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Bio211 - Laboratory 1

Microscope

Cellular Structure

Cell Cycle

Mitosis

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Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Material starting here will be tested on LECTURE Exam 1

Know these terms

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Body Sections

Know this

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Anatomical Subdivisions

Used most in clinical situations

Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations

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Body Regions

Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual

Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body

END of material for LECTURE EXAM 1

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“Seeing” in Biology

• There are many different tools that biologists/anatomists can use to ‘see’ biological samples at high resolution. Some include:– Light microscope (2-D)*– Electron microscope*

• Transmission electron microscopy (2-D)• Scanning electron microscopy (3-D)

– Confocal laser scanning microscope (optical sections through a 3-D specimen; good for 3-D)

– Atomic force microscope (one of the most powerful tools for determining the surface topography of native biomolecules at subnanometer resolution)

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Resolving Power

From: http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Chapter1/Chapter1.html

Need a refresher on the metric system? See our course Web site in the “Study Guides and Helpers” Section

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Light Microscope

7.5 m (Use as a guide to size)Nucleus

(Erythrocytes)

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Transmission Electron Micrograph

RBC

From: http://www.upei.ca/~morph/webct/Modules/EM/EM.html

Two-dimensional representation of a 3-D object

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The Scanning Electron Microscope

From: http://www.mih.unibas.ch/Booklet/Lecture/Chapter1/Chapter1.html

No, although the hairdo is similar, this is NOT your instructor!!

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The Cell Cycle

• series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides

• stages • interphase• mitosis• cytoplasmic division• differentiation

G0

Differentiated cells may spend all their time in G0 (neurons, skeletal muscle, red blood cells)

Stem cells may never enter G0

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The Cell Cycle Must Have Controls

• If DNA is damaged, cell must NOT be allowed to enter mitosis

• DNA must be completely replicated before mitosis takes place

• At metaphase, the chromosomes must be correctly positioned at the spindle fiber equator

• Each phase of the cell cycle must be completed before the next is begun

• DNA/Cell replication must not proceed unless a ‘signal to proceed’ is received

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What are the Controls of the Cell Cycle?

• cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types• skin and bone marrow cells divide often• liver cells divide a specific number of times then cease

• chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock (cell senescence)

• cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship

• growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division• hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus• epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin

• tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control

• contact inhibition

• Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases provide central control

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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Review from Biology…

• What is the cell cycle? Why does mitosis happen?

INNKEEPER, POUR ME ANOTHER TEQUILA!

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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• INNKEEPER (INTERPHASE)

• POUR (PROPHASE)

• ME (METAPHASE)

• ANOTHER (ANAPHASE)

• TEQUILA (TELOPHASE/CYTOKINESIS)

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Interphase Cell

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Prophase

What structure joins the sister chromatids together?

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Metaphase

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Anaphase

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Telophase (and Cytokinesis)

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Plant Mitosis (Allium root tip)

Images from: http://biology.about.com/od/mitosis/ig/Mitosis-Image-Gallery/index.htm

TelophaseProphase

Anaphase

Interphase

Late anaphase /early telophase

Metaphase

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Reminders about using the microscope…

• Reminders for using microscope– Start at low power and locate a promising area to view at

higher power, center the object of interest, THEN go to higher power

– When you focus on an area under higher power, be sure to move the FINE focus up and down slightly to be sure you see everything you need to see

– Try and use both eyes (for a binocular scope)

– Review and USE the instruction sheet for Lab 1 in your Lab Guide that was handed out today!!

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Cellular Structure

• This should be a review from General Biology

• Use your textbook if necessary to label the composite cell Figure 5.5 (page 60) in your lab Manual.

• List a function for each of the cellular components you labeled (see page 59 Lab Manual).

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The Cell

Be able to label a figure like this (figure 5.5, page 60 in Lab Manual)

Give a function for each organelle

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The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Be sure you are able to recognize…– Each phase of mitosis– For each of the phases of mitosis you are required

to look at both:• Whitefish blastula• Allium root tip

• Use the photographs in Wood’s Lab Manual to guide you

• If you are still in doubt about something you see, just ASK!

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Lab Safety/Rules

• Please be sure to REVIEW the laboratory rules in your Laboratory Guide and SIGN the sheet on the bench in the front of the lab BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY.

• If you EVER have a question about something in the lab, always ASK before ACTING!

• There is NO FOOD OR DRINK allowed in the Science Department laboratories

• Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the Science labs

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What you should do in lab today…

• Refer to the Instructions for Laboratory 1 in your Laboratory Guide. If you think you have a question – READ IT AGAIN, THEN ASK!

• Before you leave the lab today…– Call me over to your lab table so I can check if your

group can recognize the different mitotic figures– Sign the Lab Safety Rules sign up sheet

Remember to try the Online Quizzes (on gserianne.com Web site) -AFTER you think you have mastered the material for a lab - and/or before the Lab Exam

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For next lab…

• Epithelial and Connective Tissue

– Read Exercises 7 and 8 in Wood’s Lab Manual

– Look at the histological photos in your Lab Manual and in your textbook (Ch. 4, Sec 1 and 2)

– Label the diagrams in your Lab Manual