36

¢mkv sk-an-\mdn¬ A®p Ah-X-cn-∏n® Hcp {]_-‘-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wn-Xv. CXp ]cn-tim-

[n®v PohnK-Ww (population), Pohn-k-ap-Zm-bw (community), Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ (ecosystem),Poh-a-fiew (biosphere) F∂n-h-bpsS ]c-kv]c _‘sØ∏‰n Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°p-I.Poh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ kpÿn-c-amb \ne-\n¬]n\v Bhmk hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p ]¶pt≠m?

Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-hÿsbbpw i‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ Blm-c-ir-wJ-em-PmenI klm-b-I-am-

Ip-∂-sX-ßs\?

{]IrXo at\m-lco...

Poh-afi-ehpw Rm\pw

{]Ir-Xn-bnse G‰hpw henb A¤p-X-amWv Poh≥. `qan-bn¬

Pohn-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-amWv Poh-a-fi-ew. A¥-co-£-

Øn¬ GI-tZiw 10 In.ao. Db-c-Ønepw kap-{Z-Øn¬ 10 In.ao.Bg-Ønepw Poh-a-fi-ew hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. `qan-bn¬ am{X-

amtWm Poh≥ D≈Xv? Poh-a-fi-e-Øn\p ]pdØp Poh-\pt≠m

F∂-t\z-jn-°p∂ FIvtkm_tbm-fPn F∂ Hcp imkv{X-

imJ Xs∂-bp-≠v.

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ PohnIƒ H∂n®p hkn-°p∂ Bh-m-k-hy-h-

ÿ-IfmWv Poh--a-WvU-e-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ LS-Iw. Bhm-k-

hy-h-ÿ-bnse Hcp {]tXyI C\Øn¬s∏´ Pohn-Isf H∂msI

Pohn-K-W-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbnepw \nc-

h[n Pohn-K-W-߃ tN¿∂ Pohn kap-Zm-b-am-bn-´mWv Pohn-

Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. CØc-Øn¬ \nc-h[n Pohn-k-ap-Zm-b-߃

Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Poh--a-fi-e-Ønse a\p-jy≥ F∂ Pohn-K-

WØnse AwK-amWv Rm≥.

as‰√m Pohn-I-sf-°mfpw _p≤n-bp≈ a\p-jy\v Ahsb apgp-

h\pw kz¥w Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn NqjWw sNøm-\m-hpw.

AXmtWm Rm≥ sNtø-≠Xv? Aßs\ sNbvXm¬ Poh-a-

fi-e-Øn\v F{X-Imew Cßs\ \ne-\n¬°m-\mhpw? AXp-

sIm≠v {]Ir-Xn--bnse Pohn-I-f-S°w F√m hn`h-ß-sfbpw D]-

tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-a-∏pdw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv

Rms\s‚ _p≤n D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv. AXn\v F\n°v F-

s¥ms° sNøm-\mIpw?

3

37

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ BlmcirwJem PmenIbpsS Nn{Xo-I-cWw \nco-£n°q. Hcp

kwL N¿®-bn-eqsS \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn®v kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

N¿®bv°v klm-b-I-c-amb kqN-I-߃ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m?

BlmcirwJem Pmen-Ibn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw Hcp Pohn \o°w sNø-s∏-´m¬

AXv a‰v Pohn-Isf Fßs\ _m[n°pw?

BlmcirwJem Pmen-IbpsS k¶o¿WXsb CXv Fßs\ _m[n°pw?

X∑qew Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°v F¥p kw`-hn°pw?

