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1 Arch.Eng. Shireen Abdelrahman Ancient Houses

1 Arch.Eng. Shireen Abdelrahman Ancient Houses. 2 In the earliest times, of course, people lived without any kind of shelter. 1.or in tents, 2.or in caves

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Page 1: 1 Arch.Eng. Shireen Abdelrahman Ancient Houses. 2 In the earliest times, of course, people lived without any kind of shelter. 1.or in tents, 2.or in caves

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Arch.Eng. Shireen Abdelrahman

Ancient Houses

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Ancient Houses

In the earliest times, of course, people lived without any kind of shelter.

1. or in tents, 2. or in caves 3. or in Huts.

Some people, like the nomadic Bedouin, still do live in tents.

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Ancient Houses

Franchthi Cave, Greece(Cave)

This is an example of a cave in Greece where people lived in the early Neolithic period الحجري العصر before they began building , الحديثhouses in Greece; about 7000-6000 BC.

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Ancient Houses Modern tent in Afghanistan, near Heart

(Tent)

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Ancient Houses

)Tent(

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Ancient Houses

Neolithic ruined house in Iraq

(Huts(

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Ancient Houses

By the New Stone Age, or the Neolithic some people had started building houses for themselves )although a lot of other people continued to live in caves or tents(.

People began the Neolithic at different times in different places, so that people began to build houses in Egypt and West Asia probably about 10,000 BC and in Greece about 6000 BC while they didn't start to build houses in England until about 3000 BC.

The type of these house depended a lot on where they lived. In northern Europe and in northern China where it was cold in the winter, people mostly built what we call "hearth houses منازل which were huts with one square or round room, and a fire ", المواقدon a stone hearth in the middle, with the smoke going out through the thatched بالقش or shingled roof سقف مسطح which slanted , سقف.so the rain and snow would run offمائل

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Ancient Houses

"hearth houses"

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Ancient Houses

Often the animals were kept right in the room with the people, for warmth. Sometimes the hutsاألكواخ were bigger, and had two rooms, one for the people and the other for the animals. )though even so some of the animals, like dogs and cats, probably slept with the people, and some of the people, like slaves العبيد probably slept with the animals(. Chimneys المداخنwere not yet invented.

In Egypt and West Asia and in southern China on the other hand, it was pretty much hot all the time, and wood was very scarceنادرة . People there mostly built houses of mud-brick and the houses were mostly a wall around an open courtyard, with some small rooms built around the edges of the courtyard to keep stuffاألشياء in and to go into when it rained .These are called "courtyard houses." Here the animals would be kept in the courtyards, which often had a well in the middle to collect water. The roofs were صهريجor a cisternبئرusually flat, so people could sleep on them and keep cool

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10Ancient Houses "courtyard houses".

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Ancient Houses

“Huts houses".

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Ancient Houses “Huts houses".

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“Huts houses".

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Ancient Houses

Many people lived in houses just like one of these all the way through the medieval period الوسطى العصور فترة But by about في3000 BC some people in the Eastern Mediterranean and West Asia were richer than others, and began to build better houses to show it. There are palaces for the kings: these are mostly bigger versions of courtyard houses, with many courtyards and rooms all around each courtyard.

In Greece people began to build "megaron" houses, with one or two rooms and pillars ركائزin front making a porch شرفة; sometimes in back too. These bigger houses also have nice brick floors, and built-in benches مقاعدand cupboards الخزائن , and painted walls, and tiled roofs. But not many people had them. Most people still lived in the same old kinds of houses.

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Ancient Houses

By about fifteen hundred years later, around 1500 BC many city-dwellers in Egypt and Western Asia had these nicer courtyard houses. In Crete people built "agglutinative" houses )glued-together(, with a lot of small rooms crowded together around courtyards.

In China, we find rich people living in bigger houses with pillars and tiled roofs beginning in the Chou Dynasty about 1000 BC.

