ASPHALTI. DEFINITION:ASPHALT - A dark brown to black cementitious material, solid, semi- solid or liquid in consistency which the predominating constituents are bitumen which occurs in nature as such or which are obtained as residue in refining petroleum.

BITUMEN - the main constituent of the asphalt - the cementing properties of the asphalt -it is often called bituminous material - portion of asphalt that is soluble in carbon disulfide - a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin or a combination of both; frequently accompanied by non metallic derivatives which may be gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid.

BRIEF HISTORY ASPHALTU or SPHALLO - Acadian term where in the word asphalt is claimed to have been derived from.Asphalt was first used in the nature of a cement for joining together various objects and it is possible the term is expressive of this application.

Prehistoric skeletons of prehistoric animals preserved intact to present day in surface deposits of asphalt La Brea, pit, Los Angeles Calif.

3200 to 540 B. C. - Recent Archaeological excavations show extensive use of asphalt in Mesopotamia and Indus valley, as cement for masonry and highway construction and as waterproofing layer for temple baths and water tanks.300 B. C. - Asphalt extensively used for mummification in Egypt.1802 A. D. - Rock asphalt used in France for floor, bridge and sidewalk surfacing.

1838 A. D. - Rock asphalt imported and used in sidewalk construction in Philadelphia.1870 A. D. (Circa) - First asphalt pavement laid in Newark, New Jersey by Professor E. J. DeSmedt, a Belgian chemist.1876 A. D. - First sheet asphalt pavement laid in Washington D.C., with imported lake asphalt.1902 A. D. Approximately 20,000 tons of asphalt refined from petroleum in the United States.

Since 1926 - to present time the petroleum asphalt and road oil tonnage produced annually has increased steadily.

II. COMPOSITION OF ASPHALT Scientifically asphalts are colloidal systems in which asphaltenes constitute the dispersed phase and the remaining liquid called petrolenes (maltenes) constitute the dispersing medium.

1. ASPHALTENES - the substance which remains insoluble and precipitates or coagulates when an asphalt is dissolved by a specific solvent such as naptha, ethyl ether, N-pentane or heptane. -responsible for the plastic properties of asphalts and also imparts hardness to it. -gives color (black, dark brown).

2. PETROLENES -substance which is soluble in petroleum solvents as N-pentanes. -it is composed of resins and oily constituents.

2.1 RESINS -impart ductility and a high break point. -provides stickiness (adhesiveness). 2.2OILY CONSTITUENTS -responsible for the softness of asphalt. -for good adhesiveness the oily constituents should be low and asphaltic resins high. - influences viscosity of asphalt.

III. PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT 1. strong cement 2. readily adhesive 3. highly waterproof and durable 4. imparts controllable flexibility to mixture of mineral aggregates. 5.highly resistant to the action of most acid alkalis and salts 6.solid or semi-solid at ordinary atmospheric temperature but may be readily liquefied by the application of heat or by dissolving it in petroleum solvents of varying volatility or by emulsification. 7. thermoplastic material, (consistency changes as its temperature changes)

IV.USES OF ASPHALT1.Binder2.Waterproofing material3.Joint and crack filler4. Prime Coat5. Tack Coat6.Seal Coat7.Under sealing (PCCP)8.Pipe Coating9.Surface Treatment10.Roofing

V. KINDS OF ASPHALT1.NATURAL ASPHALT (NATIVE) -asphalt occurring in nature which has been derived from petroleum by natural processes of evaporation of volatile fractions leaving the asphalt fraction.Ex. Rock Asphalt - porous rock such as sandstone or limestone that has become impregnated with natural asphalt through geologic process.Lake Asphalt - Lake deposits

2. MANUFACTURED ASPHALT -asphalt from crude petroleum, crude petroleum is refined and distilled to separate the various fractions and recover the asphalt. - such asphalt is produced in a variety of types and grades ranging from hard brittle solids to almost water-thin liquids. - the semi-solid form, known as asphalt cement , is the basic material. See Figure : Petroleum Asphalt Flow Chart

