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DIDIK SETIAWAN
Research DesignObservational vs Experimental
Purpose of This Study
Student can analyze and determine which methods can be used for every research problems
Definition
A plan, structure, and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answer to research question or problems•The plan is the complete scheme or program of the research•It include an outline of what the investigator will do from writing the hypotheses and their operational implications to the final analysis of data
Definition
A procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically
Function of Research Design
Identification and/or development of procedures and logical arrangements required to undertake a study
Emphasizes the importance of quality in these procedures to ensure their validity, objectivity, and accuracy
Type of Research
What’s the difference
s?
INTERVENTIO
N
ObservationalExperimental
Type of research
Obserational
Descriptive
Case ReportCase Series
Analytic
Case Control
Cross
Sectional
Cohort
Experimental
Pure Experimental
Quasi experimental
Research Design (Rancangan Penelitian)
Research Design
OBSERVATIONAL
Observational
observational
descriptive
Case report Case series
Cross Sectional
analytic
Case control
Cross sectional cohort
Observational Descriptive
•Describe the disease pattern and determinant based on population, geographic and time
Purpose
•Usually use secondary data•Results: prevalence, incidence, mortality, morbidity
characteristic
Case Report
Case Series
Incidence and Prevalence
• Number of new cases•--------------------------------------------------•Number of population at risk
Incidence
• Number of total cases•----------------------------------------------------• Number of population at risk
Prevalence
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec123456789101112
XX
X
X
XC
X
C
CD
D
DD
DD
D
Kejadian kanker di Manitoba, 1987
D=Diagnosed C=cured X=Died
D
----- = 0,0408 (40,8/1000)8
196----- = 0,0354 (35,4/1000)
7
198Prevalence, Juli =
Annual incidence =
PREVALENSI
1981 1982 1983
Onset
Durasi
100 orang
1 2 3 4
Insidens3 tahun?tiap tahun?
Studi prevalence vs incidence
INSIDENSI PREVALENSI
Numerator Semua kasus baru, 1periode waktu, tidaksakit pada awalnya
Semua kasus
DenominatorSemua orang yangdicurigai, pada awal
periode
Kasus + non kasus
Time Duration of the periodSingle point
Bagaimanamengukur?
Cohort Cross sectionalstudy
Studi prevalence vs incidence
Studi prevalence vs incidence
UmurAnnual
incidencePrevalence Duration
0-5
6-16
17-44
45-64
65+
6/1000
3/1000
2/1000
1/1000
2/1000
29/1000
32/1000
26/1000
33/1000
36/1000
4.8 years
10.7 years
13 years
33 years
18 years
PrevalenceDuration = --------------------- Annual incidence
Analytic
Outcome exposure
Case control
Odds Ratio
Outcome ~ exposure
Cross sectional
Relative Risk
Exposure outcome
Cohort
Relative risk
Case Control
Case Control Study Design
Exposure (+)
Exposure (-)Case (+)
Exposure (+)
Exposure (-)Control (-)
Past Present
A
B
C
D
What is Odds Ratio
Odds Ratio
OR : AD/BC
Outcome Total
Exposure
A C A+C
B D B+D
Total B+C C+D
ADOR = --------------
BC
How Interpret OR
How To Interpret The OR
OR = 2,45; 95% CI (1,85:2,92)OR = 1,85; 95% CI (0,95-2,25)
Cross Sectional
Continued
Cohort Study
Cohort Study Design
Risk Factor (+)Outcome (+)
Present Future
Outcome (-)
Risk Factor (-) / control
Outcome (+)
Outcome (-)
A
B
C
D
What is Risk Ratio
Risk Ratio
RR : ((A/A+B)/(C/C+D))
Outcome Total
Exposure
A B A+B
C D C+D
Total A+C B+D
A /(A+B)
RR = --------------
C /(C+D)How Interpret RR
How To Interpret The RR
RR = 2,45; 95% CI (1,85:2,92)RR = 1,85; 95% CI (0,95-2,25)
Any Question?
What Study Design Will u use to answer this question?
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Tugas
Cari artikel hasil peneelitian yang menggunnakan metode penelitian
observasional (5 rancangan penelitian)
Buat Resume Seperti tugas searching
Dikumpulkan minggu depan
EXPERIMENTAL (INTERVENTIONAL)
Research Design
Experimental Study Design
Experimental Study
Randomization
Randomized Controlled Trial
No Randomization
Quasi Experimental
Randomized Controlled (Clinical) Trial
RCT Study Design
Population
sample
Randomization
Intervention
Effect
No intervention
effect