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Ancient Houses “Megaron" houses

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17Chou Dynasty

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الحجرية ا العصور في لعمــارة

Architecture In Stone Ages

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البشرية بدء مع العمارة و نشأت والقنص الصيد على عندما واالعتمادليحمي الحاجة فلقد االنسان اقتضت به، المحيطة األخطار من نفسه

فاتخذها االشجار فروع وتحت الصخور فجوات أو قطن مسكن لهكمأوى استعماله و لسكنه أمامه الموجود .استخدم

البارد ) ( العهد

األوائل ف الصيادون اوروبا بدأ اجتاحت التي الثلجية الكتل ضغط تحتسكن والمغا الكهوفإلى يعيش رالطبيعية كان التي الصخرية ات

طالبين األحجار من كبيرة بقطع فتحاتها سد مع الحيوانات فيها. األمان و الحيوانات الدفء صور الجدران على االنسان رسم حيث

االولية بفطرته عاريات لنساء اشكاال والسن العاج من ونحتبعد فيما مأواه بها هذب التي البدائية هذه وبوسائله في ووجدت

الي تاريخها يرجع اليومية والحياة الصيد لمعارك صور الكهوفم.10000 ق

القديم في الحجري العصر

االول ) الدافئ ( العهد

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المزارعين أوصلته أما التي باألشجار احتموا مفقدو أكواخ إلى تحويلها و قطعها بعد تجميعها فكره إلي

ل قابلة بها إلمساكن .حتماءاألغنام جلود ايضا ورعاة من الخيام إقامة إلى لجأوا

مأوى إتخاذها و خشبية قوائم إلى شدها بعد األغناملهم.

) الثاني ) الدافئ العهد االول الحجري العصرفمالت االمطار وهطلت وتالشت الثلجية الجبال ذابتالي الشعوب وهاجرت الصخور وفجوات المغائر

واستقر الخصبة واألراضي االول المراعي االنسانورسم المسكن بزخرفة عنايته فزادت طمأنينته وزادعلى الرسم وحتى بفطرته زخرفيه بخطوط جدرانه) الوشم ) والجمال القوة إلظهار والوجه والذراع الصدر

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أشكال • إلى العمارة من األشكال هذه تطورت ذلك بعدفي ولعبت اإلنسان لخدمة وتطويعها للبيئة مالئمة أكثرفي والعبادات الدينية العقائد األكبر الدور التطور هذاالقديم اإلنسان إرتباط نتيجة القديمة الحضارات كل

واألله األوثان ه.بعبادة

لعبادتهم ف • واألبنية المعابد إنشاء منهم ذلك تطلبفنية بأشكال واجهاتها مختلفة.وتجميل

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الحديث في الحجري العصر

المحيط كانت الكوني والغموض الدينية العاطفةللفن اإلنسان لبداية الرئيسي الدافع باإلنسان

. للعبادة الحجرية المباني تشييد و األولى فالتشكيلي األشكال تعتبر للعبادة الحجرية التكويناتاألقل على أو طابعا تأخذ التي المنظمة للعمارة . فمنها أشكال عدة وتأخذ معينة بفكرة ترتبط

أوضاع ذات ضخمة حجرية قوائم من فقط المكونمن أعتابا تحمل أو بنفسها قوائم فتكون مختلفة

وال والبعض ي الحجر هذا يومنا حتى قائما بعضها زالالتك لهذه و الزمن بفعل معينة وتهدم أسماء ينات

: مثل عليها أطلقت

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caves

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• A cave is a natural underground or a void in the rock large enough for a human to enter, the term includes smaller spaces like sea caves, rock shelters and grottos.

• Rock shelters, often contain abundant evidence of habitation )maddens , ovens, artifacts(, of burials, and of artistic activity )rock paintings and carvings(. Many rock shelters containing Maori art occur in.

• Speleology الكهوف استكشاف is the science of علمexploration and study of all aspects of caves .

