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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
1. Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures of the human body.
•The human body is complex and amazing; to truly understand it you must know how it is put together.
•Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apart.”
•Specialties within the field of anatomy include Microscopic Anatomy and Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Microscopic Anatomy
• Specialized field of anatomy
• The study of structures that can only be seen and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope
– The study of cellular structures is called cytology.
– The study of tissue samples is called histology.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Macroscopic Anatomy
• Also called gross anatomy
• The study of the structures of the body visible to the naked, or unaided, eye
• Examples include:
– The study of the skeletal system
– Looking at an X-ray (radiology)
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
2. Physiology
Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structures making up the human body
• Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions
• Deals with all the vital processes of life and is more complex, with more sub-specialties
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Subspecialties of Physiology
• Human physiology
• Animal physiology
• Cellular physiology
• Neurophysiology
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Medical Terminology
• The language of anatomy and physiology is primarily based on medical terminology.
• Learning medical terminology is easier if you understand the root terms, prefixes, and suffixes that can be put together to form a large variety of terms.
• Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build, called a word root.
• Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words and can change or alter the meaning.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Figure 1–2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many
medical terms.
3. Pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Learning Hint
• If a suffix begins with a vowel, drop the vowel in the combining form.
• The medical definition indicates the last part of the term first, especially when suffixes are used. – Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis not itisgast
and one who studies the stomach is a gastrologist, not an ologistgastro.
• When using prefixes, put the part in the order you say the definition.– Slow heart rate is bradycardia, not cardiabrady.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Common Medical
Abbreviations
• Extensively used in the medical profession
• Useful in simplifying long, complicated terms for diseases, diagnostic procedures, and therapies during charting
• You will learn more abbreviations with each chapter
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
4. “Test Your Knowledge”
1. Acrocyanosis: disease of blue extremities
2. Nephrologist: study of kidneys
3. Cytomegaly: enlargement of cells
4. Dermatitis: inflammation of skin
5. Appendectomy: removal of appendix
6. Removal of the stomach: gastrectomy
7. Disease of the bones: osteoporosis
8. Electrical recording of the heart: electrocardiogram
9. Inflammation of the heart: carditis10.One who studies the nervous system: neurologist
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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The Metric System
• The metric system is the mathematical language of anatomy and physiology.
• Two major systems of measurements are used in the world today.– The United States Customary System (USCS)
Used in the US and Myanmar
– The Système International (SI) Used everywhere else, especially in science,
healthcare, and pharmaceuticals companies
Also known as the Metric System; based on the power of 10
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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The United States Customary
System (USCS)
• Based on the British Imperial System
• Different designations for length, weight, and volume
– Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds
– Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles
– Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons
• Commonly called the English System
• Cumbersome to use because there is no common base, with no relationship between each unit
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6. Language of Disease
Disease is a condition in which the body fails to function normally.
• The body works to make things function smoothly and maintain a balance known as homeostasis.
• Eating habits, smoking, inherited traits, trauma, cancer, environmental factors, and aging can alter this balance.
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Signs of Disease
• Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness.
– Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure)
– Fever
– Cough
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7. Symptoms of Disease
Symptoms are signs or indicators of an illness. Symptoms are more subjective and difficult to measure consistently.
– Pain – tolerance to pain varies in different people
9.A set of signs and symptoms that commonly occur with a specific disease process is called a syndrome.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Figure 1–3 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.
8. Vital Signs:
Common measurable
indicators that help us assess
the health of a patient.
• Pulse/heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Body temp
• Respiratory rate
13.
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Diagnosis & Prognosis
10. Diagnosis is the identification of a disease as determined by the patient’s signs and symptoms
•Diagnosis translates from the Greek as “know through or completely.”
11. Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of a disease.
Note: Etiology is the cause of the disease.
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Amazing Facts:
Bizarre Signs and Symptoms
• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here.– Generalized itching – Hodgkin’s disease
– Sweating at night – Tuberculosis
– A hunger for clay or starchy paste – Iron deficiency
– Fruity smelling breath – Diabetes
– Magenta colored tongue – Riboflavin deficiency
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Amazing Facts: Bizarre Signs
and Symptoms
• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here.– Absence of moons on fingernails – Kidney
disease
– Hairy tongue – Results from improper usage of antibiotics
– Spoon shaped fingernails – Iron deficiency
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12. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium.
• Survival depends on our ability to maintain homeostasis.
• Homeostatic regulation refers to the adjustments made in the human organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
– The thermostat in your home is an example of a homeostatic control.
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Negative Feedback Loop
• If the feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop
• The hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis.
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Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback increases the magnitude of a change versus resisting change.
