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Chapter 4

Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

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OutlineTodayFinish Cell Respiration/Metabolism Chapter 3 and

Start Chapter 4 (Tissue Types)Chapter 3Metabolism

Chapter 4 • Tissue Types

– Epithelial– Connective– Muscular– Nervous

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Mitochondria

• Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles involved in cellular respiration.– Site of ATP production.

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Cellular Metabolism

• Cellular metabolism includes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.– Often organized into metabolic pathways.

Most regulated by feedback inhibition.

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Cellular Respiration

• Glucose breakdown requires three sub-pathways.– Glycolysis.– Citric Acid Cycle.– Electron Transport System.

• Altogether, the breakdown of one glucose molecule results in 36 ATP molecules.

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Cellular Respiration

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Fermentation

• Fermentation is an anaerobic process that results in the buildup of lactate.– Lactate is toxic to cells and causes

muscle cramps and fatigue.– Only produces two ATP per glucose

molecule.

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Types of Tissues

• A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function.– Categorized into four groups.

Epithelial.Connective.Muscular.Nervous.

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Epithelial Tissue

• Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells forming a continuous layer that serve in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and filtration.– Named according to shape of cell.

Squamous - Flattened.Cuboidal - Cubed.Columnar - Column.

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Epithelial Tissue

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Junctions between Epithelial Cells

• A tight junction forms an impermeable barrier as adjacent plasma membrane proteins join.

• A gap junction forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join.

• An adhesion junction forms when adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to cytoplasmic plaques.

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Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

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Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue serves many functions including binding organs, providing support and protection, and producing red blood cells.– Three types of cells – Fibroblast,

Macrophage and Mast cell– Separated by matrix of fibers.

Collagen fibers.Reticular fibers.Elastic fibers.

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Connective Tissue

• Loose Fibrous and Dense Fibrous Tissues.– Loose fibrous connective tissue supports

epithelium and many internal organs.– Dense fibrous connective tissue is made of

tightly-packed collagen fibers and is found in tendons and ligaments.

• Adipose Tissue.– Fat storage.

• Reticular Connective Tissue.– Supporting meshwork of lymphatic system.

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Connective Tissue

• Cartilage.– Cells lie in lacunae separated by solid,

flexible matrix.Hyaline cartilage.Elastic cartilage.Fibrocartilage.

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Connective Tissue

• Bone.– Most rigid connective tissue composed of

matrix of inorganic salts.Compact bone.Spongy bone.

Compact bone

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Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue

• Blood.– Matrix is made of plasma, not cells.

Transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.

Plasma. Formed Elements.

Red blood cells. White blood cells. Platelets.

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Blood

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Muscular Tissue

• Muscle (contractile) tissue composed of muscle fibers.– Contain actin filaments

and myosin filaments.– Three types of muscle

fibers.Skeletal muscle.Smooth muscle.Cardiac muscle.

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Cardiac Tissue

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Skeletal Tissue

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Smooth tissue

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Nervous Tissue

• Nervous tissue has three functions.• Two Major cell types• Neurons and Neuroglia• Neurons are the functional cells

– Sensory input.– Data integration.– Motor output.

• Neuron (nerve cell) composed of three parts. Dendrites. Cell body. Axon.

• Neuroglia service and support neurons.

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Neuron and Neuroglia

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Break Continue with Chapter 4

• Body Cavities• Body Membranes• Organ Systems• Integumentary System• Homeostasis

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Body Cavities

• Ventral cavity divided into two parts.– Thoracic cavity.– Abdominal cavity.

• Dorsal cavity divided into two parts.– Cranial cavity.– Vertebral cavity.

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Body Membranes

• Mucous membranes. – Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and

reproductive systems.• Serous membranes.

– Line thoracic and abdominal cavities.• Synovial membranes.

– Line freely movable joint cavities.• Meninges.

– Found in dorsal cavity protecting brain and spinal cord.

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Organ Systems

• Maintenance of the Body.– Digestive system.

Receives and digests food.– Cardiovascular system.

Transports nutrients and oxygen.– Lymphatic system.

Collects and returns excess tissue fluid.

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Organ Systems

• Maintenance of the Body.– Respiratory system.

Brings oxygen in and takes carbon dioxide out.

– Urinary system.Rids body of nitrogenous wastes.

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Organ Systems

• Support and Movement.– Skeletal system.

Protects body parts.– Muscular system.

Moves body parts.

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Organ Systems

• Coordination and Regulation of Body Systems.– Nervous system.

Conducts nerve impulses.– Endocrine system.

Serves as messaging system maintaining homeostasis.

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Organ Systems

• Continuance of the Species.– Reproductive system.

Provides ability to reproduce.

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Integumentary System

• The integumentary system is the collection of skin and its accessory organs.– Plays a significant role in maintaining

homeostasis.Water Loss.Temperature.

– Synthesizes certain chemicals.Vitamin D (helps with calcium

absorption)

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Integumentary System

• Regions of Skin.– Epidermis.

Stratified squamous epithelium.– Dermis.

Collagen and elastic fibers.Lies beneath epidermis.

Subcutaneous layer lies below the dermis and is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.

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Accessory Organs of the Skin

• Nails.• Hair Follicles.

– Oil Glands.• Sweat Glands.

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Human Skin Anatomy

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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment.– Fluctuation around a particular value.

Maintained by negative feedback. Brings about reversal of the change.

Activated by deviation from set point.

Positive feedback brings about greater change in same direction.

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The Integument and Homeostasis

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Lecture Review• Be able to describe the four Major Tissue Types and

give examples of where they are found in the body.– Epithelial– Connective– Muscular– Nervous

• List the Body Cavities and what organs are found in each.

• List the different types of Body Membranes• List the eleven Organ Systems and give a general

description and function of each.• Describe the components of the Integumentary System• Give an example of how the integumentary system

maintains Homeostasis