1. 2 3 Intel Corporation is the world's largest Semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in

ISAS Project( Group 1 )

Pentium MicroprocessorsPresented by: Group 1

Summer 86

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Contents

1) Introduction

• Intel Company as Briefly• Microprocessor

2) Overview• The Growth Transition of Microprocessors

3) Pentium Pro• Presented by: Mr.Khatami

4) Pentium II• Presented by: Ms.Payvandi

5) Pentium III• Presented by: Mr.Heidarian

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Contents (Cond.)

6) Pentium IV• Presented by: Ms.Sarzehi

7) Pentium Xeon• Presented by: Ms.Amini

8) Summary

9) References

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Intel Company

• Intel Corporation is the world's largest Semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in many Personal Computer. Founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation and based in Santa clara California, Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network cards and ICs, flash memory graphic chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moor, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability.

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Intel Company (Cond.)

•Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel's successful "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names. Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until the early 1990s.While Intel created the first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the creation of the Personal Computer (PC) that this became their primary business.

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Intel Company (Cond.)

•During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs and in fostering the rapid growth of the PC industry. During this period Intel became the de facto monopoly supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes controversial tactics in defense of its market position, as well as a struggle with Microsoft for .over the direction of the PC industry The 2007 rankings of the world's 100 most powerful brands published by Millward Brown Optim showed the company's brand value falling 10 places – from number 15 to number 25.

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Microprocessors

•A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.It interprets computer program instruction and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait of Programmibility, and are one of the necessary components found in Computers of any era, along with Primary Storage and input/Output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuits is usually known as a microprocessor.

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Block Diagram of CPU

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Microprocessors (Cond.)

• Beginning in the mid-1970s, microprocessors of ever-increasing complexity and power gradually supplanted other designs, and today the term "CPU" is usually applied to some type of microprocessor. The phrase "central processing unit" is a description of a certain class of logic machines that can execute computer Programm. This broad definition can easily be applied to many early computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its initials have been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.

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Microprocessors (Cond)

The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation has remained much the same. Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, usually one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are suited for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainfram and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the

popularization of the Integrated Circuit (IC) .

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Microprocessors (Cond.)

• The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured in very small spaces (on the order of millimeters). Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell Phons to children's toys.

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Intel microprocessors Generations

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Overview

1971: 4004 Microprocessor • The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. This breakthrough

invention powered the Busicom calculator and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer.

1972: 8008 Microprocessor • The 8008 was twice as powerful as the 4004. A 1974 article in Radio

Electronics referred to a device called the Mark-8 which used the 8008. The Mark-8 is known as one of the first computers for the home --one that by today's standards was difficult to build, maintain and operate.

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Overview (Cond.)

1974: 8080 Microprocessor • The 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer--the

Altair, allegedly named for a destination of the Starship Enterprise from the Star Trek television show. Computer hobbyists could purchase a kit for the Altair for $395. Within months, it sold tens of thousands, creating the first PC back orders in history.

1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor • A pivotal sale to IBM's new personal computer division made the

8088 the brains of IBM's new hit product--the IBM PC. The 8088's success propelled Intel into the ranks of the Fortune 500, and Fortune magazine named the company one of the "Business Triumphs of the Seventies."

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1982: 286 Microprocessor The Intel 286, originally known as the 80286, was the first Intel

processor that could run all the software written for its predecessor. This software compatibility remains a hallmark of Intel's family of microprocessors. Within 6 years of its release, an estimated 15 million 286-based personal computers were installed around the world.

• 1985: Intel386™ Microprocessor The Intel386™ microprocessor featured 275,000 transistors--more

than 100times as many as the original 4004. It was a 32-bit chip and was "multi tasking," meaning it could run multiple programs at the same time.

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1989: Intel486™ DX CPU Microprocessor • The Intel486™ processor generation really meant you go from a command-

level computer into point-and-click computing. "I could have a color computer for the first time and do desktop publishing at a significant speed," recalls technology historian David K. Allison of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. The Intel486™ processor was the first to offer a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing because it offloads complex math functions from the central processor.

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1989: Intel486™ DX CPU Microprocessor • The Intel486™ processor generation really meant you go from a

command-level computer into point-and-click computing. "I could have a color computer for the first time and do desktop publishing at a significant speed," recalls technology historian David K. Allison of the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. The Intel486™ processor was the first to offer a built-in math coprocessor, which speeds up computing because it offloads complex math functions from the central processor.

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Overview (Cond.)• 1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor • The Intel Pentium® processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate

"real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images. The Intel Pentium brand, mentioned in the comics and on television talk shows, became a household word soon after introduction.

• 1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor • Released in the fall of 1995 the Intel® Pentium® Pro processor is

designed to fuel 32-bit server and workstation applications, enabling fast computer-aided design, mechanical engineering and scientific computation. Each Intel® Pentium Pro processor is packaged together with a second speed-enhancing cache memory chip. The powerful Pentium® Pro processor boasts 5.5 million transistors.

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor • The 7.5 million-transistor Intel® Pentium II processor incorporates

Intel® MMX™ technology, which is designed specifically to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently. It was introduced in innovative Single Edge Contact (S.E.C) Cartridge that also incorporated a high-speed cache memory chip. With this chip, PC users can capture, edit and share digital photos with friends and family via the Internet; edit and add text, music or between-scene transitions to home movies; and, with a video phone, send video over standard phone lines and the Internet.

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon® Processor • The Intel® Pentium II Xeon® processors are designed to meet the

performance requirements of mid-range and higher servers and workstations. Consistent with Intel's strategy to deliver unique processor products targeted for specific markets segments, the Intel® Pentium II Xeon processors feature technical innovations specifically designed for workstations and servers that utilize demanding business applications such as Internet services, corporate data warehousing, digital content creation, and electronic and mechanical design automation. Systems based on the processor can be configured to scale to four or eight processors and beyond.

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Overview (Cond.)

• 1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor • Continuing Intel's strategy of developing processors for specific

market segments, the Intel® Celeron® processor is designed for the value PC market segment. It provides consumers great performance at an exceptional price, and it delivers excellent performance for uses such as gaming and educational software.

• 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Processor • The Intel® Pentium® III processor features 70 new instructions--

Internet Streaming SIMD extensions-- that dramatically enhance the performance of advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and speech recognition applications. It was designed to significantly enhance Internet experiences, allowing users to do such things as browse through realistic online museums and stores and download high-quality video. The processor incorporates 9.5 million transistors, and was introduced using 0.25-micron technology.

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Overview (Cond.)• 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor • The Intel® Pentium III Xeon® processor extends Intel's offerings to the

workstation and server market segments, providing additional performance for e-Commerce applications and advanced business computing. The processors incorporate the Intel® Pentium III processor's 70 SIMD instructions, which enhance multimedia and streaming video applications. The Intel® Pentium III Xeon processor's advance cache technology speeds information from the system bus to the processor, significantly boosting performance. It is designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations.