Caveالكهف

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ف� ال�ك�ه� �ل�ى إ و�واأ� ف� الل�ه� �إ�ال ي�ع�ب�د�ون� ا و�م� ل�ت�م�وه�م� اع�ت�ز� �ذ� إ و�

) ا ق� ف� ر� م� ر�ك�م م�أ� م�ن� ل�ك�م ي�ئ� وي�ه� حمته �ر م�ن ب�ك�م ر� ل�ك�م� ر� ي�نش�

ما تعبير كانفالكهف الفتن عإال من العصمة وتامين نالله النفس إلى الكهف باللجوء ظاهر في أن لو حتى

. مخيف األمر

بمقاط بن كاو لكهف ، عصورة تايالند في راتشابوري ةاألمالح تكلس من المتشكلة والهوابط الصواعد فيه وتظهر

مياهه في الذائبة

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A combination of chemical processes

الصخور بين الكيميائية التفاعالتErosion from water

المياه بسبب التعرية عواملTectonic forces

التكتونية القوىPressure and atmospheric influences

الجوية العوامل و الضغطMicroorganisms

الدقيقة األحياء

Caves Formation

Caves are formed by geologic processes. Most caves are formed in limestone by solution.These may involve العمليات من الكهوف تتكون

منها التي و :الجيولوجية

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1. primary caves األولية الكهوفcaves that formed at the same time as the surrounding rock. Lava tubes الحمم the most common 'primary' caves formed : أنابيب

through volcanic activity. Examples Tenerife, Big Island, and many other places. Kazumura Cave near Hilois a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6km long.

Blister caves: are also formed through volcanic activity

في بها المحيطة الصخور مع تكونت التي الكهوف هي: . متل الوقت نفس

. البركانية النشاطات من تتكون التي الالفا أنفاق

2. A sea cave البحرية الكهوفa type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the seaThe primary process involved is erosion. Sea caves are foundThrough out the world In places like Thailand's Phang Nga Bay,

العالم دول معظم في السواحل بمحاذاة تتواجد التي هي . التعرية عوامل نتيجة

Types and Caves

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3. Glacier cave الجليدية الكهوفIce caves, though Glacier caves occur in ice and under glaciers,

formed by melting in Big Four Glacier, Big Four Mountain Washington

األنهار تحت و الجليد في الذوبان عملية من تتكون التي هيالجليدية.

4. Solution caves المتحللة الكهوفMay form anywhere with rock which is soluble, and are mostPrevalentسائدة in limestone, but can also form in other material,including chalkالطباشير , dolomiteالدولميت , marbleالرخام ,

graniteالجرانيت , saltاالمالح , sandstone الرملي الحجرFossilizedالمتحجرة , coralالمرجان and gypsum.الجبس

في لها المكونة الصخور ذوبان و تحلل من تتكون التي هيمنها األحماض و باألكاسيد المحملة الجوفية المياه

العضوي الحمض

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31Lechuguilla Cave Pearlsian GulfLechuguilla Cave Pearlsian Gulf

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32Speleothemsin Hall of the Mountain KingSpeleothemsin Hall of the Mountain King,,South WalesSouth Wales

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33Exploring a lava tube in Hawaii Exploring a lava tube in Hawaii

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Painted Cave, a large sea cave, Santa Cruz Island CaliforniaPainted Cave, a large sea cave, Santa Cruz Island California

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Glacier cave in Big Four Glacier Mountain WashingtonGlacier cave in Big Four Glacier Mountain Washington

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36Townsend's Big-eared bats in a caveTownsend's Big-eared bats in a cave

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37Taino petroglyphs in a cave in Puerto RicoTaino petroglyphs in a cave in Puerto Rico

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Canyon passage in Mammoth Cave the world's longest cave.Canyon passage in Mammoth Cave the world's longest cave.Kentucky ,USA at 591 km in length Kentucky ,USA at 591 km in length

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Caves are found through out the world, )such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.(.

