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1
Basics of GIS: Outline• What’s a GIS
• Teaching GIS
• Applications
• Myths
• Some interesting problems
2
Simple Definition
GIS = Maps in Computers
3
Smart Maps
Site Number Bacteria
104 50
4
What Is GIS - a Brief Introduction
• Different mapping systems:• Electronic atlases • Thematic mapping systems• Street-based mapping systems• GIS: all these things + much more
• analysis, import/export, combination of different data, dynamic map update, etc
“a system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth (Dueker and Kjerne, 1989)
Use of geography to integrate information from different sources
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How GIS Works
• Link map features to tables of attributes • Access the attributes for any map feature• Locate any feature from its attributes
• Manage sets of features & attributes as themes or objects
• Integrate sources: - Primary sources - Secondary sources
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Integrate Sources
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Aerial Imagery
Elevation
Geodetic Control
Boundaries
Surface Waters
Transportation
Land Ownership
Thematic DataThematic DataFramework DataFramework Data
Soils
Sewer Lines
Water Lines
Landcover
Wetlands
Flood Zones
Geographic Database
Exploring Relationships
• Based on geographic location and proximity, GIS makes connections between activities• Looking at data geographically can often suggest new
insights, explanations• These connections are often unrecognized without
GIS, but can be vital to understanding and managing activities and resources
• E.g., we can link pollution sources with disease patterns
Pollution Sources Leukemia Cases
Combining data sets
Information about “where” allows us to combine heterogeneous data sets
11Overlaying images and vector markup fromdifferent sources (UCLA LONI, Paxinos Atlas)
SMARTAtlas
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Use of Ontologies to Link Features
Structures on slices color coded by relationships contained in the UMLS
S.M.A.R.T. Atlas usesUnified Medical Language System (UMLS) to query across multiple data sources and explore spatial relationships across brainslices indifferent coordinate systems (eg,across species)
+
+
+
++
Settlements
Admin.Units
Reference Grid
Rivers
LongitudeLa
titud
e
Space as an indexing system
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Projections• Example: The Mercator projection
has straight meridians & parallels that intersect at right angles, as opposed to the Robinson projection. • Mercator preserves area only at the
equator and at two standard parallels equidistant from the equator.
• The Mercator projection is often used for marine navigation as all straight lines on the map are lines of constant azimuth.
• Any one projection cannot simultaneously preserve all these qualities of the world: shape, area, direction, and distance.
15
This is what happens when projections mix!
• Notice the boundary lines do not line up
• Points that are placed on the wrong projection will be misaligned as well
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Components and Contexts of GISComponents and Contexts of GIS
• social and cultural context• institutional context• transformations• operations• representation• measurement
another approach:
acquisition-input-storage-retrieval-analysis-output-presentation-use
17
GIS in Higher Education• ESRI list of GIS programs:
http://gis.esri.com/university/onlinedb.cfm
• GIS Programs in Higher Education:http://www.directionsmag.com/education/
• Geography departments worldwide:http://geowww.uibk.ac.at/geolinks/
• Directory of graduate schools, GIS programs:http://www.gradschools.com/listings/menus/
geoinfosys_menu.html
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GIS Curriculum - 1UCSB (http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/programs/ugrad_courses.htm )• Geog 12 - Maps and Charts, 4.0, Clarke• Geog 13 - Introduction to Computing in Geography, 2.0, Staff• Geog 115A - Geographic Photo Interpretation, (T), 4.0, Estes• Geog 115AL - Laboratory in Geographic Photo Interpretation, (T), 1.0, Estes• Geog 115B - Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 4.0, Mertes• Geog 115BL - Lab in Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 1.0, Mertes• Geog 115C - Intermediate Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 4.0, Mertes• Geog 115CL - Laboratory in Intermediate Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T),