• 2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor • Users of Intel® Pentium® 4 processor-based PCs can create professional-

quality movies; deliver TV-like video via the Internet; communicate with real-time video and voice; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players; and simultaneously run several multimedia applications while connected to the Internet. The processor debuted with 42 million transistors and circuit lines of 0.18 microns. Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, ran at 108 kilohertz (108,000 hertz), compared to the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor's initial speed of 1.5 gigahertz (1.5 billion hertz). If automobile speed had increased similarly over the same period, you could now drive from San Francisco to New York in about 13 seconds.

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Overview (Cond.)• 2001: Intel® Xeon® Processor • The Intel® Xeon® processor is targeted for high-performance and mid-range, dual-

processor workstations, dual and multi-processor server configurations coming in the future. The platform offers customers a choice of operating systems and applications, along with high performance at affordable prices. Intel Xeon processor-based workstations are expected to achieve performance increases between 30 and 90 percent over systems featuring Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® processors depending on applications and configurations. The processor is based on the Intel NetBurst™ architecture, which is designed to deliver the processing power needed for video and audio applications, advanced Internet technologies, and complex 3-D graphics.

• 2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor • The Itanium® processor is the first in a family of 64-bit products from Intel.

Designed for high-end, enterprise-class servers and workstations, the processor was built from the ground up with an entirely new architecture based on Intel's Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) design technology. The processor delivers world-class performance for the most demanding enterprise and high-performance computing applications, including e-Commerce security transactions, large databases, mechanical computer-aided engineering, and sophisticated scientific and engineering computing.

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Overview (Cond.)• 2002: Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor • The Itanium® 2 processor is the second member of the Itanium processor family, a

line of enterprise-class processors. The family brings outstanding performance and the volume economics of the Intel® Architecture to the most data-intensive, business-critical and technical computing applications. It provides leading performance for databases, computer-aided engineering, secure online transactions, and more.

• 2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor • The Intel® Pentium® M processor, the Intel® 855 chipset family, and the

Intel® PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection are the three components of Intel® Centrino® processor technology. Intel Centrino processor technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter mobile computers.

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Pentium Pro

Presented by: Mr.Khatami

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Specifications

• Produced:November 1, 1995• Manufacturer:IntelCPU • Speeds:150 MHz to 200 MHz• Speeds:60 MHz to 66 MHz• Process:

(MOSFET channel length)0.35 µm to 0.50 µm• Instruction Set:x86• Microartitecture:P6• Socket:Socket:8

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Introduction• Intel introduced the P6 design in November 1995 in the guise of the

Pentium Pro. This chip marked a departure for Intel as it incorporated the level 2 cache, which was always previously located on the motherboard. The Pentium Pro's on chip cache was set at many different levels which were 256Kb, 512Kb, 1Mb & 2Mb. The cache on the Pentium Pro ran at full clock speed, and was incorporated directly onto the processor package which made it extremely expensive to manufacture. The Pentium Pro was the only processor to use the Socket 8 connector.

• The Pentium Pro was far better at processing 32 bit code as used in Windows NT than the 16 bit code of Windows 95/98. This made the Pentium Pro only really suitable for the powerful server market, and it never made any inroads into the home/desktop market. The Pentium Pro could also be used in multi-processor systems of up to 4 processors which made it especially suitable for NT servers.

• There are some second hand Pentium Pro processors on sale, but these are very expensive. The Pentium Pro is only a processor which can be recommended for use in the server market. The Processor Emporium would advise the home buyer to look towards the Pentium Pro's successor the Pentium II or the AMD K6 as these are FAR cheaper and now offer more power

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Performance• Performance with 32-bit code was excellent and well ahead of the older Pentium at

the time, by 25-35%; however, the Pentium Pro's 16-bit performance was approximately only 20% faster than a Pentium at running 16-bit code. It was this, along with the Pentium Pro's high price, due in part to the full speed L2 cache, that caused the rather lackluster reception for the chip among many home PC enthusiasts, given the dominance at the time of the 16-bit Windows 3.1x and MS-DOS. Windows 95 had already been released at the time of the introduction of the Pentium Pro, but some parts of Windows 95 itself (for example, USER) were still mostly 16-bit. To truly gain the full advantages of Pentium Pro's architecture, one was forced to run a fully 32-bit OS. Microsoft's only truly 32-bit OS at the time was Windows NT 5.31.

• Despite the name, the Pentium Pro was actually a completely new architecture, very different from Intel's earlier Pentium processor. The Pentium Pro (P6) core featured an array of advanced RISC technologies, although it wasn't the first X86 CPU with such approach -- before it, the NexGen Nx586 processor already utilized internal x86 translation to its own proprietary RISC86TM instruction set. Perhaps the most obvious sign that things had changed was that the CPU's "front end" decoded the old IA32 instructions into micro-instructions which the Pro's RISC core then processed. The core of Pentium Pro featured several new technologies, including: speculative Excesion, superpiplining an advanced L2 Cache, register renaming, out of the Exection, and a wider 36-bit address bus (usable by PAE).

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Characteristics The Pentium Pro achieves performance approximately 50% higher than a

Pentium of the same clock speed. In addition to its new way of processing instructions, the Pentium Pro incorporates several other technical advances that contribute to this increased performance:

• Super pipelining: The Pentium Pro dramatically increases the number of execution steps, to 14, from the Pentium's 5.

• Integrated Level 2 Cache: The Pentium Pro features a dramatically higher-performance secondary cache compared to all earlier processors. Instead of using motherboard-based cache running at the speed of the memory bus, it uses an integrated Level 2 Cache with its own bus, running at full processor speed, typically three times the speed that the cache runs at on the Pentium. The Pentium Pro's cache is also non- blocking, which allows the processor to continue without waiting on a cache miss.

• 32-Bit Optimization: The Pentium Pro is optimized for running 32-bit code (which most modern operating systems and applications use) and so gives a greater performance improvement over the Pentium when using the latest software.

• Wider Address Bus: The address bus on the Pentium Pro is widened to 36 bits, giving it a maximum addressability of 64 GB of memory

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Characteristics (Cond.)• Greater Multiprocessing: Quad processor configurations are supported with the

Pentium Pro compared to only dual with the Pentium. • Out of Order Completion: Instructions flowing down the execution pipelines can

complete out of order. • Superior Branch Prediction Unit: The branch target buffer is double the size of the

Pentium's and its accuracy is increased. • Register Renaming: This feature improves parallel performance of the pipelines. • Speculative Execution: The Pro uses speculative execution to reduce pipeline stall

time in its RISC core. • For a few reasons, the Pentium Pro is still, despite its age, an ideal choice for

servers. First, it is a fast chip in general. Second, its integrated level 2 cache makes it ideal for multiprocessing; instead of having a single motherboard-based level 2 cache that all the processors must share, each has its own. Third, the Pentium Pro has chipsets available for it that are designed for high-end server use, mores than the Pentium.

