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APA Formatting: Beyond Citations
Beth Oyler, Writing InstructorBeth Oyler, Writing Instructor
Kelly Chermack, PhD, Dissertation EditorKelly Chermack, PhD, Dissertation Editor
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Questions and Recording
• Type in the Questions box• Access captioning
• Download slides• View recording
• Walden Writing Center website:– www.writingcenter.waldenu.edu– webinars
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Session overview & objectives
44
Course Paper Formatting
Different first page.
Times New Roman, 12
point.
Spacing between
sentences.
Header, title, student name,
and Walden University.
Begin on page 2.
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Capitalization
• First word of a sentence• Proper nouns
– Freud cesarean section– Department of Psychology psychology course– Chapter 2 these chapters
• Major words and words of four letters or more in headings and titles
• Do not capitalize models or theories– Maslow’s hierarchy of needs– Einstein’s theory of relativity
• See pages 101-104 in the APA 6th Edition
66
Abbreviations
• Introduce once within parentheses– The Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC)– English language learners (ELLs)
• Combine abbreviations and a citation– The Department of Education (DOE; 2012)– (The Department of Education [DOE], 2012)– (DOE, 2012)
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Abbreviations
(1) The ELLs (English Language Learners) in my class give a different perspective.
(2) Often ELL students have different experiences they can expose other students to.
(3) English language learners are thus a valuable addition to classes.
Abbreviation should be in parentheses.
Repetition of learner and students.
No need to spell out phrase.
Writers should avoid these common mistakes with abbreviations:
88
Abbreviations
(1) The English language learners (ELLs) in my class give a different perspective.
(2) Often ELLs have different experiences they can expose other students to.
(3) ELLs are thus a valuable addition to classes.
Instead:
99
Abbreviations
• Latin abbreviations: – Within parentheses– (i.e., diabetes and heart disease)
– See pages 106-111 in the APA 6th Edition
i.e. That ise.g. For exampleetc. And so forthvs. Versus cf. compare
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Seriation
1111
Seriation
• Parentheses for lower-case letters– The Writing Center offers (a) short answers via e-mail
within 24 hours, (b) paper reviews returned within 48 hours by appointment, and (c) hour-long webinars throughout the month.
– The Writing Center offers support with (a) paper reviews, email questions, and developmental editing; (b) a website with examples and tips; and (c) form and style reviews.
• Numbers only for: – Vertical lists– Items in a particular order
1212
Seriation
• Helpful hints:– Does the list need to be ordered or chronological?
• If not, using the first example, and keeping the text within the paragraph, may be the best idea
• If yes, a numbered list, like the second example, is probably best
– Not chronological, but needs to be emphasized?• The last example may be best
– Are in a numbered or bulleted list, are there complete sentences? Does it need to be cited?
• This will help you choose the correct punctuation– See pages 63-65 in the APA 6th Edition
1313
Numbers
• Nine and below, 10 and above• Except:
– Time: 3 years, 4 hours– Chapter 4– Scores/Points: 7 points– Percentages: 5.5%– Abstracts
• See pages 111-114 in the APA 6th Edition
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Serial Comma
• Oxford comma• Comma after each item in a series:
– She researched, read, and wrote her paper.– I chose between a qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed-methods design.– The Writing Center offers short answers via e-mail,
paper reviews by appointment, and webinars throughout the month.
– See pages 88-89 in the APA 6th Edition
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Verb tense
• Use past tense to discuss what a source said or did– Brown (2012) distributed the surveys by e-mail.– The CDC (2010) reported that 25% of Americans
do not have access to health care.
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Verb tense
• Use the active voice instead of passive voice–Passive voice
–The surveys were distributed by e-mail.–The surveys were distributed by Brown (2012) by e-mail
–Active voice–Brown (2012) distributed the surveys by e-mail.
–See pages 77-78 in the APA 6th Edition
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Point of View
• Avoid referring to yourself in the third person
The author reviewed the case study.The researcher will analyze the lesson plan.
I reviewed the case study.I will analyze the lesson plan.
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Point of View
• Use appropriately• Avoid:
– Saying “I” too much or when unnecessary– Referring to the reader with “we” or “you”
We need to ensure students have strong reading skills.Teachers need to ensure students have strong reading
skills.
Parents need to ensure students have strong reading skills.
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2020