VI. KINDS OF MANUFACTURED ASPHALTS (ASPHALTIC MATERIALS)1. ASPHALT CEMENT - asphalt that is refined to meet specifications for paving, industrial and special purposes. CHARACTERISTICS: - the term is often abbreviated A. C. - hot asphalt -solid to semi-solid in consistency - odorless -black in color -basic cementing material -constituent of all other asphalt types -penetration graded asphalt cement (5) :

AASHTO M-20 40-5060-7085-100120-150200-300- Viscosity graded asphalt cement (5) : AASHTO M 226AC-2.5AC-5AC-10AC-20AC-40

Uses:1. Item 303- Bituminous Seal Coat2. Item 304- Bituminous Surface Treatment3. Item 305- Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement

4. Item 310- Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid

2. LIQUID ASPHALT - liquid asphaltic product are generally prepared by cutting back or blending asphalt cement with petroleum distillates or by emulsifying them with water.- - Soft or fluid in consistency- - Viscosity graded asphalt

KINDS OF LIQUID ASPHALT2.1 CUTBACK ASPHALT - asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents also called diluents (usually a minimum of 55% of asphalt cement). CHARACTERISTICS: - liquid at room temperature - characteristic smell of petroleum solvents as gasoline and kerosene -black in color

CLASSIFICATION: 2.1.1 RAPID CURING (RC) ASPHALTAsphalt Cement + gasoline or naptha (light distillate- high volatility)Viscosity Grades (4) : AASHTO M 81RC-70RC-250RC-800RC-3000

2.1.2 MEDIUM CURING (MC) ASPHALTAsphalt cement + kerosene (medium distillate medium volatility)Viscosity Grades (5) : AASHTO M 82MC-30MC-70MC-250MC- 800MC-3000

2.1.3 SLOW- CURING (SC) ASPHALT Asphalt Cement + Oil (heavy distillate- low volatility) Viscosity Grades (4) :SC-70SC-250SC-800SC-3000

Uses: 1. Item 301 - Bituminous Prime Coat 2. Item 302 - Bituminous Tack Coat (RC) 3. Item 303 - Bituminous Seal Coat 4. Item 304 - Bituminous Surface Treatment 5. Item 305 Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement 6.Item 306 - Bituminous Road-Mix Surface Course 7. Item 308 - Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course, Cold-Laid 8. Item 309 - Bit. Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture) 9. Item 310 - Bit. Concrete Surface Course, Hot-Laid

2.1 ASPHALT EMULSION -an emulsion of asphalt cement and water (usually 60% asphalt and 40% water) which contains a small amount of an emulsifying agent ( 1 2% emulsifier). -a heterogeneous system containing two normally immiscible phases (asphalt and water) in which the water forms the continuous phase of the emulsion and minute globules of asphalt form the discontinuous phase.EMULSIFIED ASPHALT Asphalt Cement + Water + Emulsifier EMULSIFIER - derivatives of salt (amine or sodium salt)

CHARACTERISTICS: liquid at room temperature pungent odorchocolate brown in color

CLASSIFICATION :emulsified asphalt maybe either the anionic or cationic types depending upon the emulsifying agent.

2.2.1 ANIONIC EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ( - ) electro-negatively charged asphalt globules used for limestone or calcareous aggregates.Viscosity Grades (11) : AASHTO M 140a. Rapid- Setting: RS 1 RS - 2 HFRS 2

b. Medium Setting: MS - 1 MS - 2 MS - 2h HFMS 1 HFMS - 2 HFMS - 2hc. Slow Setting : HFMS - 2S SS - 1 SS - 1h

2.2.2CATIONIC EMULSIFIED ASPHALT (+) -electro-positively charged asphalt globules used for siliceous materials (silica/sand).Viscosity Grades (6) : AASHTO M 208Rapid-Setting: CRS - 1 CRS - 2b. Medium-Setting: CMS 2 CMS 2hc. Slow-Setting: CSS - 1 CSS - 1h

Uses:1. Item 205 Asphalt Stabilized Rd.-Mix Base Course2. Item 302 Bituminous Tack Coat 3. Item 304 Bituminous Surface Treatment 4. Item 305 - Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement 5. Item 306 - Bituminous Rd.-Mix Surface Course6.Item 308 - Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course Hot-Laid 7. Item 309 - Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)