• The most widely-publicized advanced feature of the Pentium Pro is of course the integrated level 2 cache. The Pentium Pro is shipped in a special dual cavity SPGA package that includes the chip itself and the integrated cache. It goes into a special Socket 8 interface unique to the Pentium Pro. One disadvantage of this arrangement is that the cache is not upgradeable without also replacing the processor.

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Intel Pentium Pro- Technical Data

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Pentium Pro - Models

• Pentium Pro 512 KB

• Pentium Pro 1MB

• Pentium Pro Uncapped

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Pentium Pro - Summary

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Pentium Pro- Summary (Cond.)

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Pentium II

Presented by: Ms.Payvandi

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Specifications

• Produced:From mid 1997 to early 1999• Manufacturer: Intel CPU • Speeds:233 MHz to 450 MHz• FSB Speeds:66 MHz to 100 MHz• Process:

(MOSFET channel length)0.35 µm to 0.25 µm• Instruction set:x86• Microartichecture:P6• Sockets: Slot 1

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Introduction• The Pentium II brand refers to Intel's sixth-generation

microartitecture(“Intel P6") and x86-compatible microprocessors introduced on may7, 1997. They featured an improved version of the first P6-generation core of the Pentium Pro CPU. The Pentium II microprocessor was largely based upon the core of its predecessor, the Pentium Pro. However, there are some significant changes to the design of the processor.Unlike Intel's previous Pentium and Pentium Pro processors, the Pentium II CPU was packaged in a slot-based form-factor rather than a socket. The chip and associated components were carried on a daughterboard similar to a typical expansion board within a plastic cartridge. A fixed or removable heatsink was carried on one side, sometimes using its own fan.

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Performance• This larger package was a compromise allowing Intel to separate the

secondary cache from the processor while still keeping it on a closely coupled backsidesus. This separate cache was slower (running at half of the processor speed) than that in the Pentium Pro, but the smallest cache size was increased to 512 KiB from the 256 KiB on the Pentium Pro. Off-package cache solved the Pentium Pro's low yields, allowing Intel to introduce the Pentium II at a mainstream price level. This arrangement also allowed Intel to easily vary the amount of L2 cache, thus making it possible to target different market segments with cheaper or more expensive processors and accompanying performance levels.

• Intel notably improved 16-bit code execution performance on Pentium II, an area in which Pentium Pro was at a notable handicap. Most consumer software of the day was still using at least some 16-bit code, because of a variety of factors. The Pentium II went to 32 KiB of L1 cache, double that of Pentium Pro, as well. Pentium II is also the first P6-based CPU to implement the Intel MMX integer SIMD instruction set which had already been introduced on the Pentiym MMX.

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Performance ( Cond.)

•Pentium II is basically a more consumer-oriented version of the Pentium Pro. It was cheaper to manufacture because of the separate, slower L2 cache memory. The improved 16-bit performance and MMX support made it a better choice for consumer-level operating systems, such as Windows 9x, and multimedia applications. Combined with the larger L1 cache and improved 16-bit performance, the slower and cheaper L2 cache's performance impact was minimized. General processor performance maximized while costs were cut.

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Variations• The original Klamath Pentium II (Intel product code 80522) ran at 233

and 266 MHz, were produced in a 0.35 µm fabrication process.A 300 MHz version was released later in 1997.These CPUs worked with a 66 MHz front side bus and initially were used on motherboards equipped with the aging Intel 440FX Pentium Pro chipset.

• The Deschutes core Pentium II (80523), which debuted at 333 MHz in January 1998, was produced in a more suitable 0.25 µm fabrication process. The 333 MHz variant was the final Pentium CPU used with the legacy 66 MHz front side bus. Support for a 100 MHz front side bus speed heralded solid performance improvements. During 1998, Pentium IIs running at 266, 300, 350, 400, and 450 MHz were also released. Pentium II-based systems using the Intel 440X chipset were the first to utilize the new generation RAM-standard, SDRAM (which replaced EDO RAM), and the AGPgraphics bus.

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Variations (Cond.)• The was a Pentium II Xeon high-end version intended for use on server.

Principally, it used a different type of slot (Slote 2), case, board design and used expensive full-speed custom L2 cache, which was again off-die. Versions were produced with 512 KiB, 1 MiB or 2 MiB L2 caches by varying the number of 512 KiB chips incorporated on the board.

• The 0.25 μm "Tonga" core was the first mobile Pentium II and had all of the features of the desktop models. A mobile version with 256 KiB of on-die, full speed cache was produced late in the Pentium II's lifecycle. This "Dixon" core was the fastest type of Pentium II produced.

• In early 1999, the Pentium III superseded the Pentium II.

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Intel Pentium 2- Technical Data

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Intel Pentium 2 Xeon- Technical Data

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Models

• Klamath (80522)• L1 cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2 cache: 512 KiB, external chips on CPU module with 50% of

CPU-speed • Slote 1 (GTL+) • MMX • Front Side bus: 66 MHz • VCore: 2.8 V • Fabrication: 0.35 µm • First release: May 7, 1997 • Clockrate: 233, 266, 300 MHz

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Models (Cond.)• Deschutes (80523)• L1 cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2 cache: 512 KiB, external chips on CPU module with 50% of

CPU-speed • Slot 1 (GTL+) • MMX • Front side bus: 66, 100 MHz • VCore: 2.0 V • Fabrication: 0.25 µm • First release: January 7, 1998 • Clockrate: 266 - 450 MHz

– 66 MHz FSB : 266, 300, 333 MHz – 100 MHz FSB: 350, 400, 450 MHz

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Models (Cond.)• Tonga (80523)• mobile Pentium II• L1 cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2 cache: 512 KiB, external chips on CPU module with 50% of CPU-speed • MMC-1, MMC-2, Mini-Cartridge (GTL+) • MMX• Front side bus: 66 MHz • VCore: 1.6 V • Fabrication: 0.25 µm • First release: June 7, 1997 • Clockrate: 233, 266, 300 MHz

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Models (Cond.)• Dixon (80524)• mobile Pentium II PE ("Performance Enhanced")• L1 cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2 cache: 256 KiB, on-die, full CPU speed • BGA1, MMC-1, MMC-2, PGA1 (GTL+) • MMX• Front side bus: 66, 100 MHz • VCore: 1.5, 1.55, 1.6 V, 2.0 V • Fabrication: 0.25 µm • First release: January 25, 1999 • Clockrate: 266 - 400 MHz

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References

• WWW.Intel.Com• WWW.wikipedia.Com• WWW.PC-World.Com• WWW.Microrayaneh.Com• WWW.Shabakeh-Mag.Com• WWW.Iranweb.com• WWW.Microprocessor.Com

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Pentium 3

Presented by: Mr.Heidarian

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Specifications• Produced:From early 1999 to 2003• Manufacturer: Intel CPU • Speeds:450 MHz to 1.4 GHz • FSBSpeeds:100 MHz to 133 MHz• Process:

(MOSFET channel length)0.25 µm to 0.13 µm• Instruction Set:x86 (686)• Microarchitecture:P6Sockets: • Slot 1 • Socket 370 • Core Names: • Katmai • Coppermine • Coppermine-T • Tualatin

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Introduction• The Pentium III brand refers to Intel's 32- bit x86 desktop and mobile microprocessors

(with the sixth-generation Intel p6 microarchitecture) introduced on February 26 1999 and containing 9.5 million transistors. The brand's initial processors were very similar to the earlier CPUs branded Pentium II . The most notable difference was the addition of the SSE instruction set (to accelerate media processing and 3D graphics), and the introduction of a controversial serial number embedded in the chip during the manufacturing process.

• Similarly to the Pentium II it superseded, the Pentium III was also accompanied by the Celeron brand for lower-end CPU versions, and the Xeon for high-end (server and workstation) derivatives. The Pentium III was eventually superseded by the Pentium 4, but its Taulatin core also served as the basis for the Pentium M CPUs, which used many ideas from the Intel P6 microarchitecture. Subsequently, it was the P-M microarchitecture of Pentium M branded CPUs, and not the NetBurst found in Pentium 4 processors, that formed the basis for Intel's energy-efficient Intel Cor microarchitecture of CPUs branded Core 2, Pntium dual core, Celeron (core) and Xeon.

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Performance• The Pentium III at first sight may inspire some cynicism from the seasoned

PC user. It is not a new generation of CPU design as the name appears to imply. The PIII is at the centre just another iteration of the existing and very sucessful P6 line of processors (ie. Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron). Whereas the Pentium was Intel's 5th generation offering, its mainstrean P6 (the original being the niche market Pentium Pro) was branded the Pentium II as a means of clear product demarkation. The Pentium III is not a Intel's 7th generation chip, as we will have to wait until the release of the Willamette for that.

• The Pentium III is to the Pentium II what the Pentium MMX was to the original Pentium. It is a processor which sees its core enhanced by the addition of 70 new instructions designed to enhance 3D and multi-media applications. Entitled Streaming SIMD (pronounced "sim D" I am reliably informed by Intel), these instructions are designed to enhance the already impressive floating point capability of the P6 design.

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Performance (Cond.)• SSE• As already stated, the big difference the Pentium III has over its older P6 siblings is

the inclusion of SSE instructions. Some may think that this feels like a repetition of the MMX flop of only two years ago. Intel brought MMX to the market amid bright lights, dancing Bunny People™ and general hyperbole. It was a huge marketing success with everyone wanting the little MMX logo next to the Intel Inside sticker on their PC. The problem though was that Intel just assumed developers would take up these new instructions and implement them in their applications......they didn't. MMX was by 1998 a huge flop and the little MMX logo on the Intel Inside stickers slowly disappeared from view.

• Now older and wiser, Intel has chosen not to make the same mistake twice. Even before its launch SSE has already got considerable industry support with many new applications being designed to take full advantage of these new instructions. SSE it appears will turn out to be something tangible, and not just the marketing exercise MMX was. What SSE does, like AMD's "3D Now!" is to accelerate many of the floating point geometry instructions carried out by the CPU before passing the instructions over to the display adaptor. This significantly increases the output of the display adaptor, thus enhancing 3D performance.

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Intel Pentium III- Technical Data

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Intel Pentium III-Models• 550 MHz• Mid May 1999 sees the launch of the first Pentium III since the much hyped launch of

Intel's latest and greatest processor. Yet again we see clock speeds pushed even higher, but that is all there is to this new chip. We stand gazing at the prospective launch of two significant new chips, Intel's Coppermine (will be branded Pentium III) and AMD's K7, so where will this new PIII chip fit in? Is it just a stopgap while we wait for Coppermine or is it a worthwhile investment for the PC owner? Well, we will aim to give a couple of opinions regarding this launch.

• Well, as with all new high end chip releases from Intel, the Pentium III 550 will cost a phenominal amount of money whilst it remains the top processor. This will of course put it beyond the reach of many PC buyers, but, it will have the affect of dramatically reducing prices on the 450 and 500 MHz chips, which will make them more affordable. That said, will the money spent on a 550 MHz Pentium III appear worthwhile in 6 months time, well probably no, it will by then have been eclipsed by both Coppermine and K7. There is though a way to go before we see these chips, so there will be much kudos to be gained from buying a PIII 550 and the decision can only be made by the buyer, but, remember there is very limited upgradability from this chip.

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Intel Pentium III-Models(cond.)

• 600 MHz• The PIII 600 is the latest in the line of "Katmai" processors, meaning that it shares all the

same features as existing Pentium III chips running at 450, 500 and 550 MHz. In this we see the same SECC-2 (Single Edge Connector Cartridge) design which allows Intel to mount a 0.25 micron PIII core to 512 kb of 1/2 speed level 2 cache RAM, mounted on the Processor Module. Like all other PIII processors this chip also features a level 1 cache of 32 Kb. The Pentium III 600 uses the 100 MHz bus like its predecessors and will run in current BX chipset motherboards (although a BIOS flash may be necessary for older boards).

• The PIII 600 also is the latest processor to feature Intel's new SSE (Streaming SIMD) instructions designed to improve various applications which are heavily dependant upon floating point instructions. This is now beginning to show a performance advantage for Pentium III chips in comparision to SSE-less Celeron chips as applications boasting SSE support are beginning to become more commonplace. This can be seen in benchmarks performed by sharky exterem which also highlight's the advantage gained by the Pentium III's 100 MHz bus compared to the Celeron's 66 MHz.

• Performance from the PIII 600 is excellent, making it the fastest "x86" processor to date (pre-Athlon), with it both out-performing its 550 MHz counterpart and its little 500 MHz Celeron sibling.

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• 750 & 800 MHz • The Pentium III 750 & 800 MHz processors are the second batch of

"Coppermine" Pentium III processors to be launched by Intel. This means that apart from the increased clock speed of 750 and 800 MHz, the new Pentium III processors bring nothing new to the "x86" CPU market. That in itself is not a bad thing as Intel's 0.18 micron "Coppermine" Pentium III design is a very good update of the ageing P6 core.

• The new Pentium III 750 will be available in a 100 MHz bus version only (7.5x), whilst the 800 Mhz version will be available in both 100 Mhz bus (8x) and 133 MHz bus versions (6x). Like all other Pentium III processors, SSE instruction support is a standard feature of these new chips.

