1. Acidus – meaning sour or tart2. Feels like water3. Litmus Paper – red4. Conducts electricity5. Reactive with metals6. React with bases to form a salt and water

1. Bitter taste2. Feels smooth and slippery (soap)3. Litmus Paper – Blue4. Conducts electricity5. Not reactive with metals6. React with acids to form a salt and water

Common AcidsFormula Name

HCl Hydrochloric acid

HNO3 Nitric Acid

H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid

HC2H3O2 Acetic Acid

H2CO3 Carbonic Acid

H3PO4 Phosphoric Acid

Formula Name

Na(OH) Sodium Hydroxide

K(OH) Potassium Hydroxide

Mg(OH)2 Magnesium Hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide

Sr(OH)2 Strontium Hydroxide

H+

H3O+

OH-

Acid: substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) in water

H+ = H3O+

THEY ARE THE SAME THING!!

Example:

HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+

Base: substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water

Example:

Na(OH) Na+ + (OH)-

monoprotic acid : acid that can donate only one proton (hydrogen ion) per molecule.

◦ Example: HCl, HNO3

polyprotic acid : acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule.

◦ Examples: H2SO4 - diprotic H3PO4 - triprotic

Experiments have shown that pure water, at 25°, breaks apart (ionizes) :

H20 + H20 H30+ + OH

-

To measure the concentration of these ions produced we use pH

NEUTRAL pH

[ H+ ]=10-7 M=[OH- ]

pH = 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acidic Basic

More basicMore acidic

pH: scale used to indicate the [H+] of a water solution

pH - from the Danish: “power of Hydrogen”

pH = - log [H+]

or pH = - log [H3O+]

The log function converts the exponents with a base of 10 to a whole number.

The negative sign at the front of the equation cancels out with the negative sign in the exponent.

[H+]: 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-1310-14

pH : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

[H+] Concentration

pHAcid, Base, or

Neutral?

10-2 2 Acid

10-8    

10-5    

10-7    

  13  

Acids/ bases

Oven cleanerHair remover

Detergent

Coffee

Soda

2aq + aq aq lHCl( ) NaOH( ) NaCl( ) H O( )

neutralization: when an acidic solution (with hydrogen ions) and a basic solution (with hydroxide ions) react to form water

salt: an ionic compound formed from the cation of a base and an anion of an acid.

forms water

forms salt

A solution that resists changes in pH◦ What are some solutions that need to maintain a

certain pH level?

g + l aq3 2 2 4SO ( ) H O( ) H SO ( )

NO, NO2, CO2, SO2, and SO3 are gases from industrial processes that dissolve in atmospheric water to produce acidic solutions.◦ Example:

Very acidic rain is known as acid rain.