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ClassificatioClassificationn

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•There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms

•This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!

•New organismsNew organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms

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What is Classification?What is Classification?

ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms

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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms- make names organisms- make sense of #s sense of #s

•Prevents Prevents misnomers misnomers (mistakes)(mistakes) such as starfish such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't & jellyfish that aren't really fish really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??

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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists

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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the first was the first taxonomisttaxonomist

•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants plants & animals& animals

•He He subdividedsubdivided them them by their by their habitathabitat --- ---land, sea, or air land, sea, or air dwellers dwellers

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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•John Ray, a John Ray, a botanist,botanist, was the was the first to use Latin first to use Latin for namingfor naming

•His His namesnames were were very longvery long descriptions telling descriptions telling everything about everything about the plantthe plant

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century taxonomist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word naming naming system for each speciessystem for each species

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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial nomenclature Binomial nomenclature used to name used to name speciesspecies

•Genus + specific Genus + specific epithet (sometimes epithet (sometimes describes a describes a characteristic of the characteristic of the organism)organism)

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print

•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, but , but NOT specific epithetNOT specific epithet

•UnderlineUnderline when writing when writing

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobin

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

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Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms

•The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for contains the rules for naming organismsnaming organisms

•All names must be approved All names must be approved by by International Naming International Naming CongressesCongresses (International (International Zoological Congress)Zoological Congress)

•This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated namesnames

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Taxonomic GroupsTaxonomic Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchy (order)hierarchy (order) of taxa (groups) from of taxa (groups) from broadest to most specificbroadest to most specific

•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, speciesGenus, species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

Domain (3)Kingdom (6)

Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

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KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCameame

OOverver

FForor

GGraperape

SSoup!oup!

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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive taxon, most inclusive taxon

•ThreeThree domains domains

•1. Archaea and 2. Eubacteria1. Archaea and 2. Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles- bacterias)organelles- bacterias)

•3. Eukarya3. Eukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles

•Each subdivided into Each subdivided into KingdomsKingdoms

3 Domains3 Domains

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Bellringer Tue, 03/17

1.Felis catus is the species name for a cat!

Felis is the _________

catus is the specific _________

2. Rattus norvegicus is the species name for a __________. Guess! Use your head!

Reminders: HW #8 due Fri, LAB FEE anytime, Nice job on quiz!

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ArchaeabacteriaArchaeabacteria live in live in harsh harsh environmentsenvironments and may represent the and may represent the first cells to have evolved.first cells to have evolved.

Sewage Sewage treatment treatment

plants, plants, thermal thermal

vents, etc.vents, etc.

Kingdom ArcheabacteriaKingdom Archeabacteria

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EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which cause , some of which cause human diseases, are present in human diseases, are present in

almost almost all habitatsall habitats on earth. on earth.

Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and

commercially.commercially.

Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

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Domain Eukarya is sub-Domain Eukarya is sub-divided into Kingdomsdivided into Kingdoms

•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)

•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)

•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)

•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular animals) animals)

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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular

•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular

•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic

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Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin

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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals

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More on TaxonsMore on Taxons

•Most Most genera (arms of the genera (arms of the tree- genus) tree- genus) contain a contain a number of similar species, number of similar species, with the exception of with the exception of HomoHomo that only contains that only contains modern humansmodern humans

•Classification is based on evolutionary relationships evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)(phylogeny)

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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)

•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment

•Similarity in Similarity in DNA, RNADNA, RNA, , or or amino acidamino acid sequence sequence of Proteinsof Proteins

34Homologous Structures Homologous Structures show Similarities in show Similarities in

mammals.mammals.

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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos

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Bellringer Wed, 03/251.What is a cladogram? Look it up if you

don’t know!

2.Take out your dissection sheets and finish questions on back!

3.Pass down your bellringer sheets!!!

Reminders: HW #9 due TOM, LAB FEE anytime, Nice job on dissection! Quiz TOM!!!

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What is a Cladogram?What is a Cladogram?Diagram showing how organisms are Diagram showing how organisms are

related based on related based on shared, derived shared, derived characteristicscharacteristics such as feathers, hair, such as feathers, hair, or scalesor scales

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Primate Primate CladogramCladogram

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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairs (in 2’s)pairs (in 2’s)

•Read Read bothboth characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

What is the identity of my What is the identity of my organism? organism? Yes or noYes or no to the to the following questions until you following questions until you STOP:STOP:

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44

3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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Dichotomous Key