BlmcirwJem-Pm-e-nIbpsS k¶o¿WX Ipd-bp-t¥m-dpw Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS k¥p-en-

Xm-hÿ XInSw adn-bpw. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ Hcp Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bnse Hmtcm Pohn°pw

AXn-t‚-Xmb ÿm\hpw {]m[m-\yhpw D≠v

`qan-bn¬ GI-tZiw 125 e£Øn¬]cw Pohnh¿K߃ A[n-h-kn-°p-∂p≠v. NphsS sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂ ss]Ub{Kw \nco-£n®v CXp-hsc Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏´ Pohn-h¿Kß-fpsS FÆw

Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

G‰hpw IqSp-X-ep-f-f Po-hn-h¿K-w GXmWv? G‰hpw Ipd-hp≈ Pohn-h¿Ktam?

Nn{Xo-I-cWw II

Nn{Xo-I-cWw I

sam\od

t{]m´nÃ

^wssP

πmt‚

A\n-ta-enb

0.6% 9.4% 3.8%17.2%

69%

38

CØ-c-Øn¬ `qan-bnse hnhn[ßfmb kky-ßfpw P¥p-°fpw kq£va-Po-hn-Ifpw tN¿∂

ssPhkº-∂-X-bmWv ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw (biodiversity) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.\nß-fpsS Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ ssPhsshhn-[y-Øns‚ Ahÿ F¥mWv? At\z-jn°q? CtX-

∏‰n Adn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-

°p∂ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v Bh-iy-amb ]cnI-ev]\ cq]o-I-cn-°q.

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv ap≥]p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Pohn-h¿K--ß-sfm-s°bpw Ct∏mgpw \ne-

\n¬°p-∂pt≠m?

Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw Pohn-h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw FÆw h¿[n-®n-´pt≠m?

Im¿jnI taJe-bn¬ h∂-am‰w ssPh-ssh-hn-[ysØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-t≠m?

PohnXssien-bn¬ h∂-am-‰-߃ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn[y timj-

W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂pt≠m?

\n߃ cq]o-I-cn® ]cnIev]-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ Fs¥ms° am¿K-ß-fmWv

kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

$ \nco-£Ww

$ apXn¿∂-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-apJw

$

$

hnhc-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v DNn-X-amb am¿K-ßsf∏‰n A[ym-]n-I-tbm-Spw, Iq´p-Im-tcmSpw N¿®-

sNbvXv {]h¿Ø\{Iaw, kabw F∂nh ka-{K-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNøq.

tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃ imkv{Xo-b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn®v kb≥kv

Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-isØ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ bYm¿Y Ahÿ t_m[y-s∏-´-t√m. ssPh-

ssh-hn-[ysØ _m[n-°p∂ {]iv\-߃°v Fs¥m-s°-bmImw Imc-W-߃? CXv ]cn-l-

cn-°m≥ \n߃ \n¿tZ-in-°p∂ am¿K-߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-

Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-tim-jWw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

\n߃°v Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]h¿-Ø-\-w A[ym-]n-I-tbmSpw Iq´p-

Im-tcmSpsam∏w Bkq-{XWw sNøp. s]mXp-]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \S-∏m-°q. {]kvXpX

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-b-t∏mƒ \n߃°p≠mb A\p-`-h-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-tim-jWw \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv am{Xw HXpßn \n¬°p-∂-XmtWm? BtKm-

f-X-e-Øn¬ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Ahÿ F¥mWv? NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-

I-c-W-ßfpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn®v kb≥kv Ub-dnbn¬ tcJ-

s∏-SpØq.

39

Cu \ne-Xp-S-cm≥ ]mSn√

1600 \pw 1900 \pw CSbn¬ 75 Hmfw kky-h¿Kßfpw P¥p-h¿K-ßfpw `qan-bn¬ \n∂v A{]-Xy-£-ambn. 1900-1970 Ime-L-́ -Ønepw A{Xbpw Xs∂ Pohn-Iƒ \mi-Øn-\n-c-bm-bn. Ign™ 25 h¿j-Øn\n-Sbv°p \mi-Øns‚ \nc°p]ns∂bpw IqSn. Cu \ne XpS¿∂m¬ lcnX `qan-bnse ssPh-k-º-∂X C\n

F{X-\mƒ IqSn Ah-ti-jn-°pw?

C∂p-a-g-°m-Sp-Iƒ ...

\msf acp-̀ qan

ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ Ie-h-d-I-fm--

Ws√m DjvW-ta-J-em-h-\-߃. 1980se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v Ign™ 40 h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ GXm≠v 44% DjvW-ta-J-em-h-\-߃/ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ \jvS-am-bn.

Hmtcm-h¿jhpw GI-tZiw 75,000 NXp-c{i In.ao. ag-°m-Sp-Iƒ°p h\-\-io-

I-cWw aqew £Xw kw -̀hn-®p-sIm-≠n-

cn-°p-∂p. C°-W-°n\p t]mbm¬ 80

h¿jw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ag-°m-Sp-I-fpsS

ÿm\w acp-`q-an-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-Øm¬

A¤p-X-s∏-tS -≠-Xn -√ . ImSp -Iƒ

am{Xa√, Pem-i-b-߃, ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

XpS-ßnb Bhm-k-ßfpsS ÿnXnbpw

Bi-¶m-P-\-I-am-Wv.

Xh-f-Ifpw ]ns∂ \m´p-amhpw

c≠pw XΩn¬ F¥p-_-‘-am-sW-∂m-bn-cn°pw?

{][m-\-s∏´ kmayw c≠pw hwi-\mi`o-j-Wn t\cn-

Sp-∂-hbmWv F∂p-≈-XmWv. Xh-f-°m-en\p {]nbta-

dn-bXpw IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbm-K-hp-amWv Xh-fsb

\mSp-\o-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ a‰p hr£-ß--fp-sSbpw

]pXnb C\w amhp-I-fp-sSbpw IS-∂p-I-b‰w ]mhw

\m´p-am-hns‚ Xntcm-[m-\-Øn\p hgn-sX-fn-®p.

40

Ch¿ C\n Nn{X-Øn¬ am{Xw

_men ssSK¿ tUmtUm ]n¶v slUUv U°v

ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw \msf

ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚kº-∂-amb ̀ qX-Imew

Hcp a-te-jy≥ kw`h IY

1970 Ifn¬ ate-jy-bn¬ Uyqdn-b≥ hr£-Øn¬ ^e-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xp \ma-am-

{X-am-bn. AtXmsS AXns\ B{i-bn-®n-cp∂ ]g-kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-bhpw

XI¿∂p. ImcWw F¥m-sWt∂m? sNΩo≥ Irjn°mbn I≠¬Im-Sp-Iƒ \in-

∏n-®-tXmsS AhnsS hkn-®n-cp∂ h∆m-ep-Iƒ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. Uyqdn-b≥ ac-

Øn¬ ]cm-KWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ah-bpsS \mi-tØmsS Uyqdnb≥ ac-Øn¬

^eap≠m-Ip-∂Xpw \ne-®p. t\m°tW \mi-Øns‚ irwJem {]h¿Ø-\w.

Nn{Xw. 3.1

Nn{Xo-I-cWw III

ssPh-ssh-hn-[yw C∂v

th´-b

m-S¬

h\ -\

-io-I

-cW

w

Pem-i-b-߃\nI-ج

aen-\o-I-cWw

41

ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-£n-°pI F∂XpsIm≠v hn -̀h-ß-sfm∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI

F∂-√ A¿Yamt°≠-Xv. Aan-X-amb NqjWw XS-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hwi-\mi-`o-jWn

t\cn-Sp∂ PohPm-e-ßsf \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-SnIƒ -kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xpap-≠v. ssPh-

ssh-hn[ytimjWw ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \nc-h[n \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

ssIs°m≠n´p≠v.

Pohn-Isf Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ kwc-£n-°p∂ (in-situconservation) coXn-bpw, kzm`m-hnI Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿbv°p ]pdØv A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬ kwc-£n-°p∂ coXnbpw (ex-situ conservation) \ne-hn-ep-≠v. h\y-Pohn kwc-£-W-tI-{µ-߃ (wild life sanctuaries), \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ, _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hp-Iƒ, Imhp-Iƒ Ch-sbms° BZy-hn-`m-K-Ønepw s_m´m-Wn-°¬ Km¿U-\p-Iƒ, kpthm-f-

Pn-°¬ Km¿U-\p-Iƒ, Po≥_m-¶p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn-ep-ap≈ kwc-

£W coXn-I-fm-Wv. CtXmsSm∏w Nne Poho-bn-\-ß-fpsS kwc--£-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ {]tXy-

I t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpw \ne-hn-ep-≠v. DZm. ISphkwc-£W ]≤-Xn (project tiger). Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sØbpw ssPh-k-º-Øns\∏‰n hnhctiJ-cWw \SØn ssPh-ssh-hn[y cPn-Ã-dp-Iƒ

Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xpw ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bmWv.

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-W-߃ {i≤n-°q.

h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-߃ (Wild life sanctuaries)h\y-P-¥p-°-fpsS kwc£Ww e£ywh®p sIm≠p≈ Hcp

kwcw-̀ -am-Wn-Xv. arK-߃°v Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ]cn-k-c-

Øn¬ Pohn-°m≥ CXp-aqew Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-

Xn°p tZmjw hcmØ hn[-Ønepw arK-ß-fpsS sskzc

Pohn-XØn\p XS- -am-ImØ Xc-Ønepw a\p-jys‚ \nb-

{¥n-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ ChnsS A\p-h-Zn-®n-́ p-≠v. X∑qew

I¿i-\-amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn h\-hn-`-h-߃

tiJ-cn-°m-\pw acw sh´m\pw Irjn-sN-øm\pw AXn-eqsS

a\p-jy-\p-IqSn t\cn´p KpWw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw DXIpw hn[-

amWv h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-߃ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-́ p-≈-Xv. tIcf-

Ønse sN¥p-cpWnbpw s]cn-bmdpw h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-

߃°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

42

_tbm-kv̂ n-b¿ dnk¿hp-Iƒ

(Biosphere Reserves)ssPh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ ]I¿∏p-I-fmWv _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hp-Iƒ. a‰p

kwc£Wkt¶-X-ßsf At]£n®v AXn-hn-im-e-amb {]tZ-i-߃ CXn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hn¬ \nc-h[n \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Ifpw

h\y-Po-ho-k-t¶-X-ßfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. sske‚v hmenbpw sN¥p-cp-Wnbpw

s]cn-bm-dp-sams° \oe-Kncn _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hn¬ Dƒs∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp

_tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hns‚ tI{µ-̀ m-K-Øn¬ (core zone) bmsXmcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. AhnSw h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS kzIm-

cy-̀ qan Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXns‚ Np‰n-ep≈ _^¿ tkm¨ (buffer zone) \nc-h[nhn -̀h-ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bm-Wv. ]T-\-Øn\pw Kth-j-W-Øn\pw th≠n Cu hn -̀h-

߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂XmWv. AXn-\p-th≠n \nb-{¥n-X-amb a\p-jy-

C-S-s]-S-ep-Ifpw BImw. G‰hpw _mly-amb {]tZiw (transition zone) a\p-jys‚ Bhmkw IqSn-bm-Wv. a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu `mK-ßfn¬ A\p-

h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬ ChnsS \n-∂v D-≈n-te-°p≈ a\p-jy-{]-thiw I¿i-\-

amb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°pw \nb-a-߃°pw hnt[-b-am-Wv.

\mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ

(National Parks)

a\p-jys‚ IS-∂p-I-b‰w {]Ir-Xn-t°¬∏n-°p∂ ]cn-

°p-t -̀Z-am-°p-hm≥ Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS ]e-{]-h¿Ø-

\-ßfpw Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXn-sem-∂mWv

\mj-W¬]m¿°p-Iƒ. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS X\Xp kuµ-

cyhpw k¶o¿W-Xbpw AtX-]-Sn-\n-e-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p≈

hnim-e-amb h\-{]-tZ-i-ß-fmWv Cu ]m¿°p-Iƒ. ChnsS

Irjn, πmt‚-j≥ XpS-ßnb a\p-jys‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

I¿i-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-

I-fn¬ kzImcy DS-a-ÿ-Xbpw A\p-h-Zn-°n-√. kakvX

Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn Pohn-°m-\-

h-kcw \¬Ip∂ \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-Iƒ ssPh-k-º-

Øns‚ kºp-jvS-amb Ie-h-d-I-fm-Wv. Cc-hn-Ip-fhpw

sske‚v hmenbpw tIc-f-Ønse \mj-W¬ ]m¿°p-

I-fm-Wv.

43

t_m´m-Wn-°¬

Km¿U-\p-Iƒ

(Botanical Gardens)sshhn-[y-am¿∂ kkyPme-ßsf

kwc-£n-°pI F∂ apJy-e-£y-

tØmsS imkv{Xo-b-ambn kwhn-

[m\w sNbvXn´p≈ Ch km[m-cW

]qt¥m-´-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-

Wv. kky-߃°v Ahsb kw_-‘n-

°p∂ hnh-c-ßf-S-ßnb te_-ep-

Ifp≠mbn-cn-°pw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv

]mtem-Sp≈ t{Sm∏n-°¬ s_m´m-Wn-

°¬ Km¿U≥ B‚ v dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-

Syq´v (Sn._n.-Pn.-B¿.-sF) CXn-s\m-cp-

Zm-l--c-W-am-Wv.

ISphm kwc-£W ]≤Xn (Project Tiger)C¥ybpsS tZiob arK-amb ISp-h- hwi-\m-i-̀ o-jWn t\cn´ L -́

Øn¬ Bcw-̀ n-®-XmWv ISphm kwc-£W ]≤-Xn. 1973 ¬ XpS-ßnb Cu ]-≤-Xn-{]Imcw ISp-h-Isf Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI Bhm-

k-Øn¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {ia-amWv \S-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ CØ-

c-Øn¬ 23 tI{µ-ß-fp-≠v. DZmlcWw: tX°-Sn-bnse s]cn-bm¿ssSK¿ dn-k¿hv. ISph kwc-£W ]≤Xn aqew ISp-h-I-fpsS FÆw

KWy-ambn h¿[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

kpthm-fPn°¬

Km¿U-\p-Iƒ (Zoological Gardens)Im´n¬h-fcp∂ arK-ßsf Ir{Xn-a-amb kml-

N-cy-Øn¬ am‰n-h-f¿Øm-\p≈ Xm¬]cyw a\p-

jy-\n¬ ]t≠ cq]-s∏-́ -Xm-Wv. Cu Xm¬]-cy-amWv

arK-ime-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn-te°v \bn--®-Xv.

{]Ir-Xn-tbm-SnWßn Pohn-°p∂ arK-߃°v

AtX kzmX-{¥yhpw kml-N-cy-ßfpw ]q¿W-

amb tXmXn¬ {]Zm\w sNøm≥ Ign-bn-s√-

¶nepw arK-im-e-Iƒ hwi-\m-i- `ojWn t\cn-Sp-

∂ ]e P¥p-°sfbpw kwc-£n-°p∂ tI{µ-

߃ F∂ \nebv°v Gsd {][m-\y-ap-≈-h-bm-

Wv. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp≈ arK-ime Gsd ]g-

°-ap -≈Xpw sshhn -[y -am¿∂ P¥p-°ƒ

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kpthm-f-Pn-°¬

Km¿U-\m-Wv.

Po≥ _m¶p-Iƒ

(Gene Banks)]q¿W-h-f-¿®sbØnb Poh-Pm-e-

ßsf kwc-£n -°p -∂-Xnt\m

sSm∏w Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hKp-W-

߃ \nb-{¥n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ (Po\p-Iƒ) tiJ-

cn®v kwc-£n-°p∂ B[p\nI kmt¶-XnI kwhn-

[m\-amWv Po≥_m-¶pƒ. hnØp-_m¶v (koUv _m¶v),

_oP-_m¶v XpSßn Po≥ _m¶p-Iƒ°v ]e -h-I-t -̀Z-

߃ D≠v. e`y-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Ch tiJ-cn®v

Bh-iy-ap≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ Pohn-Isf ]p\krjvSn®v

hwi-\miw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hpw.

44

hwi-\mi ̀ ojWn t\cn-

Sp∂ Poh -Pm -e -ßsf

enÃp sNøp∂Xv sdUv

Um‰m _p°n -emWv .

BtKm - f -X - e -Øn¬

sF.bp.-kn.-F≥ Xbm-

dm-°p∂ sdUvtU‰m

_p°n-s\m∏w ]e-cm--Py-

ßfpw kz¥-ambn Xbm-

dm-°p∂ sdUv Um‰m-

_p-°p-I-fp-ap≠v. Pohn-

Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ `oj-Wn-

bpsS Xo{h-X-bv°-\p-

k-cn®v hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-

fm-bmWv Ahsb Cu

_p°n-epƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

´p -≈-Xv. knwl-hm-e≥

Ipcßv, hc-bm-Sv, shcpIv,

XpS-ßn-bh tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v sdUv Um‰m _p°n¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-® Nne kkvX-\n-

I-fm-Wv.

\n߃ hmbn-®p-I-gn™ hnh-c-W-ß-sf Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ hni-I-e-\w-sNøq. \nK-a-\-߃ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°q.

h\y-Pohn kt¶-X-߃ arK-im-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?

Poh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ ]cn-tOZ-am-Wv _tbm-kv^n-b¿ dnk¿hp-Iƒ. F¥p-sIm≠v?

ISphm-kw-c-£W ]≤Xn CXc h\y-Pohn kwc-£-W-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v thdn-´p-

\n¬°p-∂-sX-ßs\?

Po≥ _m¶p-Iƒ ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-Ip∂sXßs\?

sdUv Um‰m _p°ns‚ {][m\yw F¥v?

ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ cq]-s∏SpØp-∂-Xn\pw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\pambn tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn-ep-w kwL-S-\-I-fpw ÿm]-\-ßfpap≠v.

WWF (World Wide Fund for the conservation of plant and animal resources) IUCN (International Union

for Conservation of Nature and natural resources), t^mdÃv k¿th Hm^v C¥y, ssh¬Uv sse^v

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v C¥y F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-hp-ambn

_‘s∏´ H´-\-h[n \nb-a-ßfpw N´-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmPy-Øp -\n-e-hn-ep-≠v. hwi-\m-i-`o-

jWn t\cn-Sp∂ Pohn-Isf D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂-Xpw, sIm√p-∂Xpw {]tXyI A\p-a-Xn-bn-√msX

Ahsb hf¿-Øp-∂Xpw in£m¿l-am-Wv.

shcpIvCivet cat

knwl-hm-e≥ IpcßvLion tailed macaque

hc-bm-Svv

Nilgiri thar

Nn{Xo-I-cWw IV

sdUvUm‰m _p°v

(Red Data Book)

45

\nb-a-]-cn-c£

2002se _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n BIvSv (biodiversity act) {]Imcw F√mkwÿm-\-ß-fnepw _tbmssUth-gvkn‰n t_m¿Up-Iƒ \ne-hn¬

h∂p. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\--Øn¬ Hmtcm Xt±i kzbw-`-cW ÿm]-

