078 - Isotopes of Polonium - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Polonium (Po) has 33 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons. 210Po with a half-life of 138.376 days has the longest half-life ofnaturally occurring polonium. 209Po with a half-life of 103 years has the longest half-life of all isotopes of polonium. 209Po and 208Po (half-life 2.9 years) can be madethrough the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron.[citation needed]

Contents

1 Polonium-2102 Table

2.1 Notes3 References

Polonium-210210Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.376 days; it decays directly to its daughter isotope 206Pb. A milligram of 210Po emits as many alpha particles persecond as 5 grams of 226Ra.[1] A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels) of 210Po emit a blue glow which is caused by excitation of surrounding air. A singlegram of 210Po generates 140 watts of power.[2] Because it emits many alpha particles, which are stopped within a very short distance in dense media and release theirenergy, 210Po has been used as a lightweight heat source to power thermoelectric cells in artificial satellites; for instance, a 210Po heat source was also in each of theLunokhod rovers deployed on the surface of the Moon, to keep their internal components warm during the lunar nights.[3] Some anti-static brushes contain up to 500microcuries (19 MBq) of 210Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity in materials like photographic film.[4] 210Po is also used in initiatorsfor atomic bombs through the (α,n) reaction with beryllium.

The majority of the time 210Po decays by emission of an alpha particle only, not by emission of an alpha particle and a gamma ray. About one in 100,000 decaysresults in the emission of a gamma ray.[5] This low gamma ray production rate makes it more difficult to find and identify this isotope. Rather than gamma rayspectroscopy, alpha spectroscopy is the best method of measuring this isotope.

210Po occurs in minute amounts in nature, where it is an intermediate isotope in the radium series (also known as the uranium series) decay chain. It is generated viabeta decay from 210Bi.

210Po is extremely toxic, with one microgram being enough to kill the average adult (250,000 times more toxic than hydrogen cyanide by weight). 210Po was used tokill Russian dissident and ex-FSB officer Alexander V. Litvinenko in 2006[6] and, following exhumation and analysis of his corpse, was in November 2013 suspectedas a possible cause of Yasser Arafat's death.[7]

Table

Isotopes of polonium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_polonium

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Nuclidesymbol

Historicname

Z(p)[8][9] N(n)[8][9]

Isotopic mass (u)[10]

Half-life[10][11][12] Decaymode(s)[13][n 1]

Daughterisotope(s)[n 2]

Nuclearspin[10][11][12]

Representativeisotopic

composition(mole fraction)

Range of naturalvariation

(mole fraction)Excitation energy

188Po 84 104 187.999422(21) 430(180) µs[0.40(+20-15) ms] 0+

189Po 84 105 188.998481(24) 5(1) ms 3/2-#

190Po 84 106 189.995101(14) 2.46(5) msα (99.9%) 186Pb

0+β+ (.1%) 190Bi

191Po 84 107 190.994574(12) 22(1) msα 187Pb

3/2-#β+ (rare) 191Bi

191mPo 130(21) keV 93(3) ms (13/2+)

192Po 84 108 191.991335(13) 32.2(3) msα (99%) 188Pb

0+β+ (1%) 192Bi

192mPo 2600(500)# keV ~1 µs 12+#

193Po 84 109 192.99103(4) 420(40) ms[370(+46-40) ms]

α 189Pb3/2-#

β+ (rare) 193Bi

193mPo 100(30)# keV 240(10) ms[243(+11-10) ms]

α 189Pb(13/2+)

β+ (rare) 193Bi

194Po 84 110 193.988186(13) 0.392(4) sα 190Pb

0+β+ (rare) 194Bi

194mPo 2525(2) keV 15(2) µs (11-)

195Po 84 111 194.98811(4) 4.64(9) sα (75%) 191Pb

3/2-#β+ (25%) 195Bi

195mPo 110(50) keV 1.92(2) s

α (90%) 191Pb

13/2+#β+ (10%) 195Bi

IT (.01%) 195Po

196Po 84 112 195.985535(14) 5.56(12) sα (94%) 192Pb

0+β+ (6%) 196Bi

196mPo 2490.5(17) keV 850(90) ns (11-)

197Po 84 113 196.98566(5) 53.6(10) sβ+ (54%) 197Bi

(3/2-)α (44%) 193Pb

197mPo 230(80)# keV 25.8(1) s

α (84%) 193Pb

(13/2+)β+ (16%) 197Bi

IT (.01%) 197Po

198Po 84 114 197.983389(19) 1.77(3) minα (57%) 194Pb

0+β+ (43%) 198Bi

198m1Po 2565.92(20) keV 200(20) ns 11-198m2Po 2691.86(20) keV 750(50) ns 12+

199Po 84 115 198.983666(25) 5.48(16) minβ+ (92.5%) 199Bi

(3/2-)α (7.5%) 195Pb

199mPo 312.0(28) keV 4.17(4) min

β+ (73.5%) 199Bi

13/2+α (24%) 195Pb

IT (2.5%) 199Po

200Po 84 116 199.981799(15) 11.5(1) minβ+ (88.8%) 200Bi

0+α (11.1%) 196Pb

201Po 84 117 200.982260(6) 15.3(2) minβ+ (98.4%) 201Bi

3/2-α (1.6%) 197Pb

201mPo 424.1(24) keV 8.9(2) min

IT (56%) 201Po

13/2+EC (41%) 201Bi

α (2.9%) 197Pb


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202Po 84 118 201.980758(16) 44.7(5) minβ+ (98%) 202Bi