1.0, Mertes• Geog 118 - Production Cartography, (T), 4.0, Clarke• Geog 128 - Analytical and Computer Cartography, (T), 4.0, Staff• Geog 136 - Remote Sensing of the Oceans, (G=T, U=T), 4.0, Washburn• Geog 138 - Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere: An Introduction, (T), 4.0, Gautier• Geog 151 - Computational Methods for Watershed Analysis, (T), 5.0, Mertes• Geog 172 - Introduction to Geographical Data Analysis, (T), 3.0, Montello• Geog 172L - Laboratory in Introductory Geographical Data Analysis, (T), 2.0, Montello• Geog 176A - Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, (T), 4.0, Goodchild, Clarke• Geog 176B - Technical Issues in Geographic Information Systems, (T), 4.0, Goodchild,
Clarke• Geog. 176BL - Lab in Geographic Information Systems I, (T), 1.0, Goodchild, Clarke• Geog 176C - Applications of GIS Technology, (T), 4.0, Goodchild, Clarke• Geog 176CL - Lab in Geographic Information Systems II, (T), 1.0, Goodchild, Clarke• Geog 181 - Spatial Database Modeling For Geographic Phenomena, (T), 4.0, T. Smith• Geog 184A - Introduction to Cartographic Programming, (T), 4.0, Staff• Geog 184B - Advanced Cartographic Programming, (T), 4.0, Staff
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GIS Curriculum - 2SDSU:
http://typhoon.sdsu.edu/• GEOG 380 Map Investigation • GEOG 381 Map and Graphic Methods • GEOG 385 Spatial Data Analysis • GEOG 484 Geographic Information Systems • GEOG 488 Remote Sensing of Environment • GEOG 581 Cartographic Design • GEOG 582 Automated Cartography • GEOG 584 Geographic Information System
Applications II • GEOG 585 Quantitative Methods in Geographic
Research • GEOG 588 Intermediate Remote Sensing of
Environment • GEOG 682 Advanced Automated Cartography • GEOG 683 Advanced Geographic Information
Systems • GEOG 685 Advanced Quantitative Methods in
Geography • GEOG 688 Advanced Remote Sensing • GEOG 780 Seminar in Techniques of Spatial Analysis
University of Washington•258: Maps and GIS•360: Principles of Cartography•458: Map Sources and Errors•460: Geographical Information System Analysis•461: Urban Geographic Information Systems•463: Geographic Information Systems Workshop•465: Analytic Cartography
Western Michigan University
•375: Intro to GIS•582: Remote Sensing of the Environment•566: Field Geography•567: Computerized Geodata Handling and Mapping•569: Geographic Information System
The NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIScience
San Diego Supercomputer Center
National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure
Applications
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RedistrictingRedistricting
22
Emergency services, disaster recovery
Emergency services, disaster recovery
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Floodplain mappingFloodplain mapping
Hurricane Floyd
100 year flood
500 year flood
Flooding in Greenville
24
Regulation implementation & enforcement
Regulation implementation & enforcement
Hog lagoons in and out of the floodplainHog lagoons in and out of the floodplain
100 year flood
Hurricane Floyd
25
Smart growthSmart growth
26
Police and fire deploymentPolice and fire deployment
27
Intelligent demographicsIntelligent demographics
28
www.zillow.com
29
Visualization
• Video File on disk
30
BIRN uses ESRI’s ArcMAPto align and analyze biologicalimages and vectorsegmentations of the brain, which can be retrieved from multiple spatial data servers (including ArcIMS servers) maintained by partner universities.
High-resolution brain image generated at NCMIR, UCSD, is registered to stereotaxic coordinates and overlaid with anatomical features and markup from Paxinos and Watson mouse brain atlas
Studying mouse models of human disease
31
Some Myths About GISSome Myths About GIS
• GIS provides an “objective” approach to information• Data may be different… methods may be different…
• Similar GIS for the same area will lead to similar conclusions and policy recommendations• Attitudes may be different…
• Digital geographic data are accurate• Well… and there are so many ways to measure data quality
• Better information will make better decisions• More myths!