3. BLOWN OR OXIDIZED ASPHALT - asphalt that is treated by blowing air through it at elevated temperature to give it characteristics desired for certain special uses. - penetration grade : 0 to 30Uses: 1.specially used as joint filler 2.roofing 3.pipe coating 4.under sealing Portland cement concrete pavement 5.waterproofing and other hydraulic application 6. lining of the canal

ASPHALT/CONCRETE JOINT SEALER/FILLERTYPES: 1.hot-poured elastic type 2.preformed

I. HOT-POURED ELASTIC TYPE: SPECIFICATION:AASHTO M 173: Concrete Joint-Sealer, Poured Elastic Type - intended for use in sealing joints or filling cracks in concrete pavements, bridges and other structure - resilient and adhesive material capable of effectively sealing joints in concrete against the infiltration of moisture and foreign material throughout repeated cycles of expansion and contraction with temperature changes and that will not flow from the joint or be picked up by vehicle tires at summer temperature.

TestsSpecs 1. Safe heating temperature -2. Pour Point Temperature -3. Flow 5.0 mm (max.)4. Penetration 90 (max.)

II. Preformed Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers -consists of preformed sheets or strips made of cane or other suitable fibers of a cellular cellulosic nature securely bound together and then uniformly saturated with asphalt.

- or strips formed from clean granulated cork securely bound together by a suitable asphalt binder and encased between two layers of saturated felt or two layers of glass fiber felt. - premolded strips of asphalt mixed with fine mineral substances, fibrous materials, cork, sawdust etc. manufactured in dimension suitable for construction joints.

SPECIFICATIONS:AASHTO M 153 : Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving and Structural ConstructionAASHTO M 123 : Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers For Concrete Paving and Structural Construction (Non Extruding and Resilient Bituminous Type)AASHTO M 33 : Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete (Bituminous Type)

Nominal Thickness of Joint, mm (in.) Absorption, % (Max.)25 (1) 2.519 (3/4) 313 (1/2) 49.5 (1/8) 5

Expansion Joint filler having a nominal thickness of less than 9.5 mm (1/8) shall not be subjected to a requirement for water absorption.For nominal thickness of 13 mm (1/2 in.) and over, shall absorb not more than 15 percent by volume in 24 hours and 20 percent by volume for all other thickness.Blue Book : DPWH Standard Specifications (1995) Item 705 : Joint Materials

VII. SAMPLING/MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS SIGNIFICANCE :1.1 Sampling is an important as testing and every precaution shall be taken to obtain samples that will show the true nature and condition of the materials.1.2Samples may be taken : 1.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the material sampled or 1.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.

1.SIZE OF SAMPLES FOR ROUTINE LAB. TESTS :Asphaltic Materials:4 liters (1 gal.) Asphalt Cement Cut-back Asphalt Emulsified Asphalt Joint Sealer Preformed Expansion Joint Filler = 16 x 16

2.MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS:Asphaltic Matls.: 1-Q.T. for every 40 M.T. or 200Drums or fraction thereofPreformed Expansion Joint Filler/Sealer: 1-QT per shipment of 93 square meters (1000 sq. ft.) or fraction thereof

4. CONTAINERSTYPES OF CONTAINERS:4.1 Containers for liquid bituminous material samples, except emulsions, shall be double friction top cans, square cans with screw tops, or small mouth cans with screw caps. 4.2 Containers for anionic emulsified asphalt samples shall be widemouth jars or bottles made of glass or plastic.4.3 Containers for cationic emulsified asphalt samples shall be widemouth jars or bottles made of plastic or widemouth cans with screw caps.

5. PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES 5.1Sample containers shall be new. They shall not be washed or rinsed or wiped with oily cloth. Top and container shall fit together tightly. 5.2 Care shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming contaminated. Immediately after filling, the containers shall be tightly and positively sealed. 5.3 The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent nor shall it wiped with a solvent saturated cloth. If cleaning is necessary use a clean dry cloth. 5.4 Samples of emulsion shall be protected from freezing by correct packaging.