• This kind of a process is also known as a vicious cycle.
• This is not a way to regulate your body because it increases a change away from a set point.
• Often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken.
• An example is the recurrent contraction of the uterus during childbirth.
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Figure 1–4 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).
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Figure 1–4 (continued) The homeostatic control of normal body temperature
(37°C or 98.6°F).
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of microscopic anatomy?
a. Viewing an x-ray
b. Examining the shape of an organ during an autopsy
c. Classifying a type of bacterial cell
d. Watching how the pupils react to light
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
1. Which of the following is an example of microscopic anatomy?
a. Viewing an x-ray
b. Examining the shape of an organ during an autopsy
c. Classifying a type of bacterial cell
d. Watching how the pupils react to light
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
2. Acromegaly means which of the following:
a. A large stomach
b. Enlarged extremities
c. An inflamed stomach lining
d. A large acrobat
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
2. Acromegaly means which of the following:
a. A large stomach
b. Enlarged extremities
c. An inflamed stomach lining
d. A large acrobat
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
3. The process that prevents movement away from a normal set point is called
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. vicious cycle
d. control center
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
3. The process that prevents movement away from a normal set point is called
a. positive feedback
b. negative feedback
c. vicious cycle
d. control center
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
4. In the medical field, science, engineering and pharmaceutical industries volume is measured in
a. kilograms
b. liters
c. meters
d. gallons
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Review Questions
4. In the medical field, science, engineering and pharmaceutical industries volume is measured in
a. kilograms
b. liters
c. meters
d. gallons
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
5. The cause of a disease is referred to as the:
a. Prognosis
b. Diagnosis
c. Pathology
d. Etiology
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
5. The cause of a disease is referred to as the:
a. Prognosis
b. Diagnosis
c. Pathology
d. Etiology
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Review Questions
6. Which of the following is a sign?
a. Nausea
b. Fever
c. Dizziness
d. Fatigue
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Review Questions
6. Which of the following is a sign?
a. Nausea
b. Fever
c. Dizziness
d. Fatigue
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Review Questions
7. A man reports to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. He has a fever, and his pulse and blood pressure are elevated. After some tests, it is determined that he has the stomach flu. Which of the following is his prognosis?
a. Rest and drink plenty of fluids
b. A viral infection
c. You’ll be fine in a few days
d. Nausea, vomiting, and fever
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End of Chapter
Review Questions
7. A man reports to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. He has a fever, and his pulse and blood pressure are elevated. After some tests, it is determined that he has the stomach flu. Which of the following is his prognosis?
a. Rest and drink plenty of fluids
b. A viral infection
c. You’ll be fine in a few days
d. Nausea, vomiting, and fever
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Review Questions
1. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s football game. Today his doctor wants to make a small incision and use a device to “look around the joint” to assess the damage. What is the term for this device? ________
2. ________ is the study of the structures of the body, and ________ is the study of the function of these structures.
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Review Questions
1. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s football game. Today his doctor wants to make a small incision and use a device to “look around the joint” to assess the damage. What is the term for this device? Arthroscope
2. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, and physiology is the study of the function of these structures.
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3. Bob has just been told he has hepatomegaly. This means his ________ is ________.
4. Pulse and temperature represent two ________ signs of the body.
5. Jill is badly injured in a car accident. She is bleeding badly. Her blood pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of ________ ________.
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Review Questions
3. Bob has just been told he has hepatomegaly. This means his liver is enlarged.
4. Pulse and temperature represent two vitalsigns of the body.
5. Jill is badly injured in a car accident. She is bleeding badly. Her blood pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of positive feedback.
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Review Questions
1. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis.
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Review Questions
1. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis.
– Diagnosis is the identification of a disease determined by the patient’s symptoms
– Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of the disease
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Review Questions
2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia, what do you think the function of a phagocyte is?
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2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia, what do you think the function of a phagocyte is?
– It is a cell that ingests (swallows) things, such as harmful foreign particles or “invaders”.
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3. Contrast negative and positive feedback loops.
– Negative feedback
– Positive feedback
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3. Contrast negative and positive feedback loops.
– Negative feedback returns a system to homeostasis ( a stable internal environment or equilibrium)
– Positive feedback drives a system further away from homeostasis.
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Review Questions
4. Describe one example of homeostasis in your body.
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4. Describe one example of homeostasis in your body.