• Much of the performance of the Pentium III 750 and 800 MHz processors can be attributed to the excellent Level 2 cache implementation on the "Coppermine".

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Pentium III 750 & 800 MHz specifications.

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• Intel Pentium III Xeon • The Pentium II Xeon was introduced in the summer of 1998. The Xeon was

meant solely as a processor aimed at the high end server/workstation market, and is not intended for use by the home user. This is reflected in its price tag which starts at £700 for a 400 MHz model with 512Kb cache and rises to £3000 for a 450 MHz model with 2Mb cache. Obviously not meant to compete with the AMD K6-2!

• The Xeon uses the Slot 2 motherboard connector and the GX chipset. The main enhancement the Xeon has over the Pentium II is that it runs it's level 2 cache at full clock speed. This like the Pentium Pro ranges from 512Kb through to a massive 2Mb. The Xeon has also been released with the same enhancements as the Pentium III. Running at speeds of 500 and 550 MHz, this chip marks the fastest "x86" chip currently on sale. The Xeon can be used in scaleable 8 way multi-processing systems designed for the high end server and workstation market, where its huge levels of full speed cache can be used to the full.

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Intel Pentium III-Core Models

• Katmai (0.25 µm)• L1-Cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2-Cache: 512 KiB, external chips on CPU module at 50% of CPU-

speed • MMX,SSE • Slot 1 (SECC, SECC2) • Front side bus: 100, 133 MHz • Vcore: 2.0 V, (600 MHz: 2.05 V) • First release: may 17, 1999• Clockrate: 450-600 MHz • 100 MHz FSB: 450, 500, 550, 600 MHz • 133 MHz FSB: 533, 600 MHz (B-models)

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Intel Pentium III-Core Models(Cond.)

• Coppermine (0.18 µm)• L1-Cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2-Cache: 256 KiB, fullspeed • MMX, SSE • Slot 1 (SECC2), Socket 370 (FC-PGA) • Front side bus: 100, 133 MHz • VCore: 1.6V, 1.65V, 1.70V, 1.76V (cD0, see below) • First release: October 27, 1999 • Clockrate: 500 - 1133 MHz • 100 MHz FSB: 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1000, 1100

MHz (E-Models) • 133 MHz FSB: 533, 600, 667, 733, 800, 866, 933, 1000, 1133 MHz (EB-

Models)

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• Coppermine-T (0.18 µm)• L1-Cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2-Cache: 256 KiB, fullspeed • MMX, SSE • Socket 370 (FC-PGA, FC-PGA2) • Front side bus: 100 and 133 MHz • VCore: 1.75 V • First release: June 2001 • Clockrate: 600 - 1133 MHz • 100 MHz FSB: 600, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1000, 1100 MHz • 133 MHz FSB: 733, 800, 866, 933, 1000, 1133 MHz

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• Tualatin (0.13 µm)• L1-Cache: 16 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions) • L2-Cache: 256 or 512 KiB, fullspeed • MMX, SSE Hardware prefetch • Socket 370 (FC-PGA2) • Front side bus: 133 MHz • VCore: 1.45, 1.475 V • First release: 2001 • Clockrate: 1000 - 1400 MHz • Pentium III (256 KiB L2-Cache): 1000, 1133, 1200, 1333, 1400 MHz • Pentium III-S (512 KiB L2-Cache): 1133, 1266, 1400 MHz

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References


65

Pentium 4

Presented by: Ms.Sarzehi

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Specifications• Produced:From 2000 to 2007• Manufacturer: Intel CPU • Speeds:1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz• FSB Speeds:400 MT/s to 1066 MT/s• Process:

(MOSFETchannel length)0.18 µm to 0.065 µm• Instruction set: x86 (i386), x86-64• MICROARCHITECTURE: NetBurst• Sockets: • Socket 526 • Socket 478 • LGA 775 • Core Names: • Willamette • Northwood • Prescott • Cedar Mill

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Introduction• It has been five years since Intel introduced an entirely new CPU

architecture in the form of the Pentium Pro back in November 1995. In the following five years, the Pentium Pro developed into a wide range of processors including the highly sucessful Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron and Xeon lines. The P6 core scaled from 120 MHz at launch up to 1 Ghz (1000 MHz) where it sits today with the current Pentium III processor, and has been one of Intel’s most sucessful processor families.

• Five years though is a very long time in the x86 world and now the P6 is beginning to show its age as the Pentium III is having difficulty in running faster than 1 Ghz and it is now being outclassed in many areas by AMD’s rival seventh generation Athlon processor. Thus it is time for Intel to move away from the ageing P6 and onto its own seventh generation processor in the shape of the Pentium 4.

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Introduction ( Cond.)• The Pentium 4 is not a surprise to many Intel watchers as many

people have followed the rumours and press releases surrounding the “Willamette” processor which Intel had in development. The “Willamette” though only really began to capture significant attention at this years Intel Developer Forum when it was announced that the Pentium 4 would feature a significant number of new innovations including a double-pumped ALU, 400 MHz Front Side Bus, Trace Cache and SSE 2 instructions.

• It appeared that Intel may at last have a processor with which it can rival the AMD Athlon and re-capture some of its lost market share. The Pentium 4 also is the way forward for Intel regarding its future x86 processor strategy, and we are likely to see the Pentium 4 and other NetBurst architecture chips appear in a similar way to which Intel developed its P6 processor line.

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Performance• The architecture of a processor is only half of the story, as for many

people and the PC market in general, the performance of any processor is the most important factor. Most people will be interested to find out how well does the Pentium 4 perform and is it worth buying.

• Memory Bandwidth• Initial benchmarks show that memory bandwidth intensive

applications are one area where the Pentium 4 does excel, due to its 400 MHz Front Side Bus and dual-channel RDRAM memory interface (Intel i850 chipset).

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Business applications (Integer)• So far, ordinary integer applications such as office applications have shown

some rather disappointing benchmark scores for the Pentium 4. The general consensus is that the Pentium 4 is not an impressive performer when it comes to Windows applications with a 1.5 GHz Pentium 4 performing at a level similar to that of a 1 GHz Pentium III. For many people this is highly disappointing as they were hoping that the Pentium 4 would show a significant lead over current Pentium III and Athlon processors.

• Where the Pentium 4 will be able to apply a lead here will be as the clock-speeds rise over and above 2 GHz for which the Pentium 4 is designed for. Even the double-pumped ALU of the Pentium 4 did not give it a lead over current CPU designs, but acts in a role of keeping the long 20-stage integer pipeline (relatively) competitive with the 10 stage pipelines of the Pentium III and Athlon processors.

• Also there is a very high missed branch-prediction penalty with the Pentium 4 and this could well be affecting its score at low clock speeds (low meaning below 2 GHz for the Pentium 4

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Floating Point performance• Floating point performance is a very interesting issue with the Pentium 4. As we saw

earlier in the article, the Pentium 4 has a scaled down x87 FPU in comparision to the P6 and is positively lightweight in comparision to the triple-pipelined FPU found on the AMD Athlon.

