1

Average reservoir residence times

Reservoir Average residence time

Antarctica 20,000 years

Oceans 3,200 years

Glaciers 20 to 100 years

Seasonal snow cover 2 to 6 months

Soil moisture 1 to 2 months

Groundwater: shallow 100 to 200 years

Groundwater: deep 10,000 years

Lakes 50 to 100 years

Rivers 2 to 6 months

Atmosphere 9 days

The Rock CycleThinking about relationships among

the major rock groups

VocabularyTypes of rocks:• Igneous• Metamorphic• Sedimentary

How rocks are changed:• Chemical weathering• Physical weathering• Metamorphism

Layers of the Earth:• Core• Mantle• Crust

Movement:• Convection• Earthquake• Subduction zone• Transform fault

3

Layers of the Earth

4

Plate Tectonics

5

Convection

6

7

8

Major Rock Groups

• Igneous– Formed from a melt (molten rock)–Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and

crystallization–Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at

the surface

• Sedimentary– Formed at the Earth’s surface–Clastic (Mineral Fragments or

grains, clays)–Chemical (crystalline

chemical/biochemical precipitates)• Metamorphic

– Changed by pressure, temperature and fluids.

9

Fig. 2.9

MAGMA

11

MAGMA

Crystallization

IGNEOUS

12

MAGMA

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

Crystallization

13

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

Crystallization

14

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

Uplift

Crystallization

Weathering

15

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

Uplift

Crystallization

Weathering SEDIMENT

16

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

Uplift

Crystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

Deposition

17

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

Uplift

Crystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

Deposition

18

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

UpliftBurial

Increased P&T

Crystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

Deposition

19

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

UpliftBurial

Increased P&T

MeltingCrystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

DepositionCan you see

any shortcuts?

20

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

UpliftBurial

Increased P&T

MeltingCrystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

Deposition

• The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups

• It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth

• As well as earth’s momentum and…

• The energy from the sun

• It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior

• It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”.

In Conclusion…

23

MAGMA

Volcanic

IGNEOUS

Plutonic

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY

METAMORPHIC

UpliftBurial

Increased P&T

MeltingCrystallization

WeatheringErosion

Transport

Deposition