Organism: __________________________________________________

Species: organisms whose members are ___________ and successfully __________________ among themselves

Example: Horse and Donkey – These are NOT the same species because when they mate, they produce offspring (___________) which, when mated, cannot produce offspring.

Example: St. Bernard and Beagle – These are animals of the same species, because when they mate, they produce offspring (____________) which can produce more offspring.

Evolution is ____________________________________. Millions of differenttypes of species are alive today. Generally this diversity of species developed through gradual processes of change occurring over many generations. Speciesget many of their unique characteristics through biological adaptation, whichinvolves the selection of naturally occurring variations in populations (______________ _______________). Biological adaptations are differencesin structures, behaviors, or physiology that help their survival and reproductivesuccess in a particular environment. In other words, an adaptation is _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

any living thing

alikereproduce

mules

puppies

the change in a species over time

natural selection

something an organism is born with that helps it survive in its environment

Example of Natural Selection: A species of moth (the peppered moth) had dark speckles on its light colored wings in different variations. When the place they lived became industrialized and made a lot of smoke and soot, the number oflight colored moths began to get smaller as the number of darker colored mothsincreased. Why? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

This natural selection occurred as a result of an __________________ change(pollution). Changes in the environmental conditions can affect the survival ofindividual organisms with a particular trait. Some individual organisms with certain traits are more likely to survive and have offspring than those without those traits.Small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate in each newgeneration (through ____________ _______________). One example is theevolution of the horse.

When pollution caused the environment to becovered with black soot, the dark mothsblended in and their predators couldn’t seethem. The light moths showed up betterand got eaten.

environmental

sexual reproduction

How do scientists know that the horse changedover millions of years? They study _____________found in __________________ rock layers. The most recently formed rock layers have fossils that aremost similar to present organisms. The deeper into the ground a layer of sedimentary rock is found, the_____________ the fossils will be in it.

Fossils also show that many species of organisms existed in the past. Althoughthe time needed for change in a species is usually great (like the ___________),some species of insects and bacteria have undergone significant change in justa few years (like the _____________ ____________).

fossilssedimentary

older

horse

peppered moth

Human activities such as selective breeding and advances in genetic engineeringmay affect the variations of species.Example of selection that is NOT natural: Humans have bred dogs so that there are many different breeds of dogs with particular characteristics. ______________are tiny dogs.

_______________are short, long-bodieddogs bred to chasegophers down holes.

_______________ arelarge-headed, shmush-nosed dogs which are so oddly shaped that they can’t be born naturally, butmust be born by Caesariansection. This type of dogcould never survive in nature!

Chihuahuas Daschunds Bulldogs

INSECTSInsects are the world’s most abundant creatures. Scientists have identifiedalmost 1,000,000 different species of insects – more than kinds of othercreatures all together. Insects have many characteristics in common whichfit them into the category of insects. They also have many differences.

1. The 3 parts of an insect’s body are the ___________, ___________, and the________________.

2. Insects have ___ pairs of legs (___ legs altogether).3. The hard, outer shell of an insect is called the _________________ and is made of ___________.4. The place that a creature lives and all its surroundings is called its ____________________________.5. There are 2 main types of insect mouths – those used for ______________ and those used for ________________.6. The upper jaws used for crushing are called ____________and the bottom jaws used for holding and moving food are called_____________________.7. The skinny tube used to suck food is called the ______________________.

headthorax

abdomen

3 6

exoskeleton chitin

environment

chewing suckingmandibles

maxillae

proboscis

8. Insects have 2 types of eyes: ________________ and _______________.9. The ____________ eyes can only detectlight or dark. The _____________ eyescan make a picture of what the insect is looking at and has hundreds of tiny___________.

10. The _____________ contain organsof taste, touch, smell, and sometimeshearing. An insect has ___ of these.11. Hearing organs can also be found onthe ______________ of crickets or on the____________________ of grasshoppers.12. The middle body segment is the___________________.13. All ___ legs and the __________ are attached to this segment.14. Types of insect wings are A. ______________________ (flies, bees, dragonflies) B. ______________________ (grasshopper, cricket) C. ______________________ (beetles, stink bugs) D. Feathery or scaly (__________, ______________) E. No wings (_________, __________)

simple compoundsimple

compound

lenses

antennae

2

forelegsabdomen

thorax6 wings

membranousleatheryhard

moths butterfliesants fleas

15. Label the parts of the insect leg:

(connects leg to thorax)

(claws and pads)

16. The _________________ contains the digestive system and other organs.

LIFECYCLES17. An insect which has little change in the way it looks from birth to adult is saidto have _____ _____________________.18. Examples of insects with the lifecycle in #17 above are ______________ and ____________________________.19. ___________________ __________________ happenswhen the young insect looks like the adult, but some bodyparts don’t work yet. (Examples: _________________,________________________.20. The young insect in #19 above is called a ____________.They may have ______________ heads and ______ wings.

coxa

femur

tibia

tarsus

abdomen

no metamorphosissilverfish

cockroachesIncomplete metamorphosis

cricketsgrasshoppers

nymphlarge no

21. The 4-stage lifecycle is called ________________ ______________. (Examples: ________, _______________, ___________, ___________, _______)22. The four stages are

A. _______________B. ________________C. ________________D. ________________

23. The pupa stage for a butterfly is called the ______________ and for a moth is called the _________________. Their larvae are called ___________________.24. Some ways insects survive being eaten by predators are

A. ____________ ____________ - Insects produce chemicals in the form of 1. ___________ which is injected through a stinger (ex: _____, _____) 2. __________ which is sprayed from the rear end (ex: ______ ________) 3. _________ _____ ___________ mixture which can cause blisters

(ex: _________________ __________ 4. ________________ that taste bad

(ex: _____________, ____________) 5. _____________ on the hairs of

some caterpillars

complete metamorphosismoths butterflies beetles bees ants

egglarvapupaadult

chrysaliscocoon caterpillars

Chemical WarfarePoison wasps bees

Acid wood antsBoiling hot poison

Bombardier beetleChemicals

Monarchs ladybugsPoison

B. Warning Signs that an insect is poisonous are _________ ____________ with_________ ______________. The main colors used are _________, __________,_____________, ____________, and _______________.C. ________________ is when harmless insects look like poisonous insects. Birdswon’t eat them because they look _________________ even though they aren’t.(Ex: viceroy and monarch butterflies)

D. ____________________ is whenan insect is colored or shaped to blendin with its surroundings.E. Insects can ______________themselves to look like another animal or flower.

F. Markings on an insect’s body orwings that look like ________ of alarger animal scare off predators.

bright colorsbold markings red yelloworange black white

Mimicrypoisonous

Camouflage

disguise

eyes

G. _____________ is the hard, horny coverings of beetles which make them hardto eat.H. ________________ insects use are stingers, sharp jaws, and spines.I. Some insects ____________ _____ __________ so they are hard to see.J. To escape a predator, an insect may _________, ________, or ________ away.K. Insects may try to ___________ from a predator.L. Some insects travel in _________ __________ for protection.

Army ants

Armor

Weaponsmove at night

run fly swimhide

large groups

Label the head, thorax, abdomen, antenna, mouth, simple eye, compound eye,legs, fore wing, and hind wing in the diagram below.

__________

___________

___________

____________ _________ ___________

__________

_________

Compound eye Antenna Simple eye

Fore wing________

Hind wing

Abdomen

Head

Thorax

Legs

***All organisms must be able to obtain and use ______________ (food, water, air), grow, reproduce, and maintain stable internal conditions while living in a constantly changing external environment. Organisms respond to internal or environmental _________________.Animals and plants have a great variety of body plans and internal structures that contribute to their ability to maintain a balanced condition. This can be seen in the insect world where some insects have body plans to live on __________, othershave body plans to live in _____________, and others have body plans to live in___________. They also have different structures for obtaining food such as the different types of ____________ parts. They have internal organs for circulating food and oxygen to all parts of the body. An organism’s overall body plan and itsenvironment determine the way that the organism carries out the life processes.Having ________ or hopping __________ or __________________ are examplesof how insects’ different body plans help them survive in particular environments.

resources

stimuli

landwater

airmouth

wings legs camouflage