Mammoth Cave Kentucky USA at 591 km in length. Voronya Cave Abkhazia Georgia The deepest known cave

)measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point( is with a depth of 2,190 m

cave in France 1733 m( and the Weg Schacht in Austria 1632m( are the current second and third deepest caves. This particular record has changed several times in recent years.

Slovenia cave The deepest cave within a cave is 603 m

Miri Sarawak Borneo in Malaysia with an area of approximately 600 m by 400 m and a height of 80 m.

Geographic distribution of caves

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Caves

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Menhirsالمانهير ) المسلة الالكتلة او حجرية (

• A menhir is a large upright standing stone.

• Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones.

• Their size can vary considerably; but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering الطرف towards the مستدقtop.

Menhirs are widely distributed across Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are most numerous in Western Europe; in particular in Britain and on the British Isles )11m( and in Lormareeko )21m( and in membrish )7.5m(.

• They originate from many different periods across pre-history, and were erected as part of a larger Megalithic culture that flourished in Europe and beyond ازدهرت

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Spellenstein )St. Ingbert, Germany(Spellenstein )St. Ingbert, Germany( ) )

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Large menhir located between Large menhir located between Millstreet and Ballinagree, Co Cork, IrelandMillstreet and Ballinagree, Co Cork, Ireland. .

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The Géant du Manio, a 6.5 meter The Géant du Manio, a 6.5 meter menhir inmenhir in Carnac BritCarnac Britainain..

The Kerloas menhir, at 9.5 meters the The Kerloas menhir, at 9.5 meters the tallest standing menhir in Britaintallest standing menhir in Britain

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Menhir at Drybridge, North Ayrshire, Scotland

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Dolmens الدولمن) الحجرية )المنضدة

• A stone table consist of one room with area range between 4 - 70m2 and the heights range from 1 – 3.5m• The entrance of the room closed with a removable big stone with small circular hole for viewing. • Straight path leading to the entrance and some finery الحليات .are attached to the room بعض• They were erectedقائمة in Britain )2.5m length and 1.39 width( ,in France )20m length and 7 width(, and in Newsland )31m length(.

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52Dolmen de Grammont, Hérault, FranceDolmen de Grammont, Hérault, France

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53Dolmen de Tierques, Aveyron, FranceDolmen de Tierques, Aveyron, France

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56Dolmen de Bramonas, Causses de Lozère, FranceDolmen de Bramonas, Causses de Lozère, France

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57Dolmen de la DrailleDolmen de la Draille

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Dolmen à Kerbourg, Loire-Atlantique, FranceDolmen à Kerbourg, Loire-Atlantique, France

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Dolmen de la Roch, FranceDolmen de la Roch, France

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(Cromlech)الجروملش )الحجرة المستديرة(

Cromlech is a Brythonic word used to describe prehistoric megalithic structures, where crom means "bent" and lech means "flagstone". Cromlech a prehistoric megalith typically circular room having two upright stones and a capstone

The term is now virtually obsolete in archaeology but remains in use as a colloquial term

In English it usually refers to dolmens, the remains of prehistoric stone chamber tombs However, it is widely used in French to describe stone circles In addition, the term is occasionally used to describe more complex examples of megalithic architecture, such as the Almendres Cromlech in Portugal., Sweedish, Denmark,

In France there are two similar circular with 60.55m and 98.95m diameters and in England one with an area of 1000m2 and 30m diameter

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القديمة الحجرية ( ( Stone Agesالعصور

Architecture shapes developed in prehistoric periods التاريخ قبل ما starting at 10000 BC. Some of these عصور

ones discovered from these periods is the Sarson Room which is large enough to contain 1960 parking lots for cars inside the circle

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1.Neolathic Masons 3000 BC

ق.مStone Henge phase 1 ( ( 3100-2700المرحلة االوليa circle was drilled in the Sarson with banks around .It contains 56 holes for sleeping. The direction of these holes was towards the axe of the sun occur mid of the summer and the holes arranged to allow the sun shine to go inside.