• This slim-line FPU essentially means that the Pentium 4 is easily out-performed in traditional x87 instructions by the P6 and the AMD Athlon.

• Intel does not intend to sell the Pentium 4 processor on its x87 Floating Point capability, but instead is hoping to move away from the FP ageing instruction set, and onto the latest generation Floating Point architecture in the shape of the Pentium 4's new SSE-2 instruction set.

• As has been seen with the Pentium III and Celeron (533 MHz and above), Intel’s Streaming SIMD instruction set is a very effective way of performing Floating Point math for today’s x86 based CPU. The Pentium 4 builds upon SSE and adds 144 new instructions that make up SSE-2.

• Where SSE ans SSE-2 has been utilised, it is easy to see that the performance of the Pentium 4 is very impressive.

• Overall, the Pentium 4 depends upon industry support for SSE-2 instructions in place of a hugely impressive x87 Floating Point Unit. This though is likely to happen as both Intel and AMD see the future of Floating Point operations being with SSE-2 (AMD are to licence the technology) and not with x87.

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Architecture• Unlike recent iterations of the Pentium brand, ie, Pentium Pro, Pentium II

and Pentium III, the Pentium 4 is not based upon the five year old P6 architecture, but is based upon a new design which Intel have branded the “NetBurst” architecture (and not P7). The NetBurst architecture boasts a number of new design features which we will now examine.

• Hyper-Pipelined Architecture.• The first notable feature of the Pentium 4 is that it features what Intel calls

“Hyper-Pipelined Technology”. What this means in actual fact is that the Pentium 4 features a 20-stage pipeline design.

• The main reason why Intel has decided to implement such as long pipeline for the Pentium 4 centres around the issue of increasing clock-speed. As was seen with the recall of the 1.13 Ghz Pentium III back in August, the five year old P6 architecture is rapidly reaching the physical limits of its design. It is known that increasing the clock speed of P6 above 1 Ghz is not producing any real improvement in performance, but is causing the chip to increase its heat output. The answer to this problem is to implement a whole new design which lengthens the pipelines of the processor so as to enable running at higher clock-speeds.

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Architecture ( Cond.)• The Pentium 4 features a doubling of pipeline length over the P6

and is already showing results with the chip being able to run at 1.5 Ghz on a 0.18 micron process. This contrasts to the 1 Ghz limit currently found on the Pentium III. Intel intends the Pentium 4 to run at high clock speeds (by today’s standards) and the way that Intel engineers decided to tackle this challenge is by lengthening the pipeline. It is known that Intel intends to release a 2 Ghz Pentium 4 based upon the 0.18 micron process early next year, which indicates that the chip has the ability to scale to high clock-speeds. With process shrinkage (ie from 0.18 micron to 0.13 micron CMOS process) the Pentium 4 has the ability to reach clock-speeds in excess of 3 Ghz, which is planned for this time next year.

• Whilst the 20-stage pipeline of the Pentium 4 brings the advantage of the ability to run at high clock-speeds, it does bring with it a number of drawbacks which Intel needed to address.

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Architecture (Cond.)• The first drawback is the fact that it takes longer for an instruction to

be processed by the Pentium 4 as it has to pass through double the number of stages as it would have done on a P6 based chip. This essentially doubles the time for an instruction to be processed in comparison to a Pentium III. The first way Intel has had to address this problem is by running the chip at a higher clock-speed (1.5 Ghz to get the performance of a 1 Ghz Pentium III). The second way is to double-pump the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit).

• The second drawback of a 20 stage pipeline is that it increases the performance penalty of a brach prediction “miss”. As with all modern x86 processors from P6 onwards (AMD K5 also featured the design traits) the Pentium 4 features speculative execution and out-of-order execution of instructions, which mean that instructions can be executed in parallel (via different pipelines) or can be loaded and executed before they are needed. In order to achieve this modern x86 processors need a Branch Prediction Unit (BPU) in order to choose the right branch of instruction for execution based upon recent instruction history.

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Architecture ( Cond.)Advanced Dynamic Execution.• Due to the 20-stage pipeline, the Branch Prediction Unit of the Pentium 4 is a critical

component. For the first time Intel have branded the Branch Prediction Unit of a processor calling it an “Advanced Dynamic Execution” engine.

• With the Advanced Dynamic Execution engine Intel have increased the amount of instructions used by the BPU to 126 as opposed to 42 as used by P6. Intel have also increased the buffer used for past branch history to 4 KB as opposed to 512 Bytes as on P6. The Branch Prediction Unit for the Pentium 4 is quoted as being able to accurately predict 95% of all instructions .

Rapid Execution Engine.• The “Rapid Execution Engine” is one of the major architectural innovations of the Pentium 4. • In essence the Rapid Execution Engine sees the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the Pentium 4

operating at twice the frequency of the CPU itself. This effectively means that integer instructions on a 1.5 Ghz Pentium 4 are being executed at a speed of 3 Ghz.

• In order to achieve this Intel has had to “double pump” the ALU, by allowing the gates of the processor to be triggered on the rising and falling edge of the processor clock. This means that the ALU is in fact being triggered on two times per clock cycle as opposed to once on the P6.

• When this was first announced at the Spring 2000 Intel Developers Forum it was thought that the Pentium 4 would contain the fastest integer processing available. It now transpires that Intel have had to incorporate this feature into the Pentium 4 in order to give it integer performance comparable to current P6 processors due to the effect of the 20-stage pipeline. This is partly a way of overcoming the effect of missed branch predictions on integer operations which can mostly occur when using applications such as Office packages.

• This feature is only likely to boost performance significantly when clock speeds rise above the 3 Ghz level.

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Architecture (Cond.)

X87 Floating Point.• The traditional x87 Floating Point Unit is the area where the Pentium 4 is

significantly weaker than that found on the P6. The main reason for this is that Intel views the future of Floating Point instructions being with its 144 new SSE-2 instruction set.

• The x87 Floating Point Unit on the Pentium 4 loses the semi-pipelined design of the P6 and instead feature a reduced design with only 2 functional units, with one for FADD and FMUL and the other for FSTORE and FLD instructions.

• The Pentium 4 loses the pipeline for FMUL instructions now that it has been combined with FADD functional unit. The Pentium 4 also features higher latencies when handline x87 FP instructions when compared to the P6. This results in the x87 FP performance of the Pentium 4 being slower than that of the P6 and especially AMD Athlon. Some web-sites have quoted the 1.5 Ghz Pentium 4 as only having the x87 FP performance of a 766 MHz Celeron processor.

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Architecture ( Cond.)

• SSE 2.• Intel is moving away from traditional x87 Floating Point operations and onto

the set of 144 new SSE-2 instructions. SSE (Streaming SIM-D Extensions) was introduced originally with the Pentium III processor back in early 1999 as a new method of performing Floating Point calculations.

• Based upon the principle Single-Instruction-Multiple-Data which was introduced for integer instructions with the much hyped MMX instruction set in 1997, SSE aimed to increase the performance of Floating Point performance in many areas such as gaming and MPEG playback which require large amounts of streaming data coming from main memory to the CPU (hence Steaming in the acronym).

• The key to success for SSE is that SIMD instructions allow the CPU to manipulate multiple datasets on more than one instruction. Where this is of most benefit is when handling repetitive instructions on a number of sets of data which is very common when dealing with the vector math required for the large numbers of polygons displayed in a 3D game.

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Core Models

• Willamette

• Northwood

• Mobile Pentium 4

• Gallatin (Extreme Edition)

• Prescott

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Conclusion• Overall the Pentium 4 appears to be somewhat of a mixed bag. On the one

hand there are a whole raft of new architectural innovations such as the double- pumped ALU, 400 MHz bus and SSE-2, whilst on the other hand there is the relatively disappointing performance of the Pentium 4 in comparision to the Pentium III and AMD Athlon.

• In many respects the Pentium 4 looks like the Pentium Pro of five years ago, a processor featuring some exciting new architectural developments but with no real compelling reason to buy one. As with the Pentium Pro (later Pentium II and so forth), the rationale to buy one only came as the clock speed of the chip rose past that of its contemporaries and the real benefits of its design became apparent. This process is likely to affect the Pentium 4 as it scales to speeds above 2 GHz, with its performance gains becoming ever more apparent as speeds increase.

• In the meantime though, is the Pentium 4 the right processor for you? Well as with any new processor there is no clear cut answer, so we will divide it up into different sections to provide the overall picture.

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Conclusion (Cond.)• For home users, we would not recommend the Pentium 4 at speeds below 2

GHz. It simply does not offer any tangible benefit over current Pentium III and Athlon based systems. If you are after the best home-use PC at the moment (late-2000) an AMD Athlon with DDR SDRAM is the best option.

• For business users, we would recommend waiting until the Pentium 4 gains DDR SDRAM support from either Intel or VIA before moving away from the trusted Pentium III. Also further clock speed gains are needed before the Pentium 4 can become a truly effective Windows 2000 platform. The same is true for the server & workstation market. Until Intel releases the Pentium 4 in SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processing) configurations we would recommend staying with the current Pentium III and Xeon configurations.

• The group who can gain the most from the Pentium 4 are the applications development community who will need the Pentium 4 in order to design the applications and games that will run on future mainstream Pentium 4 systems. This is the only area where it is necessary for the Pentium 4 to be adopted early so as the accelerate development of software for Intel’s latest chip.

• Overall, the initial Pentium 4 can be seen as Intel’s processor of the future and not of today, even though it may be released. Users at the moment would do well to stick with Pentium III and Athlon based PCs and wait for the software base of the Pentium 4 to become more established before buying.

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References


82

Pentium Xeon

Presented by: Ms.Amini

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Introduction

•The Xeon brand refers to Intel's x86 multiprocessing CPUs - for dual-processor (DP) and multi-processor (MP) configuration on a single motherboard (like AMD's Athlon MP and Opteron branded processors) - targeted at non-consumer markets of server and workstation computers, and also at blade servers and embedded systems. The Xeon brand has been maintained over several generations of x86 and x86-64 processors. Older models added the Xeon moniker to the end of the name of their corresponding desktop processor, but more recent models used the name Xeon on its own. The Xeon CPUs generally have more cache than their desktop counterparts in addition to multiprocessing capabilities. Intel's (non-x86) IA-64 processors are called Itanium, not Xeon.

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Models

• Pentium II Xeon • The first Xeon branded processor was released in 1998, named

the Pentium II Xeon (codenamed "Drake"), as the replacement of the Pentium Pro. It was based on the 0.25 µm "Deschutes" core (P6 microarchitecture) branded Pentium II (sharing its 80523 product code), used either a 440GX (a dual-processor workstation chipset) or 450NX (quad-processor, or oct with additional logic) chipset, and differed from the Pentium II desktop CPU (Deschutes) in that its off-die L2 cache ran at full speed. It also used a larger slot known as slot 2. Cache sizes were 512 KB, 1 MB and 2 MB, and it used a 100 MT/s front side bus (FSB).

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Models ( Cond.)

• Pentium III Xeon• In 1999, the Pentium II Xeon was replaced by the Pentium III Xeon. The initial

version, "Tanner", was just like its predecessor except for the addition of Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and a few cache controller enhancements found in the "Katmai" Pentium III. The second version, the "Cascades", was based on the "Coppermine" core branded Pentium III. The Cascades had a 133 MT/s bus and only a 256 KB on-die L2 cache resulting in almost the same capabilities, as the Coppermine desktop Slot 1 versions (branded Pentium III) also capable of dual-processor operation, but not only quad-processor operation. To improve this situation, Intel released another version, officially also named "Cascades", but often referred to as "Cascades 2 MB". That came in two variants: with 1 MB or 2 MB of L2 cache. Its bus speed was fixed at 100 MT/s, though in practice the cache was able to offset this. Product codes for Tanner and Cascades mirrored that of Katmai and Coppermine; 80525 and 80526 respectively.

•

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Models (Cond.)

• Xeon (DP) & Xeon MP (32-bit) • In mid-2001, the Xeon brand was introduced ("Pentium" was dropped

from the name). The initial variant that used the new NetBurst architecture, "Foster", was slightly different from the desktop Pentium 4 ("Willamette"). It was a decent chip for workstations, but for server applications it was almost always outperformed by the older Cascade 2 MB core and AMD's Athlon MP. Combined with the need to use expensive Rambus Dynamic RAM, the Foster's sales were somewhat unimpressive.

• At most two Foster processors could be accommodated in an SMP system built with a mainstream chipset, so a second version (Foster MP) was introduced with a 1 MB L3 cache and the Jackson Hyper-Threading capacity. This improved performance slightly, but not enough to lift it out of third place. It was also priced much higher than the dual-processor (DP) versions.

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Models (Cond.)• Xeon (DP) & Xeon MP (64-bit) • Due to a lack of success with Intel's Itanium and Itanium 2 processors, the

90 nm version of the Pentium 4 ("Prescott") was built with support for 64-bit instructions (called Intel 64, Intel's implementation of x86-64), and a Xeon version codenamed "Nocona" was released in 2004. Released with it were the E7525 (workstation), E7520 and E7320 (both server) chipsets, which added support for PCI Express, DDR-II and Serial ATA. The Xeon was noticeably slower than AMD's Opteron, although it could be faster in situations where Hyper-Threading came into play.

