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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
Arch.Eng.Shireen Abdelrahman
Egypt is one of the most fertile areas of Africa, and one of the most fertile of the countries around the Mediterranean Sea So people came to live in Egypt earlier than in most places, probably around 40,000 years ago
At first there were not very many people, but gradually Egypt became more crowded, so there was more need for a Unified government.
Around 5000-3500 BC years ago, Egypt was first unified Under one ruler, who was called the Pharaoh.
From that time until around 525 BC when Egypt was Conquered by the Persians Egypt's history is divided into six different time periods. These are called:
1. Archaic 2. Old Kingdom3. First Intermediate Period 4. Middle Kingdom 5. Second Intermediate Period6. New Kingdom
NarmerNarmer reverse
The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building materials.
Although earthquakes, wars and the forces of nature have taken their toll, the remains of Egypt’s monumental architectural achievements are visible across the land, a tribute to the greatness of this civilizationتحية لعظمة هذه الحضارة .
These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering skill, and the organization of a large workforce consisting of highly trained الحرفيينand laborers.
Due to the scarcity of lumber الخشب , the two predominant building materialsالشائعة البناء used in ancient Egypt were مواد sun baked mud brick (adobe) and stone, mainly limestone الحج7ر but also sandstone and granite in considerable , الجيريquantitiesبكميات كبيرة
From the Old Kingdom onward من الدولة القديمة و ما stone was generally reserved for tombs and temples , بعدهاwhile bricks were used even for royal palaces, fortresses the walls of temple and towns, and for subsidiary , الحصونbuildingsالمباني الفرعية in temple complexes
• Many ancient Egyptian towns used by peasants الفالحون have disappeared because they were situated near the cultivated area of the Nile Valley and were flooded during the millennia and built from the mud bricks .
The dry, hot climate of Egypt preserved some mud brick structures. Examples include the village Deir Al-Madina, the Middle Kingdom town at Kahun and the fortresses at Buhen.
On the other hand, many temples and tombs have been survived because they were built on high ground land unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone.
Ancient Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments, massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings, possibly echoing a method of construction to obtain stability in mud walls.
Massive walls and sturdy, close-spaced columns carrying stone lintels which, in their turn, support the flat roof.
Although the use of the archالعقد was developed during the fourth dynasty الرابعة all monumental buildings areاألسرة post and lintelالعتبة constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns
Constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns
Exterior and interior walls, as well as the columns and piersاالرص7فة , were covered with hieroglyphic الهيروغليفي7ة and pictorial frescoes الجداريات المصورةand carvings painted in brilliant colorsالمنحوتات الملونة بالوان زاهية
Many motifs الزخارفof Egyptian ornamentation are
symbolic, such as the scarabالخنفساء , or sacred beetleالخنفساء المقدسة , the solar disk قرص الشمس , and the vulture النسر .
Ceiling decoration in the peristyle hall of Medinet Habu
Temple of a million years of Rameses II, Luxor-Colonnadeالرواق
Temple of Ramesses II, Luxor
hieroglyphic
Ornamentation
Other common motifs الزخارف include palm leaves, the papyrus plant البردي ,and flowers of the lotusبراعم and the buds , ورق Hieroglyphics were decoration as well as records of historic events that document stories.
Apart from the pyramids, Egyptian buildings were decorated with paintings, carved stone imagesالصور المحفورة على الحجر , hieroglyphs and three-dimensional statuesالتماثيل ثالثية األبعاد .
The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and the natural world of plants, birds and animals. The beauty and grandeurعظمة of these sites are beyond compare. How the ancient Egyptians were able to construct these massive structures الهائلة بدائية using primitive tools االنشاءات isأدوات still a mysteryالزالت لغزا .
Corinthian الكورنثيAssyrian اآلشورية
Ionic baseقاعدة عمود أيونية Persian baseقاعدة عمود فارسية
Smooth papyrus البردي
Papyrus Ornamentations زخارفالبردي
Temple of Isis, Philae - Detail of Columnمعبد ايزيس وادي الفيلة
chariot guy سائق العربة
Rameses iiiرمسيس الثالث
Tutankhamon حتشبسوت توت عنخ آمونhatshepsut
akhenatenاخناتون
nefertitiنيفيرتيتيcleopatra(1)
music
1. Historical2. Geological3. Climatic
4. Religious
5. Social6. Geographical
تكوين في المؤثرة القديمة عمارة الالعوامل المصريةInfluences Factors of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Natural Factors
Civil Factors
Historical Factors
There were six factors that influence the construction of architecture styles which are:
1. Plans 2. Walls3. Openings 4. Roofs 5. Columns6. Moldings7. Ornaments8. Composition9. Construction10.Function11.Treatment12.Position
Analysis of Architecture Styles Elements
1. Archaic- 3411 – 3100--Unification of all Egypt 2. Old Kingdom, - 3100 _ 2181--Construction of the 3. First Intermediate Period, 2181 – 2125-- pyramids Political chaos 4. Middle Kingdom, 2125 – 1650--Recovery, political stability5. Second Intermediate Period 1650 - 1550-- Hyksos "invasion6. New Kingdom, 1550 - 1069--Creation of the Egyptian Empireاالمبراطورية المصريةAkanaten's religious strategy ديانة اخناتون
The Egyptians built different kinds of buildings at different times, just like any other group of people.
Early part of the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians built mainly mastabasمصطبة , a kind of tomb with a flat roof like a house.
Old Kingdom the Egyptians built the pyramid tombs which are now so famous. Of course they also built smaller buildings like houses and butcher shops.
• Middle Kingdom the mastaba tomb came back again, although in a more elaborate form for the Pharaohs. They didn't build any more pyramids.
New Kingdom temple of Amon at Luxor, there was a lot of building that was not tombs: temples for the gods especially, but also palaces for the Pharaohs
mastaba Step Pyramid
Giza PyramidsTemples
The environment of Egypt was a unique favorable to early settlements and the development of centralized state.
It is the black land comprising of long narrow valley of the majestic Nile النيل العظيم its rich alluvial fertile soil bounded on each side by arid desert, beginning with gentle slope.
The sharp, clear, and precise topographyالطبوغرافية المحددة , the line between black land of the valley and the extensive delta and Red land of the desert due to the lack of other water sources.
through the Ancient periods Egypt control the Red Sea foreign trade through the entrances and exists of both Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea.
Due to the importance of Nile as the backbone العمود الفقريof the Egyptian life, cities divided for both death and life people.
rainforestالغابات المطيرة
2 .Geographical Factors
Nile Banksضفاف النيل
Desert were rich in Natural Buildings Material (stones and mineral) like timber, Mud, Bricks, Stone The Stone which was the best of all materials Classified as Limestone, sand stone, Alabaster, Granites, Basaltبازلت Natural Materials used not only for buildings but also for Decoration ,Ornamentation, and Domestic tools االدوات المنزلية The existence of the Nile and the Eastern and western deserts influence the building of temples or tombs which were dug in mountains. crystalline Limestone البللوري الجيري dominatesالحجر
على the landscape of the north limestone ,Sandstoneتهيمنpredominate the upper part, Basalt formation extend over wide areas dawn These factors also reflect on temporary houses مؤقتة منازل and the permanent abode الدائمة far away from theاالقامةNile and from stones
1. Limestone Architecture : Limestone Buildings2. Brown Architecture: Building from Red Bricks, green
bricks, palm leaves in roofs
Limestone
• Temperature rarely exceeded 38C but rainfall was sparse, inadequate كافي وغير and irrigation was required for , متناثرagriculture
• Due to the lack of ice and raining the year was divided to two semesters Summer and Spring
• Desert shielded Egypt from external influences and the river was an effective means of communication
• Due to the stable climate, Buildings are not so complex and build in simple manner unlike other areas.
• Close connection between religion and architecture is everywhere manifest, characteristics reflected faithfully in tombs and temples, gods and kings (kings were kings for people and representatives for gods-priests).
• Elaborate preparation for body preservation after death
• Royal cult of the sun, while worship of Osiris لكن عبادةاله god of death and resurrection to eternal life ,اوزوريس.are the most popular الموت و القيامة للحياة األبدية
• A 2000 local gods like Amun- sun god Mout his wife-mother of things, their son khones- moon god, Ptah the creator, sckht god of war and fire, Amhotep- god of medicin, Horas-god of sun, Hatour-god of love, Serapis-God of Cows.
• Strong believe of resurrection قيامةof soulالروح affect both the earthly dwelling buildings (the temporary lodging-housesاالقامة المؤقتة للمنازل ) and the eternal life buildings
االبدية الحياة االقامة permanent abode-temples and tombs)مبانيالمعابد و للمقابر ( الدائمة
• According to Greek and Romans Historians Egyptian civilization is the oldest one started 40000 BC.
• Settlement took place around the head of the delta, and along the river banks.
• They erect their temples لقد اقاموا معابدهمafter they lived the area and they started the sunset and the houses refer to the sunrise which will disappear.المنازل تشير للشروق و المعابد تشير الى الغروب
• Sicklesالمنجل, querns الفاس, mortars المالط ,المدقة pestles ,لوح pounders الشاقوش Vesselsاالواني flint الصوانare ground stone tools.
• Burials and graves are under the floorالمدافن و القبور تحت األرض
• The overall layout of buildings is seldom and spread, because cities grew over generations تخطيط شامل للمباني و مدن نمت عبر األجيال
• Abundant labour forces was availableقوى عاملة وفيرة و متاحة
• Lack of timber for large building workالمباني أعمال الخشب في قلة but palm branch ribsالنخيل use for houses and roofing and أفرع papyrus, reeds are local material, plaster over with clay were tractable materials
General Characteristic1. Courtyard idea with high openings مرتفعة فتحات2. Lightings and Ventilation depends on differences between
different Roofs levels3. Simplicity in design but huge composition based on deep
studies and planning4. Design treatments using courts of columns5. Concentration on squares and rectangles shapes
Temple Design Characteristic :
1. Path Leading to the Entrance with two rows of status2. The entrance is a gate between two towers (Pylonsأبراج )3. Flats Roofs 4. Masalla in front of the towers
-
The Pharaohs Respect their traditions, their religious philosophy, their real art which reflect their active feelings
Pharaohs provide their tombs and temples with all pleasure things that make it as a reception Halls
It was surrounded with vague الغموضand fearالخوف so going more in means more darknessالظالم , decrease of ceilings heights تقلي7ل ارتفاع7اتببطء slowly disappearing of light , االسقف الضوء يختفي and , و concentration on gods signs التركيز على عالمات اآللهة
They spend some generations in constructing their ideas and design, filtering and limiting their expressions around the heart
going farther back we have the Sphinx at Giza stands as a sentinel كح7ارس between us and those hidden stages of evolution which preceded the dawn of the historical stylesو التي سبقت بزوغ األنماط التاريخية .
The Pyramids, which are amongst the oldest monuments, were religious in origin and were the outcomeنت7اج of that insistent belief in a future life ه7ذا which was the governing idea of the االعتقاد يصر على الحياة في المستقبلreligion of the Egyptians, who also believed that the preservation of the body تحني7ط الجثث was essential to secure the immortality of the soul ت7أمين . خلود الروح
The Pharaohs therefore reared, as royal fortresses القالع
المحنطةfor their mummified bodiesالملكي those , الجثث stupendous mounds of masonry تل7ك األك7وام الهائل7ة من البن7اء و which, even in these days of engineering skill, remain a الصخورwonder to the world. Herodotus recordsمدونات هيرودوت that the dwelling-house was regarded as a temporary lodging, and the tomb as the permanent abodeاالقامة الدائمة .
Pyramids and mastabas reveal تكشف عنthe Egyptian belief in a future state ; while temples, with their courts guarded by enclosing walls, are the outward and material expression of the domination of a powerful traditional and mysterious religious rites هي التعبير الخارجي والمادي للهيمنة قوية من الطقوس التقليدية والدينية الغامضة
Temples, approached along imposing avenues of sphinxes تمثال أبو tell of the ,, خطط غامضةa like in their mysterious plans , الهولexclusiveness of the forbidding aspect, and mystic hieroglyphics Egyptian religion ; for there were not places of worship for the people, but rather sanctuaries for kings and priests لم يكن هناك أماكن العبادة للشعب ، وإنمامالذات آمنة للملوك والكهنة
These colossal monuments reveal not only the religious faith, but also the social and industrial conditions of the land of the Pharaohs in those far-off days ; for such massive buildings would have been impossible without a despotic government and the forced labour of a vast population of slaves and captives. تكشف هذه اآلثار الهائلة ، ليس فقط على اإليمان
الديني ، وإنما أيضا للظروف االجتماعية والصناعية لألرض الفراعنة في تلك األيام بعيدة ؛ لمثل هذه المباني الضخمة كانت ستكون مستحيلة من دون حكومة .استبدادية ، والعمل القسري للسكان واسعة من العبيد واألسرى
The wall preserved temple of Horus at Edfu
hall of Karnak Temple
The Giza pyramid field, viewed from the southwest
The Pyramids of Giza1
Temple of Ramesses II, Luxor
Temple of Ramesses II, Abu Simbel
Statue of Horus تمثال حورسat the second pylon - Temple of Horus
Step pyramid
Night at Karnak Temple
Panoramic View of Luxor
Philae Temple
Luxor Temple, from the east bank of the Nile
Entrance of Luxor Temple
المسلة في معبد األقصرObelisk and first pylon, Luxor Temple
Both obelisk of Karnakمسلتين في الكرنك
Ancient Egyptian workers pulling a statue on a sled 2000 BC.
Luxor - Amenhetep
Bent pyramid gizapyr
Step pyramid
مصلى
سرداب
فتحة
