1 Biofuels 1991 – 2011: A 20 Year History of Biofuels policy and the impact on the Recreational Marine Industry Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc

1

Bio

fuel

s1991 – 2011: A 20 Year History of Biofuels policy and

the impact on the Recreational Marine Industry

Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc.

US Gasoline + Ethanol Consumption 1991 - 2011 and Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS-II) Total Renewable Fuel Requirements through 2022

[Billion gallons per year]

100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol

Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol Consumption

RFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline pool

2

1991

- 2

001 Gasoline plus ethanol

consumption

Fuel Ethanol Consumption

% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool

J.Wasil Source: Energy Information Administration

3

1995



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol

Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production

Clean Air Act 1990 Mandated the use of oxygenates (MTBE) for

reformulated fuels in non-attainment areas starting in 1995

MTBE Production

J.Wasil

4

1995

- 2

001



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol


MTBE Phase-out begins

MTBE Production

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol


5

2001

- 2

005

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol

Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production RFS-I

6

2005

Energy Policy Act 2005 (RFS-I)

RFS-I Ethanol Quantity

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol

Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol ConsumptionRFS-II Quantities % ethanol in gasoline poolMTBE Production RFS-I

7

2006

In 2006 ethanol production exceeded RFS quantity

RFS-I Ethanol Quantity

Production exceeded the mandate

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol

Gasoline plus ethanol consumption Fuel Ethanol Consumption% ethanol in gasoline pool MTBE ProductionRFS-I

8

2007

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS-II)

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol


9

2007

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS-II)

RFS-II Biofuels Quantity

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

1481

99

1

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

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20

15

20

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20

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20

20

20

21

20

22

Year

Ga

so

line

plu

s E

tha

no

l Co

ns

um

pti

on

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

tha

no

l Pro

du

cti

on

, R

en

ew

ab

le

Fu

el M

an

da

te a

nd

% e

tha

no

l in

g

as

olin

e p

oo

l


10

2007

– 2

011

Global Financial Crisis

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol


11

2007

- 2

011


% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool = 10%

J.Wasil



100

108

116

124

132

140

14819

91

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Year

Gas

oli

ne

plu

s E

than

ol

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n

0

7

14

21

28

35

42

Fu

el E

than

ol

Pro

du

ctio

n,

R

enew

able

Fu

el M

and

ate

and

%

eth

ano

l in

gas

oli

ne

po

ol


12

2007

- 2

011


% Ethanol in Gasoline Pool = 10%

J.Wasil

13

5. S

olu

tio

ns

– Solutions:• Quickly start consuming more gasoline (ridiculous)• Realign the RFS to match the new fuel demand

reality (unlikely - does nothing to address the growth of the ethanol industry)

• Raise the amount of ethanol allowed in gasoline (E15 waiver request granted – source of much debate, will cause issues)

• Explore other alternative fuels that can better satisfy the RFS volumes without affecting millions of existing engines

The US Market was saturated with ethanol in 2010. The industry cannot

continue to grow beyond that of exports.

J.Wasil

14

Iso

bu

tan

ol T

esti

ng

Up

dat

e Isobutanol Testing Update

Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc.

15NM

MA

/AB

YC

Bu

tan

ol S

tud

y

Figure 1. 18’ Mako boat with 175 HP Evinrude Direct Fuel Injection Outboard

Figure 2. 24’ SeaDoo Challenger boat with 215 HP Rotax engine

Table 2: Engine Specifications

Evaluate isobutanol-extended fuel over summer boating season (50 hrs)

J.Wasil

16

Arg

on

ne

/ DO

E M

arin

e T

esti

ng • A formal and rigorous test program has been

established with Argonne National Laboratory with over sight from the U.S. Department of Energy– Expanded field testing – Laboratory emissions and performance evaluations– Engine durability assessments– Oil tribology investigation

Portable Emissions Equipment Installed in Boat

Products from several marine engine and boat manufacturers included in the test

program

J.Wasil

17

Fie

ld E

mis

sio

ns

Tes

tin

gVolvo-Penta 5.7 Closed-loop catalyst – Almar Boat

1999 OMC Johnson Conventional Carbureted 2-stroke (AKA, “Old Smokey”) Intruder Boat

Indmar 6.0L Closed-loop catalyst – Malibu Ski Boat

Boats baseline tested in May, operated for 50 hours on butanol and tested again in

SeptemberJ.Wasil

18

Fie

ld T

esti

ng

• Boats accumulated 50 hours operating on B16 fuel

• Pre and post season emissions evaluated on three fuels on each boat: E0, E10 and B16

• No engine runability, startability or durability issues reported during the 50 hour evaluation period.

• For each boat tested, emissions between E10 and B16 were virtually the same

J.Wasil

19

Fie

ld T

esti

ng

Em

issi

on

s• Example Boat #1 Normalized Data

THC NOx CO CO2

E0 E10 B16

Similar emissions between E10 and B16

J.Wasil

20Lab

em

issi

on

s an

d d

ura

bit

y • Laboratory emissions testing and full-life durability testing

350 Hours on E10 (Control)

350 Hours on B16 (Test)

At the end of the testing, the engines will be torn

down and inspected

J.Wasil

21

Lab

en

gin

e em

issi

on

s • Example Laboratory Baseline Emissions Data

(normalized)

THC NOx CO CO2

E0 E10 B16

Similar emissions between E10 and B16

J.Wasil

22

Du

rab

ility

Bar

ge

Tes

tin

g• Engine Undergoing 350 hour durability testing

on 16% isobutanol-extended fuel

J.Wasil

23

Oil

Tri

bo

log

y• Oil Tribology refers to the study of friction,

wear, lubrication and contact mechanics

J.Wasil

24

E15

NR

EL

Rep

ort

• Damaged rod bearing at 235 hours operated on E15. • Gasoline (E15) and oil is mixed in two-stroke engine.

Impact of E15 on solvency and lubricity of oil is unknown.

Damaged rod and bearing from E15 engine

Undamaged rod and bearing

J.Wasil

25

Oil

Tri

bo

log

y T

ests

• Oil Tribology Tests:– Unidirectional sliding (connecting rods, crank)– Reciprocating sliding (Pistons, rings)– Four ball (Bearings)– Three fuels tested E0, E10, B16 at increasing fuel/oil

dilution ratios– Yamaha 150HP four stroke engine used to develop oil

dilution test methodology

J.Wasil

26

Tri

bo

log

y R

esu

lts

• Preliminary Oil Tribology Data indicates similar friction and wear with fuel dilution from E0, E10 and B16

J.Wasil

27

Co

ncl

usi

on

• Conclusion:– Largest and most comprehensive recreational marine

study using an advanced biofuel other than ethanol– Cooperation and participation from across the industry– Program is going very well to date – more testing to be

conducted, but results so far indicate that butanol is a much better fuel with properties more similar to that of gasoline.

– Opportunity to influence National biofuels policy

J.Wasil

28

Qu

esti

on

s? Thank You

J.Wasil

Documents

1 Biofuels 1991 – 2011: A 20 Year History of Biofuels policy and the impact on the Recreational Marine Industry Jeff R. Wasil BRP U.S Inc