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الثانية ( ( Stone Henge phase 2المرحلة2700-2500. م ق

Some standing woods slides added each with 1m diameter and arranged in according to there needs. For example the south east for moon calculations and the six slides at the middle of the main Sarson entrance for in and out but the ones at the middle are religious references .

.

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( (Stone Henge phase 3-aالمرحلة الثالثة ق.م2600-2500

الي الصخرية الحجارة نقل الركائز sarsonبداية واستبدالمرحلة بدات كما الزرقاء الصخرية بالحجارة الخشبية

الموصل للمر توضيع خالل من المعماري والتشكيل التخطيط( sarsonل �)Avenue بدات بوضع كما التخطيط دراسة

ان ويمكن بالمحطات يعرف ما وهو الحجرية االربعة االقطاببداخل ما لحراسة فلكية sarson تكون اقطاب هي او

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Stone Henge phase 3-b ( b -)المرحلة الثالثة ق.م2400-2300

المركبات باستخدام التحميل دراسة تطور بدا وهنافي قوائم على قطره sarson الحجرية كما 30وبلغ م

والوانها الحجارة وتخطيط تنسيق في تطور يظهر

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( (Construction Process طرق االنشاء

المستخدمة • االدوات مثل بسيطة االنشاء طرق كانتالمصنوعة والمنشار واالزميل والفاس المعول ومنهاواالخشاب االحجار نحت يتعذر والتي الصوان حجر من

. لخشونتها بها

ولمسافة ) • النقل الكتل( 30وسائل وتركيب ورفع كمووزنها ) الوف( 50 -40الحجرية من فرق بواسطة طن

والردم بالحفر المهيئة المنحدرات عبر والنقل الرجالللنقل.

وتردم • وتدفن وترص الحجارة ترفع المقابر انشاء فيالحجر نقل لتسهيل وبانحدار طويلة لمسافة بالتراب

والتراب الردم يزال ثم ومن بامكانها تركيزها ويتم

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الطوب استخدم بدا الفرعوني الرابع العهد فياللبن من المصنوعة للمباني سفال والحجر اللبنمائلة حجرية كتال فكانت للغرف الجانبية الحوائط اماامكن ان واحدة كتلة من السقف وعليها للداخل

مساحته) سقف منها الحجارة (2م50يوجد شحذ مشقة لتقليل متطورة طرق ابتكرتولكن والتراب بالدقشوم البناء اصبح حيث الكبيرةطريقة استنبطت ثم ومن الكبيرة الحجارة بقيتالي ادى مما التدرج او بالكوابيل االسقف انشاء

المساحة تصغير

ويؤخذ يعجن حيث الكبس بطريقة الطين استخدمالحوائط خطوط امتداد على وتكبس ترص كتل منهالمطلوب االرتفاع الي للوصول اخرى فوق كتلالحوئط تبني واحيانا والجريد النخل بفلوق وتسقفالقمة في تلتقي حتى الداخل الي الكتل بازاحة

القبة يشبه بما السقف البيوت لتكون وكانتوخصائصها المادة بروح محكومة مدورة او مستطيلة

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بالطوب بالبناء فنها واتقن الطريقة هذه تطورتعجنه بعد قوالب في الطين بصب االدوب النىالشمس في يجف تركه ثم الرمل او بالتبن وخلطه

. المداميك في بناءه ثم ومنوالقصور البيوت بناء في النى الطوب استخدمالمعابد اما واالهرام والمقابر واالسوار والحصونرمسيس فقصر بالحجارة فشيدت المقابر وبعضالرمسيوم لمعبده مالصق الطين من بنى كمثال

. الحجارة من المبني هابو بمدينة

عبر لتوارثها بالحجارة المعابد بناء قصدوا حيثعليها التغيرات ادخال وعدم واحترامها االجيال

. ضياعها وعدم لحفظها

االجيال واذواق رغبات مع تنسجم فانها المساكن امارغبتهم لتوافق اجزائها او وتعديلها هدمها ويمكن

. وصنعه ورفعه الطين نحت وسهولة وحاجتهم