\-Ønepw _tbm-ssU-th-gvkn‰n amt\-Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ahn-SpsØ ssPh-ssh-hn[y

cPn-ÿ (biodiversity register) Xbm-dm-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn A[ym-]-I¿, hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ, k∂-≤-{]-h¿Ø-I¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tkh\w

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw. ssPh-ssh-hn[y cPn-ÿ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-

t\m-sSm∏w B {]tZ-isØ ssPh-k-ºØv Ahn-SpsØ P\-߃°v

KpW-I-c-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnth-I-]q¿hw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-

\n¿tZ-i-߃ \¬Ip∂ _m[y-Xbpw Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-

߃°m-Wv.

arK-ß-tfm-sS-¥n\o {IqcX!

Poh-a-fi-e-Øns‚ Ah-Imin a\p-jy≥ am{X-am-sW∂ [mcW

icn-b-√. F√m Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw Xpeym-h-Im-ihpw {]m[m-\y-hp-

amWv {]IrXn I¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ a\pjy≥ Xs‚

_p≤n D]-tbm-Kn®v as‰√m Pohn-I-sfbpw NqjWw sNøp-∂p.

hnth-I-]q¿W-amb NqjWw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW-¶nepw ]e-

t∏mgpw AXv AXn-cp-hn-´p-t]m-Ip∂psh∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw.

imkv{X-]-co-£-WßfpsS t]cn¬ arK-ßsf A\m-h-iy-ambn D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Iim-∏n-\p-apºv arK-ßsf Zbm-iq\yambn ]oUn-

∏n-°p-∂Xpw hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf IjvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw C∂v

km[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu {]h-W-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc a\p-jy≥ Xs∂

Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw arK-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {IqcX Ah-km-\n-∏n-°Ww F∂

e£y-tØmsS ]e kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p-

≠v. Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv SPCA (Society for the Prevention

of Cruelty on Animals).

Hcp {]tZ-isØ ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ kº-∂X ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ Xt±-iob kv]ojo-

kp-I-fpsS (endemic species) FÆ-Øn\v hen-b -{]m-[-m\y-ap-≠v. Cßs\ Xt±-iob kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS FÆw hfsd IqSp-X-ep-≈Xpw Bhm-k-\m-i-`o-jWn IqSp-X¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-

Xp-amb {]tZ-i-ßsf Ct°m-f-Pn-°¬ tlm´v kvt]m´p-Iƒ (ecological hot spots) F∂v ]d-bp∂p. temI-ØmsI CØ-c-Ønep≈ ap∏-Øn-\m-temfw tlm´v kvt]m´p-Ifp-≠v. CXn¬

G‰hpw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-h-bmWv C¥y-bnse ]›n-a-L-´hpw Ing-°≥ lnam-eb{]tZ-i-hpw.

temIsØ G‰hpw ssPh-k-º-∂-amb ]{¥t≠mfw cmPy-ß-fn¬ (mega diversity nations)`mc-Xhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. H´p-an° Poh-Pm-e-߃°pw hkn-°p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb taJ-e-

46

I-fn¬ H∂mbn {]Ir-Xn-Xs∂ `mc-XsØ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂p F∂m-Wv CXn-\¿Yw.

Cu hn`hkºØv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ ku`m-Ky-am-Wv. AXv kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv Hmtcm

`mc-Xo-bs‚bpw Npa-X-ebpw.

ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc-£-W-Øn\v AanX {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xv hnI-k-\-Øn\v

XS amhn-t√?

imkv{X-km-t¶XnIhnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hnI-k-\{]{Inb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bns√-

¶n¬ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn km[y-am-Iptam?

\nß-fpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-SpØq. A[ym-]n-I-bpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬

¢mkn¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n®v Bi-b-߃ ]¶phbv°q. kwhm-ZsØ NphsS sImSp-

Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-°q.

ssPhsshhn[y kwc£Whpw hnI-k-\hpw XΩn¬ Fßs\ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-SpØmw?

F¥mWv kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w (sustainable development) F∂-XpsIm≠v A¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv?