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8/3/2019 1. an Overview on Comuter System
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MBA 508
Lesson - 1
An Over view on
Computer System
Spring2011
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This Lesson Includes Following section
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A computer is a electronic device which-
can responds to a specific set ofinstructions in a well-defined manner.
can execute a prerecorded list of
instructions (a program).
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User Data
Software Hardware
What How
WhoWhich
A complete computer system includes four distinct parts
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A computer hardware consists of electronicdevice; the part we can see and touch.
The term "device" refers to any piece of hardwareused by the computer, keyboard, monitor, modem,mouse, etc.
A computer hardware consists of many differentpart. They are divided in two different groups.
Internal Hardware
External Hardware
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Internal Hardware: An Internal Hardware meanshardware that surrounded by the computer's casing.
External Hardware: By external hardware we mean allthe computer device that we can see from outside.
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Software
What isSoftware?
Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the
computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions is
often called a program.
The two most common types of programs are :
System software
Application software.
What is System Software?
System Software refers to the operating system and all
utility programs that manage computer resources at a low
level. Systems software includes compilers, loaders,
linkers, and debuggers.
What is Application Software?
Applications software comprises programs designed for an
end user, such as word processors, database systems,
and spreadsheet programs.
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System Software Operating System
Operating Systems
An Operating system is a program that controls the hardware directly.
They provides an interface between the user and the computer
hardware.
They provide a way for applications software to communicate with the
hardware. The OS is a program that conducts the communication between
the various pieces of hardware like the video card, sound card, printer, the
motherboard and the applications.
They manage the system resourses such as memory and also allocateCPU time to the task being run.
They manage system security.
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System Software Operating System
Function oftheOperating Systems
UserInterface
ResourseManagement
TaskManagement
FileManagement
Secuity Utilities
UserInterface
The User interface is what you see when you turn on the computer. It
Consists of the cursors, prompts, icons, menus, etc.
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Operating System User Interface
Type of UserInterface
User Interfaces can be:
1
Command Driven
2 Menu Driven
3
Graphical (GUI Graphical User Interface)
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System Software Operating System
Operating systems role in running software programs
1Basic Services
2 Sharing Information
3Multi-Tasking
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Application Software
Software
SystemSoftware
SystemManagement
Program
SystemSupportProgram
SystemDevelopment
Program
ApplicationSoftware
GenarelApplicationProgram
SpecificApplication
Progral
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The Part of Computer system - Data
Data consists of raw facts, which the computercan manipulate and process into informationthat is useful to people.
Computerized data is digital, meaning that it hasbeen reduced to digits, or numbers. Thecomputer stores and reads all data asnumbers.
Although computers use data in digital form, theyconvert data into forms that people canunderstand, such as text, numerals, sounds,and images.
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The Part of Computer system - USERS
People are the computer's operators, orusers.
Some types of computers can operate
without much intervention from people,but personal computers are designedspecifically for use by people.
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Looking inside the machine
A computer hardware devices are categorizedas follows:
CPU
Processor
Memory / Storage Device
Control Unit
CPU
Processor
Memory / Storage Device
Control Unit
(I/O) Device
Input DeviceOutput Device
(I/O) Device
Input DeviceOutput Device
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What Are Input And Output Device ?
Input Device
Sends data INTO a system
Some Input Device
Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner,
Optical InputDevice, Digital Camera, Joystic, Microphone,
Pen, Touch Screen
Output Device
data OUT from a system to anothermedium
Some Output Device
Monitor, Printer, Projector, Sound Card,
Speaker, VedioCard
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How Computer Process Data
Where Processing Occurs:The Control Unit
The Arithmetic Logic Unit
Machine Cycles
Processing takes place in the PC's central processing unit (CPU).
The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data.
Both the CPU and memory are
attached to the system's
motherboard, which connects allthe computer's devices together,
enabling them to communicate.
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How Computer Process Data
The Control Unit
The two main parts of a CPU are the control unit and the arithmetic logic
unit (ALU)
The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to
and from other devices.
The control unitstores the CPU's
microcode, which
contains the
instructions for
all the tasks the
CPU canperform.
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How Computer Process Data
The Arithmatic Logic Unit
The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU.
The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations.
The ALU is connected to a set of registerssmall memory areas in the CPU, which hold
data and program instructions while they are being processed
Arithmetic
Operations
Logical
Operations
+ Add !,{ equal to, not equal to
Subtract >,> greater than, not greater than
x Multiply
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How Computer Process Data
Machine Cycle
The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine cycle-for each instruction itcarries out.
By using a technique called pipelining, many CPUs can process more than one
instruction at a time.
The machine cycle includes two smaller cycles:
During the instruction cycle, the
CPU "fetches" a command or data
from memory and "decodes" it for the
CPU.
During the execution cycle, the CPU
carries out the instruction, and may
store the instruction's result in
memory.
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Looking inside the machine Memory
(Count.) The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte
The amount of memory required to hold one character, like theletter A or the numeral 2.
Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiplebytes, as shown below:
1byte = 8 bits
1kilobyte (K / Kb) = 2^10 bytes = 1,024 bytes
1megabyte (M / MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
1gigabyte (G / GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1,073,741,824bytes
1terabyte (T / TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1petabyte (P / PB) = 2^50 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
11 exabyte (E / EB) = 2^60 bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
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Computers Today
Supercomputers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Workstations
Microcomputers, orPersonal Computers
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer that is considered, or was considered atthe time of its intr oduction, to be at the fr ontline in terms of processingcapacity, particularly speed of calculation.
Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily bySeymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the marketinto the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research.
Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designsproduced by "traditional" companies such as IBM and HP, who had
purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience,although still specializes in building supercomputer
The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today's supercomputertends tobecome tomorrow's normal computer.
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Supercomputer
Common Uses
Supercomputers are used for
Highly calculation-
Intensive tasks such as problems involving quantummechanicalphysics,
Weather forecasting, climate research (including research into globalwarming),
Molecularmodeling (computing the structures and properties ofchemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, andcrystals),
Physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels,
Simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research intonuclear fusion),
Cryptanalysis, and the like. Major universities, military agencies.
Scientific research laboratories are heavy users.
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Supercomputer Today
Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBMat the Los Alamos National Laboratory inNew Mexico, USA. Currently the world'sfastest computer,
Price - US$133-million = TK 919,99,99,977.00
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Mainframe Computer
Mainframes are computers used mainly by large organizations for criticalapplications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and
consumer statistics, ERP, and financial transaction processing.
Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users,
handling massive amounts of input, output, and storage.
Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users
need access to shared data and programs.Mainframes are also used as e-
commerce servers, handling transactions over the Internet.
Nearly all mainframes have the ability to run (or host) multiple operating
systems and thereby operate not as a single computer but as a numberof
virtual machines. In this role, a single mainframe can replace dozens or
even hundreds of smaller servers, reducing management and
administrative costs while providing greatly improved scalability and
reliability.
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Workstations
Workstations are powerful single-usercomputers.
Workstations are used for tasks that require agreat deal of number-crunching power, such asproduct design and computer animation.
Workstations are often used as network andInternet servers.
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Microcomputers
Microcomputers are more commonly known as personalcomputers. The term "PC" is applied to IBM-PCs orcompatible computers.
Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of
PC.
Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people whoneed the power of a desktop system, but also portability.
Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of adesktop or notebook PC, but offer features for users whoneed limited functions and small size.
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Microcomputers Today
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Any Question ?
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Thank You
Its not the end, its not even the beginning of the end.
Its only the end of beginning.