– Body temperature
– Heart rate
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Review Questions
5. After saving for 10 years for a ski trip to the Alps, Jose experienced a spectacular wipeout on the first run down the mountain. A broken leg is the diagnosis. List the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
– Symptoms:
– Prognosis:
– Etiology:
– Treatment:
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Review Questions
5. After saving for 10 years for a ski trip to the Alps, Jose experienced a spectacular wipeout on the first run down the mountain. A broken leg is the diagnosis. List the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
– Symptoms: pain in the leg, swelling, x-ray shows fracture
– Prognosis: it should heal itself in 8 weeks
– Etiology: cause was the stress of the fall
– Treatment: cast the leg
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Classroom Response System
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Examination of a blood cell would be
considered:
a. Kinesiology
b. Obstetrics
c. Microbiology
d. Macrobiology
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Examination of a blood cell would be
considered:
a. Kinesiology
b. Obstetrics
c. Microbiology
d. Macrobiology
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Which is the word root for “heart”?
a. Cardio
b. Brady
c. Tachy
d. Vaso
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Which is the word root for “heart”?
a. Cardio
b. Brady
c. Tachy
d. Vaso
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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The study of the structure and function
of the human body is:
a. Radiology
b. Biology
c. Kinesiology
d. Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
The study of the structure and function
of the human body is:
a. Radiology
b. Biology
c. Kinesiology
d. Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Which suffix means “pain”?
a. -algia
b. -cyte
c. -itis
d. -penia
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Which suffix means “pain”?
a. -algia
b. -cyte
c. -itis
d. -penia
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What is the word for when the body’s
internal environment is in balance?
a. Disease
b. Disruption
c. Homeostasis
d. Homophobia
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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What is the word for when the body’s
internal environment is in balance?
a. Disease
b. Disruption
c. Homeostasis
d. Homophobia
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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The mechanism which brings the body
back into homeostasis is:
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neutral feedback
d. Health
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The mechanism which brings the body
back into homeostasis is:
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neutral feedback
d. Health
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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From an injury, Jill is bleeding badly. Her blood
pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster
to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps
dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neutral feedback
d. Health
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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From an injury, Jill is bleeding badly. Her blood
pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster
to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps
dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neutral feedback
d. Health
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Anything that upsets the normal
structure or functioning in the body is:
a. Negative feedback
b. Homeostasis
c. Disarray
d. Disease
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Anything that upsets the normal
structure or functioning in the body is:
a. Negative feedback
b. Homeostasis
c. Disarray
d. Disease
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
The following is true of the term
“pathophysiology”:
a. The prefix contains the term disease
b. The suffix means “study of”
c. The definition is the study of disease processes in the function of the body
d. All of the above
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
The following is true of the term
“pathophysiology”:
a. The prefix contains the term disease
b. The suffix means “study of”
c. The definition is the study of disease processes in the function of the body
d. All of the above
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Which statement is false?
a. Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness
b. Symptoms are more subjective and more difficult to measure consistently
c. A syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms
d. Vital signs do not fall under the category of signs
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Which statement is false?
a. Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness
b. Symptoms are more subjective and more difficult to measure consistently
c. A syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms
d. Vital signs do not fall under the category of signs
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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
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Which of the following statements is
true?
a. Etiology is the cause or study of the cause of disease
b. Diagnosis is identification of a disease by studying signs, symptoms, history, and diagnostic tests
c. Prognosis is the expected outcome of the disease
d. All of the above
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Which of the following statements is
true?
a. Etiology is the cause or study of the cause of disease
b. Diagnosis is identification of a disease by studying signs, symptoms, history, and diagnostic tests
c. Prognosis is the expected outcome of the disease
d. All of the above
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Which prefix means “slow”?
a. Acro-
b. Brady-
c. Dia-
d. Dys-
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All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Which prefix means “slow”?
a. Acro-
b. Brady-
c. Dia-
d. Dys-
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Which of the following statements is
true?
a. Negative feedback is bad for the body
b. Positive feedback is good for the body
c. Positive feedback is a vicious cycle
d. All of the above
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
Which of the following statements is
true?
a. Negative feedback is bad for the body
b. Positive feedback is good for the body
c. Positive feedback is a vicious cycle
d. All of the above
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
How is weight measured in the metric
system?
a. Centimeters
b. Cubic centimeters
c. Kilograms
d. Milliliters
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
How is weight measured in the metric
system?
a. Centimeters
b. Cubic centimeters
c. Kilograms
d. Milliliters
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
A specific grouping of signs and
symptoms is known as a/an:
a. Syndrome
b. Diagnosis
c. Etiology
d. Prognosis
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition
Colbert • Ankney • Lee
A specific grouping of signs and
symptoms is known as a/an:
a. Syndrome
b. Diagnosis
c. Etiology
d. Prognosis