• A slightly updated core called "Irwindale" was released in early 2005, with twice the L2 cache of Nocona and able to reduce its clockspeeds during low processor demand. However, independent tests showed that AMD's Opteron still outperformed Irwindale

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Models (Cond.)

• Dual-Core Xeon1. Paxville DP The first dual-core CPU branded Xeon, codenamed Paxville DP,

product code 80551, was released by Intel on 10 October 2005. Paxville DP had NetBurst architecture, and was a dual-core equivalent of the single-core Irwindale (related to the Pentium D branded "Smithfield"") with 4 MB of L2 Cache (2 MB per core). The only one Paxville DP model released ran at 2.8 GHz, featured an 800 MT/s front side bus, and was produced using a 90 nm process.

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Models (Cond.)

2. 7000-series "Paxville MP

3. LV (ULV), "Sossaman"

4. 5000-series "Dempsey"

5. 5100-series "Woodcrest"

6. 7100-series "Tulsa“

7. 7300-series "Tigerton"

8. 3000-series "Conroe"

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Models (Cond.)

• Quad-Core Xeon

1. 5300-series "Clovertown"

2. 3200-series "Kentsfield"

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Future Versions

• Whitefield (cancelled)• A quad-core processor, partially based on Woodcrest,

and would have used the new Common System Interface (CSI) bus, a bus shared with the Itanium 2 processors of its generation (beginning with the "Tukwila" core). Whitefield would have had 16 MiB of L2 cache, manufactured using the 65 nm process initially, and the 45 nm process later.

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Future Versions ( Cond.)

• Aliceton• Aliceton was a successor to Tigerton. [18]. It has

effectively been renamed Dunnington as the original Dunnington was based on the now cancelled Whitefield.

• Dunnington• A 45 nm successor to Tigerton (formerly Aliceton), a four to

eight (likely six) core processor [19] [20]. Dunnington was originally based on Whitefield, but with Whitefield cancelled, Dunnington's details are less clear

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• Harpertown• Harpertown is said to be a 45 nm, quad-core processor with 12 MiB of L2

cache. [22] An older rumour stated that it was simply the 45 nm shrink of Woodcrest [23], but that has since changed. [citation needed]

• Harpertown, which will succeed the current 65 nm Clovertown processors (Xeon 5300 series), will receive 5400 sequence number, with X, E, and L letters indicating performance, regular and low-power versions of the CPU.

• The mainstream lineup (80 watts) will reach from the E5405 with a clock speed in the low 2 GHz range up to the E5450 with 3.0 GHz. The X5460 will clock in at 3.16 GHz and will be rated at a thermal design power of 120 watts. Intel also plans to introduce two low-power versions, rated at 50 watts, with 2.33 and 2.66 GHz speeds (L5410 and L5430). All Harpertown processors will include a 12 MiB L2 cache, up from 8 MiB in Clovertown. The front side bus is expected to be a FSB1333 version across the board, while the slide published by VR-Zone still indicates that the E5405 could run at a slower clock speed.

• The dual-core version of the CPU, code-named Wolfdale, apparently will be available with processor speeds of 1.86 GHz and 3.33 GHz (both rated at 65 watt TDP). There will also be a 3.16 GHz low-power version of the processor, running at 40 watts.

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• Gainestown• Gainestown is a quad-core processor based on Intel's upcoming Nehalem

microarchitecture.

• Beckton• Nehalem-based MP-capable processor with 8+ cores expected to be

launched within 2008.

• Supercomputers• Supercomputers based on Xeon processors in the top 10 of the Top500

fastest supercomputers in the world:• Thunderbird, at Sandia National Laboratories. Machine: Dell PowerEdge

1850 Cluster. CPU: 9,024 Xeons (3.6 GHz). Connection: InfiniBand. Rmax: 38.27 Teraflops. (number 5 as of November 2006, ahead of the fastest Itanium-based supercomputers but behind three PPC-based systems and one Opteron system.)

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References


96

Summary• Intel was one of the pioneering Microprocessor manufacturers when it

created the 4004 processor in 1971. This was followed by the 8080 processor in the late 70's, which was developed into the 8086 and 8088 processors in 1979. It was only when, in 1981 IBM selected the 8086 processor for its new Personal Computer, the IBM PC, did the Intel processor design gain its opportunity to be used widely.

• The Intel 8086/8088 range of processors were based upon Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) which allows the number of bytes per instruction to vary according to the instruction being processed. This is unlike Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) which has fixed length instructions (typically set at 32 bits each). The architechture pioneered by Intel has become known as "x86" due to the early naming system where processors were called 8086, 80186 (not used in PC's), 80286, 80386, and 80486.

• In 1982 Intel introduced the 80286 (or 286) processor. This featured significant enhancements over the 8086/8088 line, mainly by introducing protected mode and the ability to address up to 16 megabytes of memory. The 286 processor was used in the IBM XT range.

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Summary ( Cond.)• 1985 saw the introduction of the 80386 (or 386), which was the first

processor to use 32 bit addressing, allowing it to utilise up to 4 Gigabytes of memory. A cut down version of the 386 known as the 386SX was introduced which had a lower memory throughput, as it could only access 16 megabytes of memory. The 386 processor was manufactured in many different versions and ran at speeds from 16 Mhz through to 40 Mhz.

• The 80486 processor family was introduced in 1989. It featured little enhancements over than the 386 other than the fact that it had more transistors and could run at higher clock speeds. Like its predecessor the 386, the 486 was offered in budget (486 SX, minus the math co-processor) and standard (486 DX) versions. The 486 initially ran at clock speeds of 25 MHz (SX only) and 33 MHz. As it was developed the 486 was enhanced with a clock doubled processor core (486 DX-2) allowing it to run at speeds of 50, 66 and 75 MHz, and then tripled (DX-4) which ran up to 100 MHz.

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Summary ( Cond.)• 1993 saw the introduction of the Pentium processor, first at speeds

of 60 and 66 MHz. This was the first Intel processor not to use the x86 naming system. This processor was enhanced with MMX instructions in January 1997 and ran up to speeds of 233 Mhz.

• Intel's 6th generation processor was introduced as the Pentium Pro in 1995. This ran at speeds of 166, 180 and 200 MHz. What was significant was the integration of the processors 2nd level cache memory onto the processor module itself. This processor was enhanced with MMX instructions in 1997 with its development into the Pentium II. This marked a departure for Intel as it moved away from the old socket method of mounting processors with the introduction of Slot 1. The Pentium II runs at speeds from 233 to 450 MHz. 1998 saw the development of this familiy into the Celeron and Xeon families for the budget and server/workstation markets respectively.

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Summary ( Cond.)

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References


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References ( Cond.)

• WWW.CPUworld.Com• WWW.PentiumProcessor.Com• WWW.Zen26266.zen.uk.co• WWW.PcGuide.com

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Thank you

Any Questions?

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1. 2 3 Intel Corporation is the world's largest Semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in