0+α (2%) 198Pb

202mPo 2626.7(7) keV >200 ns 11-

203Po 84 119 202.981420(28) 36.7(5) minβ+ (99.89%) 203Bi

5/2-α (.11%) 199Pb

203m1Po 641.49(17) keV 45(2) sIT (99.96%) 203Po

13/2+α (.04%) 199Pb

203m2Po 2158.5(6) keV >200 ns

204Po 84 120 203.980318(12) 3.53(2) hβ+ (99.33%) 204Bi

0+α (.66%) 200Pb

205Po 84 121 204.981203(21) 1.66(2) hβ+ (99.96%) 205Bi

5/2-α (.04%) 201Pb

205m1Po 143.166(17) keV 310(60) ns 1/2-205m2Po 880.30(4) keV 645 µs 13/2+205m3Po 1461.21(21) keV 57.4(9) ms IT 205Po 19/2-205m4Po 3087.2(4) keV 115(10) ns 29/2-

206Po 84 122 205.980481(9) 8.8(1) dβ+ (94.55%) 206Bi

0+α (5.45%) 202Pb

206m1Po 1585.85(11) keV 222(10) ns (8+)#206m2Po 2262.22(14) keV 1.05(6) µs (9-)#

207Po 84 123 206.981593(7) 5.80(2) hβ+ (99.97%) 207Bi

5/2-α (.021%) 203Pb

207m1Po 68.573(14) keV 205(10) ns 1/2-207m2Po 1115.073(16) keV 49(4) µs 13/2+207m3Po 1383.15(6) keV 2.79(8) s IT 207Po 19/2-

208Po 84 124 207.9812457(19) 2.898(2) aα (99.99%) 204Pb

0+β+ (.00277%) 208Bi

209Po 84 125 208.9824304(20) 102(5) aα (99.52%) 205Pb

1/2-β+ (.48%) 209Bi

210Po Radium F 84 126 209.9828737(13) 138.376(2) d α 206Pb 0+ Trace[n 3]

210mPo 5057.61(4) keV 263(5) ns 16+211Po Actinium C' 84 127 210.9866532(14) 0.516(3) s α 207Pb 9/2+ Trace[n 4]

211m1Po 1462(5) keV 25.2(6) sα (99.98%) 207Pb

(25/2+)IT (.016%) 211Po

211m2Po 2135.7(9) keV 243(21) ns (31/2-)211m3Po 4873.3(17) keV 2.8(7) µs (43/2+)

212Po Thorium C' 84 128 211.9888680(13) 299(2) ns α 208Pb 0+ Trace[n 5]

212mPo 2911(12) keV 45.1(6) sα (99.93%) 208Pb

(18+)IT (.07%) 212Po

213Po 84 129 212.992857(3) 3.65(4) µs α 209Pb 9/2+214Po Radium C' 84 130 213.9952014(16) 164.3(20) µs α 210Pb 0+ Trace[n 3]

215Po Actinium A 84 131 214.9994200(27) 1.781(4) msα (99.99%) 211Pb

9/2+ Trace[n 4]

β- (2.3×10−4%) 215At

216Po Thorium A 84 132 216.0019150(24) 0.145(2) sα 212Pb

0+ Trace[n 5]

β-β- (rare) 216Rn

217Po 84 133 217.006335(7) 1.47(5) sα (95%) 213Pb

5/2+#β- (5%) 217At

218Po Radium A 84 134 218.0089730(26) 3.10(1) minα (99.98%) 214Pb

0+ Trace[n 3]

β- (.02%) 218At

219Po 84 135 219.01374(39)# 2# min[>300 ns] 7/2+#


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220Po 84 136 220.01660(39)# 40# s[>300 ns] 0+

^ Abbreviations:EC: Electron captureIT: Isomeric transition

1.

^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)2.^ a b c Intermediate decay product of Uranium-2383.^ a b Intermediate decay product of Uranium-2354.^ a b Intermediate decay product of Thorium-2325.

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed inparentheses.Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopiccomposition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.Half-life abbreviations are a=annum(year), d=day, min=minute, s=second, ms=millisecond, µs=microsecond, ns=nanosecond.A superscripted m (or m2, etc.) refers to an isomer of that particular isotope.

References

^ http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf1.^ Polonium (http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf), Argonne National Laboratory2.^ Andrew Wilson, Solar System Log, (London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1987), p. 64.3.^ Staticmaster (http://www.nrdstaticcontrol.com/DataSheets.html)4.^ 210PO A DECAY (http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/cgi-bin/decay?Po-210%20A)5.^ Cowell, Alan (November 24, 2006). "Radiation Poisoning Killed Ex-Russian Spy" (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/world/europe/25spycnd.html). The New York Times.6.^ "Arafat's death: what is Polonium-210?" (http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/07/2012746748407858.html). Al Jazeera. July 10, 2012.7.^ a b J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPACTechnical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).

8.

^ a b M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html).

9.

^ a b c G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A).doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).

10.

^ a b National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.11.^ a b N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. p. 11-50. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.12.^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx13.

Isotopes of bismuth Isotopes of polonium Isotopes of astatineTable of nuclides

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078 - Isotopes of Polonium - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia