Metaphysics , which deals with the fundamental questions of “reality”, that is beyond the scientific and mathematical realms. The metaphysics discussed are the existence of God, the soul and the afterlife

Epistemology , which deals with our concept of “knowledge” and the process by which we can know the something is true, how we learn and what we can know.

Logic , which studies the rules of valid “reasoning and argumentation”. The good logic includes the use of good thinking skills and the avoidance of logic fallacies

Ethics , or moral philosophy, which is concerned with “human values” and how individuals should act. Ethics are involve with placing value to personal actions, decision, and relations

Aesthetics  or esthetics, which deals with the notion of beauty and the philosophy of art.

EPISTEMOLGY:

Constructivism is a relatively recent perspective in Epistemology that views all of our knowledge as "constructed" in that it is contingent on convention, human perception and social experience.

Deconstructionism is notoriously difficult to define or summarize, and many attempts to explain it in a straight-forward, understandable way have been academically criticized for being too removed from the original texts, and even contradictory to the concepts of Deconstructionism.

Empiricism is cont`rasted with Rationalism, the theory that the mind may apprehend some truths directly, without requiring the medium of the senses.

Externalism is the view in Epistemology that there are factors other than those which are internal to the believer which can affect the justificatory status of a belief.

Fallibilism is the philosophical doctrine that absolute certainty about knowledge is impossible.

Foundationalism is another position which is meant to be a unification of Foundationalism and Coherentism.

Historicism recognizes the historical character of all human existence, but views history not as an integrated system but as a scene in which a diversity of human wills express themselves.

Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone, but the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave.

Internalism is the view in Epistemology that everything necessary to provide justification for a belief is immediately available in a person's consciousness without having to resort to external factors.

Instrumentalism is the methodological view in Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, advanced by the American philosopher John Dewey, that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments.

Logical Positivism is a theory in Epistemology and Logic that developed out of Positivism and the early Analytic Philosophy movement, and which campaigned for a systematic reduction of all human knowledge to logical and scientific foundations.

Ordinary Language Philosophy philosophical school that approaches traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings.

Phenomenalism is the view in Epistemology and the Philosophy of Perception that physical objects do not

exist as things in themselves be considered a radical form of Empiricism or Idealism.

Positivism is the view that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method.

Pragmatism is the view that considers practical consequences or real effects to be vital components of both meaning and truth.

Rationalism is any view appealing to intellectual and deductive reason as the source of knowledge or justification.

Representationalism is the philosophical position that the world we see in conscious experience is not the real world itself, but merely a miniature virtual-reality replica of that world in an internal representation.

Scientism is the broad-based belief that the assumptions and methods of research of the physical and natural sciences are equally appropriate.

Skepticism also known as Pyrrhonism or Pyrrhonic Skepticism after the early proponent Pyrrho of Elis.

Verificationism (also known as the Verifiability Criterion of Meaning or the Verification Principle) is the doctrine that a proposition is only cognitively meaningful if it can be definitively and conclusively determined to be either true or false.

ETHICS:

Altruism is an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self- interest.

Asceticism describes a life-style characterized by voluntary abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures.

Cognitivism is the view that ethical sentences express propositions and can therefore be true or false

Consequentialism is an approach to Ethics that argues that the morality of an action is contingent on the action's outcome or consequence, morally right action is one be a produces a morality or result and the consequence is an action or rule generally outweigh.

Cynicism is an ancient Greek ethical doctrine which holds that the purpose of life is to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature.

Deontology is an approach to Ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions.

Egoism (or Ethical Egoism) is the ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest.

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus, It teaches that the greatest good is to seek modest pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquillity, freedom from fear.

Ethical Naturalism (or Naturalistic Ethics) is the meta-ethical doctrine that there are objective moral properties of which we have empirical knowledge, it is a type of Moral Realism and assumes Cognitivism.

Ethical Non-Naturalism is the meta-ethical doctrine that ethical statements express propositions that cannot be

reduced to non-ethical statements in the way that Ethical Naturalism assume.

Ethical Intuitionism is a variant of Ethical Non-Naturalism which was developed in an attempt to address the epistemological problem, inherent in Ethical Non-Naturalism.

Ethical Subjectivism the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society.

Eudaimonism is a moral philosophy that defines right action as that which leads to the "well-being" of the

individual, thus holding "well-being" as having essential value.

Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is the most important pursuit of mankind, and the only thing that is good for an individual.

Humanism is a broad category of ethical, metaphysical, epistemological and political philosophies in which human interests, values and dignity predominate.

Individualism is a moral, political or social outlook that stresses human independence and the importance of individual self-reliance and liberty.

Moral Absolutism is the ethical belief that there are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged, and that certain actions are right or wrong, regardless of the context of the act.

Moral Anti-Realism is the meta-ethical doctrine that there are no objective moral values.

Moral Nihilism It holds that there are no objective moral facts or true propositions - that nothing is morally good, bad, wrong, and Right, because there are no moral Truths.

Moral Realism that there exist such things as moral facts and moral values, and that these are objective and independent of our perception of them or our beliefs, feelings or other attitudes towards.

Moral Relativism the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society, leading to the conclusion that different things are right for people in different societies and different periods in history, relativism that there exist such things as moral facts and moral values.

Moral Skepticism is the meta-ethical theory that no-one has any moral knowledge. It holds that we are never justified in believing that, and never know whether, moral claims are true.

Moral Universalism is the meta-ethical position that there is a universal ethic which applies to all people,

regardless of culture, race, sex, religion,Nationality, sexuality or other distinguishing feature, and all the time.

Non-Cognitivism is the meta-ethical view (or family of views) that moral utterances lack truth-value and do not assert propositions.

Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an

action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.

Virtue Ethics is an approach to Ethics that emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves (Deontology) or their consequences.

LOGIC:

Intuitionism (or Neo-Intuitionism) is the approach in Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics, Intuitionism is therefore a variety of Mathematical Constructivism in that it asserts that it is necessary to find (or

"construct") a mathematical object to prove that it exists. Intuitionism is contrasted with Pre-Intuitionism and Mathematical Realism.

Logicism is the theory in Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics that mathematics is an extension of logic, and therefore that some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.

Logical Positivism is a theory in Epistemology and Logic that developed out of Positivism and the early Analytic Philosophy movement, and which campaigned for a systematic reduction of all human knowledge to logical and scientific foundations.