personal attributes to be a successful Four personal attributes to be a successful investigatorinvestigator

1.1. An unusual capability for observation and An unusual capability for observation and recallrecall

2.2. An extensive knowledge of the law, rules An extensive knowledge of the law, rules of evidence, scientific aids, and laboratory of evidence, scientific aids, and laboratory servicesservices

3.3. Gut instincts Gut instincts

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3.3. A powerful imaginationA powerful imagination

4.4. A working knowledge of social A working knowledge of social psychologypsychology

Appear to empathize with the suspectAppear to empathize with the suspect Logical skills, the ability to exercise Logical skills, the ability to exercise

deductive reasoningdeductive reasoning Ability to read and understand body Ability to read and understand body

languagelanguage

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Officers Who “Disappear”: Working Officers Who “Disappear”: Working UndercoverUndercover

Operations have increased greatly since Operations have increased greatly since the 1970sthe 1970s

Largely to expanded drug investigationsLargely to expanded drug investigationsAbility to cultivate informantsAbility to cultivate informants Increased risk of stress-related illness, Increased risk of stress-related illness,

physical harm, and corruptionphysical harm, and corruptionReturning to patrol may be difficultReturning to patrol may be difficultMany officers do return to patrolMany officers do return to patrol

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Uses of the PolygraphUses of the Polygraph

Used by the police since the early 1900sUsed by the police since the early 1900sCannot detect when a lie is toldCannot detect when a lie is toldTwo major usesTwo major uses

1.1. Specific issue testingSpecific issue testing

2.2. Pre-employment screeningPre-employment screeningCannot be used in courtCannot be used in court It is an investigative toolIt is an investigative toolRisky procedure for employmentRisky procedure for employment

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DNA AnalysisDNA Analysis

In April 2007 it was reported that the 200In April 2007 it was reported that the 200thth person was exonerated by DNA evidenceperson was exonerated by DNA evidence

DNA is the basic building code for all the DNA is the basic building code for all the body’s chromosomesbody’s chromosomes

Developed in England by Alec Jeffreys in Developed in England by Alec Jeffreys in 19841984

One the best new tools on this centuryOne the best new tools on this century

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3.3. Only two days are needed for analysisOnly two days are needed for analysis4.4. DNA process can be automatedDNA process can be automated Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)

Contains DNA profiles from subjects Contains DNA profiles from subjects convicted of homicide, sexual assault, and convicted of homicide, sexual assault, and other serious feloniesother serious felonies

Major issue involves post-conviction Major issue involves post-conviction testingtesting

However it usually takes weeks for However it usually takes weeks for resultsresults

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Each state has own procedural rules for Each state has own procedural rules for post-conviction reliefpost-conviction relief

31 states have laws in place to provide for 31 states have laws in place to provide for motions for post-conviction DNA testingmotions for post-conviction DNA testing

In early 2007, U. S. Justice Department In early 2007, U. S. Justice Department finalized guidelines for allowing collection finalized guidelines for allowing collection of DNA from most people arrested or of DNA from most people arrested or detained by federal authoritiesdetained by federal authorities

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Post Conviction TestingPost Conviction Testing

The traditional appeals process is often The traditional appeals process is often insufficient for proving a wrongful conviction. It is insufficient for proving a wrongful conviction. It is not uncommon for an innocent person to not uncommon for an innocent person to exhaust all possible appeals without being exhaust all possible appeals without being allowed access to the DNA evidence in his case.allowed access to the DNA evidence in his case.

Although 48 states have post-conviction DNA Although 48 states have post-conviction DNA testing access statutes, many of these testing testing access statutes, many of these testing laws are limited in scope and substance laws are limited in scope and substance

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Post Conviction TestingPost Conviction Testing

Some laws present insurmountable hurdles to Some laws present insurmountable hurdles to the individual seeking access, putting the burden the individual seeking access, putting the burden on the defense to effectively solve the crime and on the defense to effectively solve the crime and prove that the DNA evidence promises to prove that the DNA evidence promises to implicate another individual.implicate another individual.

Despite the fact that 11 of the first 225 Despite the fact that 11 of the first 225 individuals proven innocent through DNA testing individuals proven innocent through DNA testing initially peld guilty, certain laws still do not permit initially peld guilty, certain laws still do not permit access to DNA when the defendant originally access to DNA when the defendant originally pled guilty.pled guilty.

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Behavioral Science in Behavioral Science in Criminal InvestigationCriminal Investigation

Almost one-third are ex-convicts and Almost one-third are ex-convicts and former mental patientsformer mental patients

Many are attracted to policingMany are attracted to policingPrincipally attack lone women, children, Principally attack lone women, children,

older people, homeless people, older people, homeless people, hitchhikers, and prostituteshitchhikers, and prostitutes

Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics

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Recent Developments in Forensic Recent Developments in Forensic Science and InvestigationScience and Investigation

Stalking investigationsStalking investigationsRecently described as the crime of the Recently described as the crime of the

1990s1990sFour types of stalking situationsFour types of stalking situations

1.1. Erotomanic stalkingErotomanic stalking

2.2. Love obsession stalkingLove obsession stalking

3.3. Simple obsession stalkingSimple obsession stalking

4.4. False victimization syndromeFalse victimization syndrome

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Recent Developments in Forensic Recent Developments in Forensic Science and InvestigationScience and Investigation

Investigation of CybercrooksInvestigation of CybercrooksProtection of the InnocentsProtection of the Innocents

Pedophiles and pornographers onlinePedophiles and pornographers onlineAbout 1.3 children are missing each About 1.3 children are missing each yearyear99.8% of the children reported missing by a 99.8% of the children reported missing by a

caretaker were located or returned home alivecaretaker were located or returned home alivePedophiles came out of the closet by the Pedophiles came out of the closet by the

thousands with the introduction of the internetthousands with the introduction of the internet

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Cold Case InvestigatorsCold Case Investigators

Cold CasesCold CasesMost important component of cold case Most important component of cold case

squads is personnelsquads is personnelCases are prioritized on the basis of the Cases are prioritized on the basis of the

likelihood of an eventual solutionlikelihood of an eventual solutionHigh priority to homicide cases with High priority to homicide cases with

identified victim, suspects previously identified victim, suspects previously named or identifiednamed or identified

Many agencies use retired officersMany agencies use retired officers

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ReminderReminder

Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact have about the class. Feel free to contact me via email me via email [email protected]@kaplan.edu, or via , or via aim aim SirCharles8244 SirCharles8244 during office during office hours Thursdayhours Thursday 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 5:00 – 6:00 PM EST & 9:00 – 10:00PM or 9:00 – 10:00PM or by using my virtual by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference. phone conference.

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Unit Five WorkUnit Five Work 09 December “09 December “NO SEMINARNO SEMINAR”” Midterm Essay Exam:Midterm Essay Exam: Write a 2 page paper response (excluding cover page) for each of Write a 2 page paper response (excluding cover page) for each of

the following questions:the following questions: Contrast the differences and similarities between the federal, state, Contrast the differences and similarities between the federal, state,

and local levels of law enforcement.and local levels of law enforcement.

How did August Vollmer and other pioneers in law enforcement How did August Vollmer and other pioneers in law enforcement contribute to the development of criminal investigative techniques? contribute to the development of criminal investigative techniques?

The paper should contain a cover page and a list of references in The paper should contain a cover page and a list of references in APA format.APA format.

All text pages should be double-spaced and in 12-point font. All text pages should be double-spaced and in 12-point font.

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The Check ListThe Check List

I urge all of you to use the check list as I urge all of you to use the check list as guide to an excellent essay.guide to an excellent essay.

Any Questions?Any Questions?Stay focused – Stay safeStay focused – Stay safeDo not hesitate to contact me for any Do not hesitate to contact me for any

assistance.assistance.Class DismissedClass Dismissed

Documents

1 Chapter Six Community-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving and Problem Solving Professor Charles M. Smith