5.5Transferring samples from one container to another shall be avoided it possible, as characteristics of materials could be altered during transfer and there is a possibility of contamination.

5.6 Immediately after filling, sealing and cleaning, the sampling containers shall be properly marked for identification with a suitable marking pencil on the container itself, not on the lid.

VIII. TESTING OF ASPHALT1. ASPHALT CEMENT ( 9 tests ) 1.1Specific Gravity 1.2Loss on heating (Thin-Film Oven Test) 1.3Solubility 1.4 Spot Test 1.5 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup Flash Tester) 1.6 Penetration 1.6.1 Original 1.6.2After loss 1.7 Ductility 1.7.1 Original 1.7.2 After loss

2. CUTBACK ASPHALT ( 8 tests)

2.1Specific Gravity 2.2 Flash Point (Tag Open Cup Flash Tester) 2.3 Viscosity (Kinematic Capillary Viscometer) 2.4 Distillation 2.5Test on residue 2.5.1 Penetration 2.5.2 Ductility 2.5.3 Solubility 2.5.4 Spot Test

3.EMULSIFIED ASPHALT (9 tests) 3.1 Specific Gravity 3.2 Storage Stability 3.3 Sieve Test 3.4 Viscosity (Saybolt-Furol Viscometer) 3.5 Cement Mixing 3.6 Distillation 3.7 Test on Residue 3.7.1 Penetration 3.7.2 Ductility 3.7.3 Solubility

IX. SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY a. it is a gauge to a uniformity of supply of an asphalt (if it is being adulterated or diluted).

b. important during computation and design (Job Mix) essentials in the determination of the effective asphalt content and the percentage of air voids in compacted mix specimens and compacted pavement.

c. results is of value for making volume correction when measurements are made at elevated temperature

2. SOLUBILITY

determines the bitumen content in asphalt cement that is soluble in a solvent (carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride).

measures the purity of the asphalt cement.

(portion of the asphalt cement that is soluble represent the active cementing constituents).

(impurities such as salts, free carbon and non-organic contaminants does not dissolve in a solvent).

3. SPOT TEST

- determines if asphalts is overheated or not during production.4. LOSS OF HEATING

- determines the loss of volatiles in the asphalt.5. FLASH POINT

- indicates the safe heating temperature of the asphalt, the temperature to which the material maybe safely heated without danger of instantaneous flash (catching fire or explode) in the presence of an open flame.

PENETRATION

- determines the relative hardness or consistency of an asphalt cement, by measuring the distance of the standard needle used that penetrate vertically to the sample under the fixed condition of temperature, load and time.

DUCTILITY

- measures the ability of asphalt to stretch without breaking.

- a gauge to adhesiveness of asphalt, the higher the ductility the more adhesive the asphalt.

8. VISCOSITY

- liquidity or fluidity of asphalt - consistency test of the liquid asphalt - determines the flow characteristics of asphalts in the range of temperature during application.

9. DISTILLATION

- determines the relative proportions of asphalt and diluent present in liquid asphalt.

- also used to measure the amount of diluent that distills off at various temperature denoting its evaporation characteristics, this in turn, indicates the relative rate at which the material will cure after application.

10. SIEVE TEST

- determines quantitatively the percent asphalt present in the form of relatively large globules in the emulsion. Such globules do not provide thin & uniform coatings of asphalt on the aggregate particles. - determines whether the emulsion has properly emulsified (properly mixed).

11. CEMENT MIXING - determines the resistance of the emulsion to breakdown on the job. - determines the rate where in the emulsion will break when in contact with soil or mineral aggregates.

12. STORAGE STABILITY

- defects the tendency of the asphalt globules in the emulsion to settle during storage of an emulsified asphalt.

X. SPECIFICATIONS:

AASHTO M-20 - Penetration Graded Asphalt Cement

AASHTO M-81 - Cut-back Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)

AASHTO M-82 Cut-back Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)

AASHTO M-140 - Emulsified Asphalt (Anionic)

AASHTO M-208 - Emulsified Asphalt (Cationic)