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An Overview of Solar & Wind An Overview of Solar & Wind Energy in the Kingdom of Energy in the Kingdom of

Bahrain and the GCC StatesBahrain and the GCC States

Amman 27-28 March 2012Amman 27-28 March 2012

Khalid Khalid A. Burashid A. Burashid

CategoryQuantity

Area765.3 Sq km

Population 1,170,000

Population growth

2.8%/year

Peak load in 2011

2812 MW

Peak load demand

growth rate 10%/year

Expected Power growth

rate8%

Arabian Gulf

Energy Consumption GWh

6500

5503

4803

2020

3539

2015 203020252011

2812

Energy Demand Forecast (MW)

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Energy consumption by sector

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The Study

Contents

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Bahrain’s Development Project

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Coverage Zone

E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”

Bahrain

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Al Hufuf

Abu Dhabi

Coverage Zone

E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”

Bahrain

E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”

Doha

E 58.54o 33` N 23.61

Muscat

Kuwait

E 49o 35` N 25o 23`

E 47o 58` N 29o 22`

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Qaysuma

Al Hufuf

Abu Dhabi

Coverage Zone

E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”

Bahrain

E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”

Doha

E 58.54o 33` N 23.61

Muscat

Kuwait

E 49o 35` N 25o 23`

E 47o 58` N 29o 22`

Solar

Wind

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Gizan

Al Wajh

Turaif

Qaysuma

Al Hufuf

Abu Dhabi

Coverage Zone

E 36o 25` 0 ” N 26o 17 ` 0”

E 38o 39`11” N 31o 40` 39”

E 50o 33` N 26o 1` 39”

Bahrain

E 51o 32` 0” N 25o 17`12”

Doha

E 58.54o 33` N 23.61

Muscat

E 42o 33`40” N16o 53`21”

Kuwait

E 49o 35` N 25o 23`

E 47o 58` N 29o 22`

Solar

Wind

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Annual direct normal irradiance “GCC”

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Global Cloud Cover

Source: NASA MODIS TerraSat

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Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation and averageMonthly Average Daily Global Radiation and average Sunshine hours in BahrainSunshine hours in Bahrain

9.2 hrs

5180 Whr/m2

Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Qatar Sunshine hours in Qatar (Doha)(Doha)

9.3 hrs

5260 Whr/m2

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2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Solar RadiationSunshine Hours

hrs

W h

r/m

2Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and

sunshine hours in Saudi Arabia sunshine hours in Saudi Arabia (Al Hufuf)(Al Hufuf)

8.7 hrs

5670 Whr/m2

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16

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Solar Radiation

Sunshine Hours

hrs

W h

r/m2

Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in KuwaitSunshine hours in Kuwait

8.9 hrs

5990 Whr/m2

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2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Janua

ry

Febr

uary

Mar

chApr

ilM

ayJu

neJu

ly

August

Septe

mber

Octob

er

Novem

ber

Decem

ber

2

4

6

8

10

12

Solar RadiationSunshine hours

W h

r/m

2

hrs

Monthly average daily global radiation and Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Oman Sunshine hours in Oman (Al Sib)(Al Sib)

9.6 hrs

5410 Whr/m2

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Daily average solar radiation in the G.C.C CountriesDaily average solar radiation in the G.C.C Countries

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Monthly average Irradiance on tilted plane (Bahrain)Monthly average Irradiance on tilted plane (Bahrain)

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Mathematical Model for Monthly Average Mathematical Model for Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation in BahrainDaily Global Radiation in Bahrain

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H =Ho [A + B (S/So)]

Bahrain’s monthly variation of the fraction of possible duration of sunshine hours and the Clearness Index

June 0.635

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H/Ho = 0.45186 S/So - 0.00924 RH - 0.00788 T + 1.03452

The Radiation ModelThe Radiation Model For the Kingdom of BahrainFor the Kingdom of Bahrain

T : monthly mean daily temperature in oC.RH : monthly mean relative humidity

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Comparison between the proposed H/Ho model and other models for Bahrain

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Measured H/Ho Proposed ModelAttili & Abdulla Gopinathan

H/H

o

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Comparison of the proposed model with the measured values for some GCC locations

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Wind Energy

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Mean Annual Wind Speeds in BahrainMean Annual Wind Speeds in Bahrain

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Airport SCC

m/s

ec

Wind summary - Bahrain

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Mean Annual Wind Speeds in QatarMean Annual Wind Speeds in Qatar

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Mean Annual Wind Speeds in UAEMean Annual Wind Speeds in UAE

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Mean Annual Wind Speeds in KuwaitMean Annual Wind Speeds in Kuwaitm

/se

c

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countrySolar Power

Wind power

Solar /Wind

Bahrain558916.1

Qatar565856.6

Saudi Arabia Eastern

province587718.3

Kuwait6731404.8

Solar versus wind powers in the Arabian Gulf Solar versus wind powers in the Arabian Gulf Countries (W/mCountries (W/m22))

!!!!

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Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locationsand selected GCC locations

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

m/s

Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait Qatar

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

W h

r / m

2

KWT

Oman

UAE

KSAQTR

BRN

Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locationsand selected GCC locations

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

m/s

Bahrain Saudi Arabia Kuwait Qatar

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Bahrain's Demonstration Project Solar and Wind

Bahrain's Vision for Renewal energy

Why solar & wind

Implementation Program

Onshore potential areas were defined after subtracting from the total areas of Bahrain:

• Residential and touristic areas with a minimum distance of 500m from them

• Industrial and agricultural areas were excluded only when infrastructure existed

• Airports and their surroundings following guidelines from ICAO Protected areas (wild life sanctuary, parks etc.)

Net area available is 218 km2

Offshore potential areas

were defined by subtracting from the total exclusive economical zone of Bahrain:

• All areas with a water depth larger than 30m

• Areas with visual impact on onshore facilities (10km facing touristic areas and 5km facing residential areas)

• Main shipping lane entering the port with a buffer region around it and all the ‘Bahrain Port Limit’ as specified by the ‘General Organization of Sea Ports’.

Net available area is 4,980 km2

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Possible sites for windPossible sites for wind generatorsgenerators

Wind speed measured at 80 meters height

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Wind speed measured at 100 meters height

The solar resources in Bahrain are relatively uniform, locations with better wind speed may also be better for solar panels to control the temperature. This means location criteria for Wind and Solar energy are similar

Initial Proposed Site Assessment for the Observation Plant

EWA proposed a site located south East. A = 13 hectars

• Capital Cost : US $ 12 Million

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ConclusionConclusion

Despite the availability of such enormous energy, which is clean and renewable, applications are still very limited in this region. There are only a few ambitious programs for research and development aimed to expand the usage of these energies.

Solar Energy:

Bahrain and the rest of the GCC states are subjected to very high solar radiation levels during summer months reaching up to 7200 Whr/m2 with an annual mean radiation of 5200 Whr/m2 which justifies the use of this energy for small/medium size power generation

Electricity production and Sea water desalination utilizing Reverse Osmosis process powered by Solar and wind turbines may also be considered for small and medium size plants in remote areas.

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Further research and Studies on wind potential is recommended for developing experience with turbine generators performance and their economics in this region

Wind Energy:

Preliminary results show that the average wind ranges between 4.0 and 5.5 m/s. In a windy day wind power is equivalent to about 225 Watt/m2 distributed over 24 hours period.

Because of the frequency of calms, wind power can not contribute significantly to a firm power generation, however, it could be efficiently used in a hybrid wind/solar scheme.

Thank You

Khalid Burashi

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