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Pediatric and Environmentally Exposed: Doubly Vulnerable Staff Physician, Western States PEHSU Volunteer Assistant Clinical Professor, UCSF PhD Student in Epidemiology, UC Berkeley Stephanie Holm, MD MPH FAAP Disclosures: None Madonna and Child Painted by Berlinghiero 1230 CE

08 Holm Pediatric - UCSF CME · 2019-03-09 · Increase Exposure •Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion •Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion •Inability to assess

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Page 1: 08 Holm Pediatric - UCSF CME · 2019-03-09 · Increase Exposure •Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion •Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion •Inability to assess

Pediatric and Environmentally Exposed: Doubly 

Vulnerable

Staff Physician, Western States PEHSU

Volunteer Assistant Clinical Professor, UCSF

PhD Student in Epidemiology, UC Berkeley

Stephanie Holm, MD MPH FAAP

Disclosures: None

Madonna andChild

Painted by Berlinghiero1230 CE

Page 2: 08 Holm Pediatric - UCSF CME · 2019-03-09 · Increase Exposure •Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion •Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion •Inability to assess

Children are NOT small adults! 

HOWEVER

Children are human! 

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Why are Children More Vulnerable?

1. Behaviors and Preferences that Increase Exposure

2. Differences in Physiology that increase Dose

3. Unique Windows of Development

Behaviors and Preferences that Increase Exposure• Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion

• Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion

• Inability to assess risk

• Often have higher exercise time relative to adults

PBDE Exposure

• Brominated Hydrocarbon flame retardants

• Common in foam products until 2013

• Broken down foam settles in dust; high levels remain even in areas where it was phased out

• Associated with neurobehavioral , liver and thyroid effects in animal studies

• In children, associated with deficits in attention and executive functioning, possibly with leukemia

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Behaviors and Preferences that Increase Exposure‐ Diet• Up to 4‐6 months of age‐ formula/breastmilk only

• Mercury in breastmilk

• Clean water for formula

• Minimizing clear plastics

• Small children often eat limited fruits and veggies• often ones with high pesticide exposures

Arsenic

• Rice cereal was often recommended as a first food historically

• Apple products (apple sauce, apple juice also high in arsenic)

• Also of particular concern for older children with restricted diets (such as gluten‐free)

Behaviors and Preferences that Increase Exposure‐Surroundings• More time at home 

• Airborne‐ radon, PM, second‐hand tobacco, aerosols from cleaning products

• Dust‐ lead, PBDEs

• Young children‐ care settings (either other homes or Early Care and Education settings)• VOCs in arts/craft supplies• Disinfectants

• Older Children‐ School, activities

• Teens‐ School, activities, workplaces, hobbies

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Early Care and Education

• One of the few locations where disinfectant use is mandated with children present

• Bleach and quaternary ammonia products are asthmagens

Differences in Physiology that Increase Dose• Rapid growth with higher metabolic rate

• Eat more food

• Drink more water

• Breathe more air

• Larger Body surface to mass ratio

• Longer remaining life‐expectancy

• Breathing zone closer to the floor

• Some enzymes for processing/clearing toxicants are still developing

Air Pollutants

• Per kg of body weight, a one‐year old has a minute ventilation that is TWICE that of an adult.

• Both short and long‐term ozone exposure is related to decrements in FEV1 in children, but less reliably in adults

• More frequent respiratory infections                 (otitis, pneumonia, etc)

• Risk in‐utero as well

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https://envhealthcenters.usc.edu/infographics/infographic‐cleaner‐air‐healthier‐lungs

Windows of Susceptibility

• Small molecules and fat soluble molecules can cross the placenta

• Because of rapid growth, many dividing cells

• Lead exposure in infancy/toddlerhood particularly problematic

• Adolescents have rapid gonadal development

Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs)

• Associated with a spectrum of health effects across the life course (including cancer, heart disease, diabetes, respiratory disease)

• Children exposed to violence and air pollution are at increased risk of developing asthma

• Early life stress thought to be able to reprogram the HPA axis

• Some studies have found strongest effects for ACEs in early childhood

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Taking a Pediatric Environmental Health History• Home

• School

• Workplace (teens)

• Community

• Tobacco

• Water Source

• Diet

• Sun

• Take‐Home Exposures

Pediatric Environmental Health Toolkit

peht.ucsf.edu

Optimized for Mobile!

For further education on environmental health through the lifecourse(with CME available!)

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Western States PEHSUwspehsu.ucsf.edu

Don’t forget about the benefits of childhood!

Page 9: 08 Holm Pediatric - UCSF CME · 2019-03-09 · Increase Exposure •Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion •Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion •Inability to assess

When you grow up, people stop asking what your favorite dinosaur is.

It’s like they don’t even care.

References

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Principles of Pediatric Environmental Health. What are Factors Affecting Children’s Susceptibility to Exposures? https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=27&po=6 Atlanta, GA 2013

• Pediatric Environmental Health, 3rd Edition. Edited by Ruth A. Etzel and Sophie J. Balk. Itasca, IL, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2011

• Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units. https://www.pehsu.net/Washington, DC 2019

• Western States Pediatric Environmental Health : Pediatric Environmental Health Toolkit. https://peht.ucsf.edu/index.php San Francisco, CA 2016

• American Association of Poison Control Centers. https://aapcc.orgAlexandria, VA 2017

• Miller MD and Marty MA: Childhood ‐ A Time Period Uniquely Vulnerable to Environmental Exposures in The Praeger Handbook of Environmental Health, edited by Robert H. Friis,  Santa Barbara, CA, ABC‐CLIO LLC, 2012, p 203

Children should be considered differently than 

adults because:

A. They have a higher metabolic rate

B. They have a higher surface area to mass ratio

C. They have particular windows of susceptibility

D. All of the above

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Adverse Childhood Experiences:

A. Do not affect adult health outcomes

B. Do not have interactive effects with environmental exposures

C. Are stressful or traumatic events occurring in childhood

Minute Ventilation by weight in a 1 year old is roughly __ 

times that in adults(Adults are roughly 0.1L/kg)

A. 0.5

B. 1

C. 2

D. 4

Diplodocus carnegiiStatue in Pittsburgh, PA

Photograph by Wally Gobetz, used under CC license:

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc‐nd/2.0/

Page 11: 08 Holm Pediatric - UCSF CME · 2019-03-09 · Increase Exposure •Mouthing objects‐increased ingestion •Hands contacting the floor‐increased ingestion •Inability to assess

@dippy_the_dino: https://twitter.com/dippy_the_dino?lang=en