• Technical issues are fundamental in GIS
San Diego Supercomputer Center
National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure
Some Interesting ProblemsSemanticTechnicalStatistical
33
Forest
Non-Forest
reality GIS representation
sometimes, the distinction between discrete and continuous is not very clear
34
Objects versus Fields• Object view
“empty space littered with objects” (points, lines or areas)
• Field viewvalue is defined for every location
35
CB
BA
C AB
Points Lines Polygons
Objects
36
200240
260
180200
270
170 220
250130
Raster grid Regular point grid
Irregular points Contour lines
Fields
37
AUTOCORRELATION Land Use Maps Example
• Categorical maps: inherently autocorrelated• Degree of autocorrelation depends on resolution
BB = 36BW = 15WW = 9N = 6 X 6 = 36P(BW) = 0.25
BB = 146BW = 41WW = 77N = 12 X 12 = 144P(BW)=0.15
– if areas of polygons: Area = Lim(N*S), where N - number of cells, S - size of a cell, S -->0 autocorrelation extremely positive
– if counts of polygons no adjacent polygons with the same value autocorrelation extremely negative
In vector database:
38
History of GISDecade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1960’s - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS- Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling- US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format- ESRI founded
1970’s - CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)
- First Landsat satellite launched (USA)
- USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resource databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format
- ERDAS founded
- ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)
39
History of GIS
Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1980’s - ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)
- GPS became operational
- US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)
- MapInfo founded
- First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)
- IDRISI Project started (GIS program)
- SPANS GIS produced
- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA-TIGER/Line digital data - First GIS textbooks
40
History of GISDecade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1990’s - MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others- ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS- $7+ billion industry
2000’s - Internet becomes major delivery vehicle- More than 1 million active users
Evolution of GIS Software
• Sub-routine libraries (60s/70s)• Libraries of small programs (sub-routines)• Required advanced programming skills
• Tool box with CLI (70s/80s)• Basic package with Command Line Interface• Required advanced technical skills
• Task-oriented system (90s/00s)• Graphical User Interface (GUI)• Customization capabilities to create specific-purpose
applications
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User Interface Applications
Geographic Tools
Data AccessSpatial
ReferenceVector
DataManager
Raster
Output
Editing
Analysis
CustomizationDisplay
Translation
Functionality Architecture
43
Number ofUsers
CostInternetViewer
ComponentHand-heldDesktop
Professional
Functionality
GIS Software Classification
44
Major Product Families Autodesk ESRI Intergraph MapInfo Smallworld
Viewer AutoCAD LT
ArcReader GeoMedia Viewer ProViewer Custom
Desktop World ArcView GeoMedia MapInfo Professional
Spatial Intelligence
Profess-ional
AutoCAD / Map
ArcEditorArcInfo
GeoMedia Pro MapInfo Professional
Smallworld GIS
Hand-held OnSite ArcPad IntelliWhere MapXtend Scout
Database Server
GIS Server ArcSDE Uses Oracle Spatial
SpatialWare Part of Smallworld GIS
Component In several products
MapObjects, ArcObjects
Part of GeoMedia MapX, MapJ Part of Smallworld GIS
Internet MapGuide ArcIMS,ArcGIS Server
GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise
MapXtreme, MapXSite
Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server
CAD AutoCAD Map
In several products
In several products
In several products
Part of Smallworld GIS
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ArcGISPlatformArcGISPlatform
Extension Products
Server Products
Spatial Analyst
3D Analyst
Geostatistical Analyst
MrSID Encoder
ArcPress
StreetMap USA
Files
ArcSDE
DBMSGateway
DBMS
Coverages
ArcIMS
InternetServices
Desktop Products
ArcEditor
ArcView
ArcInfo
The ArcGIS Desktop
ArcGIS Server
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0 1000000 2000000 3000000
Users
Internet
Viewer
Component
Hand-held
Desktop
Professional
Type of Software System
GIS Market
47
Open Source GIS
• Software Listings• http://www.freegis.org/• http://www.opensourcegis.org/
• GIS Software• Grass: http://grass.ibiblio.org/• Geotools: http://www.geotools.org/
• Map Servers• UMN Map Server:
http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/index.html• Geoserver: http://docs.codehaus.org/display/GEOS/Home