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Bellringer Tuesday, 03/15
How could your group the following organisms.
Homework #8
1. Page 449 Questions 1-4
2. Page 459 Questions 1-3
3. Page 464 Questions 1-11
• Write the question and the complete answer (not just A or B or C)
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• There are 13 billion known species of organisms
• This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!
• New organisms are still being found and identified
Species of Organisms
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Who Needs a Classification System?
When you go to the grocery store, how doWhen you go to the grocery store, how doknow how to find the milk?know how to find the milk?
When you go to the clothing store, how doWhen you go to the clothing store, how doyou know where to look for your favorite brand?you know where to look for your favorite brand?
When you go to the movie store, how do youWhen you go to the movie store, how do youfind the movie you’re looking for?find the movie you’re looking for?
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What is Classification?
• Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
• Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
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Why ?• To help us study the earth• To help us organize all the species
we discover . . . • To give every species a name based
on a standard method so scientists from different countries can talk about the same animal without confusion
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Confusion over names• Different meaning - same word • Crib – baby bed – house• Byte –bite• Bonnet – baby hat – England – car hood• Boot – US shoe - England trunk
• Same thing – different word• US speed bump - England sleeping policeman• US bathroom – England loo• Also WC John Crapper toilet washroom restroom
head little boy’/girl’s room• Which language - Languages change
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Benefits of Classifying• Accurately & uniformly names
organisms- make sense of #s • Prevents misnomers (mistakes)
such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish
• Latin (sometimes Greek) used for all names because the language does not change
Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for
Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all
Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists• 2000 years ago, Aristotle
was the first taxonomist• Aristotle divided
organisms into plants & animals
• He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers
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Carolus Linnaeus• 18th century taxonomist• Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”• Developed the modern naming
system still used today
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binomial nomenclature• Two-word name (Genus
& species• Genus - consists of
group of closely related species
• species – describes a characteristic of an organism
• Capitalize first name only
Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius
American American RobinRobin
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• Homo erectus –
• one who walks erect
• Homo sapiens –
• Sapiens = wise
• Wise one
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Rules for Naming Organisms
• The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms
• International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) approves all names
• This prevents duplicated names
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Classification Groups•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category
into which related organisms are placed
•There is a hierarchy (order) of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific
•Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
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•King
•Phillip
•Came
•Over
•For
•Grape
•Soda!
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Terms for 6 kingdoms
• Unicellular – one cell
• Multicellular – many cells
• Autotrophic – makes its own food (ex. plants)
• Heterotrophic – can’t make their own food (ex. animals)
• Prokaryote – no nucleus ( bacteria)
• Eukaryote – has a nucleus (ex. us)
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Fun Fact: One bushel of corn will sweeten more than 400 cans of pop.
multicellularautotrophic
Can’t move from place to placeHave a nucleus
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Plant Kingdom
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
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Fun Fact: There are only three animals with blue tongues: the black bear, the Chow Chow dog and the blue-tongued lizard.
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Animalia
• Multicellular• heterotrophs
consume food • Feed on plants
or animals• Move• Eukaryotic• No cell walls
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Fungi• Multicellular,
except yeast• Absorptive
heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
• Cell walls made of chitin
29Fun Fact: Giant puffballs range from golf ball size to as large as a watermelon!
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yeast
Giant puff ball
31Fun Fact: Most protoctists can be see only with a microscope while a few species like the giant sea kelp can be 30 ft long!
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Protist• Most are unicellular• Some are
multicellular• Some are
autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
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EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are
present in almost present in almost all habitatsall habitats on earth.on earth.
Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and
commercially.commercially.
Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals
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Fun Fact: Causes average of 61 deaths per year.
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• Archaebacteria In 1983, scientists took samples from a spot deep in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and molten rock boiled into the ocean form the Earth’s interior. To their surprise they discovered unicellular (one cell) organisms in the samples. These organisms are today classified in the kingdom, Archaebacteria.
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Archaeabacteria in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Environments use chemosynthesis to obtain energy.
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• Finding Archaeabacteria : The hot springs of Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first places Archaea were discovered.
• The coloring comes from the massive amount of archaebacteria (which are chemo-synthesizers)
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• Archaebacteria are found in harsh environments such as boiling water, with no oxygen, highly acidic, or very salty environments.
• Obtain energy through chemosynthesis
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Fun Fact: Considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from bacteria and blue-green algae!
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Taxons• Most genera (genus) contain a
number of similar species, with the exception of Homo that only contains modern humans
• Classification is based on evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
• Homologous structures (same structure, different function)
• Similar embryo development• Similarity in DNA, RNA, or
amino acid sequence of Proteins
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Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in mammals.mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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Cladogram• Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate Cladogra
m
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Dichotomous Key
• Used to identify organisms• Characteristics given in pairs• Read both characteristics and
either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
• 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2• 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 6• 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus• 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3• 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4• 3b Tentacles upright–Sea
Anemone• 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish• 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Dichotomous Key